tractor’s foreman in charge of the reconstruction work, and one of the plaintiff’s principal witnesses, was on the bridge some distance south of where the deceased was sitting and observed the approach of the train and its speed, which he testified was twelve miles an hour. The plaintiff asked him if he said anything to the engineer as the engine passed him offering' to show that he shouted to him that he was going too fast. This evidence 'was excluded by the learned trial court, and the plaintiff duly excepted. There is no pretense that the engineer could not have heard the- shout, although he testifies he did not hear. 'We must assume the circumstances were such that he could have heard, and, if the testimony had been allowed, it would thus have become a question for the jury to say whether he did or not. I am of opinion the evidence was competent, and that it should have been received. The vice of the question'was assumed to lie in the fact that it was a verbal declaration, not a part of the
res gestae of the accident, and which purported to, but could not bind the defendant. The object of the testimony was not to prove that the train was in fact going too fast, or that the witness thought it was, but rather to show that the engineer was warned to" slow down because of impending danger either to his train or to those who worked upon the bridge. If the witness had given a recognized signal, to the engineer to stop or to slow down it would have been perfectly competent to permit him to testify to that fact. Of course the exclamation of the witness would not prove whether the train was going fast or slow, and would have no tendency so to do. It comes within that class of acts which are aptly termed ‘‘verbal acts.” What the witness was endeavoring to do was to warn the engineer to go slow. It was competent to permit him -to testify to the words he used in-endeavoring to do this. If the defendant was negligent at all it was . negligent through .the act of its engineer in driving his train too rapidly across the bridge. That he was warned not to do it, or to go slower, or that his attention was called, to the fact that he was going rapidly, was material proof on the part of the plaintiff. Words employed in doing a material act explanatory, and showing the purpose and intention of the act, are not hearsay evidence, but may always be proved, not as establishing the truth of the fact asserted by the words, but as- showing that some notice was given or some act performed for a definite purpose. Mr. Wigmore, in his work on Evidence, section 1772, says: “A second kind of situation in which utterances are not offered testimonially arises when the utterance accompanies conduct to which it is desired, to attach some legal effect. The conduct or act has intrinsically no definite significance, -or only an ambiguous-one, and its whole legal purport or tenor is to be more precisely ascertained by considering the words accompanying it. The utterance thus enters merely as a verbal part of the act, or, in the common phrase, a ‘ verbal act.’” In
Waldele v.
N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co. (
95 N. Y. 274 ) Earl, J., says: “ Any thing said accompanying the performance of an act, explanatory thereof, or showing its purpose or intention, when material, is competent as a part of the act. But when the declarations offered are merely narratives of past occurrences they are incompetent.” To like effect are the holdings in-
St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. R. Co. v.
Greenthal ( 77 Fed. Rep. 150 ) and
Smith v.
Whittier (
95 Cal. 279 ). A familiar application of the rule is where a