People v. McManus

On April 15,1980, defendant shot and fatally wounded Dennis Hite. The People’s witnesses^[1] testified that the victim and one of his cohorts had chased the defendant from a local park area in the New Brighton section of Staten Island. They gave up the chase when they reached defendant’s block where they turned around, walked away in the opposite direction and were joined by several other young males. As the group approached a vacant lot, they saw defendant and one of his friends. Defendant, who had a rifle in his hands, yelled “You’s [sic] want to play around now”, and fired, striking Hite in the chest. All the People’s witnesses stated that neither Hite nor anyone else in the group was armed and that no one had attacked the defendant or his companion.

In a written statement made to police officers the night of the shooting, defendant claimed that he left his house and went to the vacant lot where a group of five boys was beating one of his friends. Hite and the others then purportedly chased him, Hite firing two shots from a pistol. Defendant ran to his house, grabbed his uncle’s rifle, which he did not know was loaded, and went outside to scare off the attackers. When defendant opened the door, Hite fired at him again and, seeing the rifle, ran off. Defendant gave pursuit. The group allegedly halted their flight to administer another beating to defendant’s friend who yelled “Shoot, Shoot”. Defendant thereupon pulled the trigger.

A videotaped statement was given to the Chief Assistant District Attorney later that evening. Unlike the written statement, on the videotape defendant made no mention of anyone firing any shots at him. A third version of the events was offered by the defendant at trial. He then claimed that after the group had fled from his residence and had come upon his companion, Hite “was sneaking behind the car and then he came from behind the car and fired a pistol at me. Then [defendant] fired the rifle at him trying to shoot the gun out of his hand”.

Charged with two counts of murder in the second degree (Penal Law § 125.25 ^[1], [2]) and criminal possession of a weapon

in the fourth degree (Penal Law § 265.01), defendant requested that the jury be instructed on the defense of justification (Penal Law § 35.15). The court told the jury that justification was a defense to the intentional murder count and submitted manslaughter in the first degree as a lesser included offense on the theory that defendant may have acted under the influence of an extreme emotional disturbance. The court declined, however, to instruct the jury that justification was a defense to the depraved mind murder count, explaining to counsel, in response to defendant’s exception, “In order for you to have justification, you must have intent. You are admitting that you killed somebody. You did it because you were justified. How can you have a reckless depraved indifference and say you were justified!?] I don’t think it applies”.^[2]

The jury acquitted defendant of intentional murder, was unable to reach a verdict on the lesser included manslaughter charge, and convicted defendant of depraved mind murder and criminal possession of a weapon. The court subsequently dismissed the latter as merged in the murder conviction. Defendant appeals claiming, among other things, that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for depraved mind murder and that it was error to deny his request to charge justification as a defense to depraved mind murder.

To put the problem before us into focus, it is useful to observe that depraved indifference murder is little more than a modern analogue of the common-law concept of implied malice (see, ALI Modern Penal Code and Commentaries, Part II, § 210.2, at 13-15, 21-28; Moreland, Homicide, at 31-41, 213-216 [1952]; Wechsler & Michael, A Rationale of the Law of Homicide: I, 37 Col L Rev 701, 709-713, 720-722). “ ‘Such malice is implied * * * when the defendant or his accomplice “ ‘for a base, antisocial motive and with a wanton disregard for human life, does an act that involves a high degree of probability that it will result in death’ ” ’ ” (People v Caldwell, 36 Cal 3d 210 , 216, n 2, 681 P2d 274 , 277, n 2, quoting People v Gilbert, 63 Cal 2d 690 , 704, 408 P2d 365 , 373, which, in turn, quotes People v Washington, 62 Cal 2d 777 , 782, 402 P2d 130 , 134, and People v Thomas, 41 Cal 2d 470 , 480, 261 P2d 1 , 7 [concurring opn]; see also, California Jury Instructions, Criminal § 8.11, 1982 Cum Pocket Part, at 60).^[3]

Acts embraced within this definition — “[the] classic example is that of the newly born baby put outside where it almost surely must die unless a stranger discovers it and takes steps to save it” (Clark and Marshall, Crimes § 10.06, at 648 [7th ed]; see also, LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law § 70, at 543) — could not meet the common-law standards for excusable or justifiable homicide (Clark and Marshall, op. cit. §§ 7.01-7.03, 10.04; see generally, Beale, Homicide in Self-Defense, 3 Col L Rev 526; Perkins, Self-Defense Re-Examined, 1 UCLA L Rev 133 ).

New York long ago abandoned the confusing common-law nominclature, substituting depraved indifference murder for what would have been implied malice, in part, at common law (see, People v Register, 60 NY2d 270 , 276-278; People v Poplis, 30 NY2d 85 ; 1937 Report of NY Law Rev Commn, 1937 Legis Doc No. 65, at 536-540; ALI Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Part II, § 210.2, at 22-28; Gegan, A Case of Depraved Mind Murder, 49 St. John’s L Rev 417 ).^[4] Under the present codification, an individual commits depraved mind murder when “[u]nder circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person” (Penal Law § 125.25 [2]) and a “person acts recklessly with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation” (Penal Law § 15.05 [3]).

There can be little question that defendant’s conduct — indiscriminately shooting into a crowd of five persons and causing death — may be punished as depraved mind murder (People v Gomez, 65 NY2d 9 ; People v Fenner, 61 NY2d 971 ; People v Register, 60 NY2d 270 , 277, supra; LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law § 70, at 543). The court correctly instructed the jury that it was required to “[e]xamine the surrounding circumstances of defendant’s reckless conduct to determine if his conduct was so senseless, callous and brutal as to show a total disregard for human life” (see, People v Fenner, supra, at p 973 ). The jury’s

v Ward, 1 QB 351 [1956]; Holmes, The Common Law, at 53-54 [1881]; LaFave & Scott, op. cit. § 70, at 544; but cf. Commonwealth v McLaughlin, 293 Pa 218 , 142 A 213 ). The acts underlying depraved mind murder involve “ ‘conduct, beyond being reckless’ ” which is “ ‘so wanton, so deficient in a moral sense of concern, so devoid of regard of the life or lives of others’ ” (People v Fenner, 61 NY2d 971 , 973, supra) as to preclude justification by definition (cf. Regina v Dudley & Stephens, 14 QBD 273 [1884]).

The Model Penal Code, on which the New York Penal Law is based, similarly suggests that justification is not a defense to depraved mind murder. The Model Penal Code punishes depraved mind murder (ALI Model Penal Code § 210.2 [1] [b]) and defines reckless conduct in the same fashion as the New York Penal Law (ALI Model Penal Code § 2.02 [c]). Model Penal Code § 3.09 (2) expressly excludes from the embrace of justification circumstances in which the “actor is reckless or negligent in having [a] belief” that physical force is necessary for self protection.^[5] While this section does not expressly appear in the New York Penal Law, we find no indication that the Legislature intended to abrogate the common-law rule that only intentional, as opposed to wanton or reckless, acts were subject to a justification defense (see, LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law § 53, at 391-394; see generally, Perkins, Self-Defense Re-Examined, 1 UCLA L Rev 133 ; Comment, Justification for the Use of Force in the Criminal Law, 13 Stan L Rev 566 ). We deem the statutory requirement that defendant’s belief be reasonable (Penal Law § 35.15) to generally preclude such a justification defense to reckless crimes, though there niay be “rare cases” in which a justification defense is applicable (1 CJI [NY] P.L. 35.00, at 844).

This approach has been followed in New Jersey (State v Murphy, 185 NJ Super 72 , 447 A2d 219 ). In charging a reckless culpable mental state for a lesser offense of assault, the Murphy court explained that “even if defendant’s beliefs about the use of force at the time were unreasonable, they could still negate a purposeful or knowing culpability requirement but not one for which recklessness or negligence may suffice” (State v Murphy, 185 NJ Super 72 , 75, 447 A2d 219 , 220, supra).

Arguably, People v May ( 55 AD2d 739 ) is to the contrary. In that case, the defendant was charged with attempted assault in the second degree and reckless endangerment in connection with a marital dispute. The jury acquitted the defendant of the

assault charge, but convicted her of reckless endangerment. On appeal, the Appellate Division, Third Department, held that the failure to charge justification warranted reversal despite the lack of request for such a charge or an exception to the charge as given. Without any citation of authority, the Third Department reasoned that once the Trial Judge explained to the jury that the culpable mental state of recklessness required a finding that the defendant disregarded a substantial and “unjustified” risk, it was incumbent upon the court to charge justification.

It is evident that the Third Department was moved by the peculiar facts of the case, and because the reversal was in the interest of justice we do not view May (supra) as standing for any general principle that justification must be charged whenever the culpable mental state of the crime involved recklessness.^[6] Such an instruction, in our view, would be erroneous and to the extent that May could be so read, we decline to follow it.

People v Huntley ( 59 NY2d 868 ) also warrants discussion. In that case, defendant was charged with intentional murder and requested that the jury be instructed on justification as well as lesser included offenses, down to manslaughter in the second degree (reckless homicide). The court refused to charge justification on the manslaughter, second degree, count. The Appellate Division, Fourth Department, found this to be error ( 87 AD2d 488 ). In affirming the order directing a new trial, the Court of Appeals simply said (p 869), “We agree with the Appellate Division that it was error for the trial court to refuse to charge, as requested, a justification defense on the lesser included charge of manslaughter in the second degree” (59 NY2d, at p 869, supra).

Huntley (supra) is distinguishable because the justification charge there concerned a lesser included offense and the charge was necessary to avoid jury confusion (cf. People v Almodovar, 62 NY2d 126 ; People v Sierra, 45 NY2d 56 ; but see, People v May, 55 AD2d 739 , supra). In Huntley, if the jury found the defendant’s conduct to be justified, then he should have been exonerated of all charges and not convicted of manslaughter as a lesser included charge (LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law § 53, at 391; cf. People v Young, 65 NY2d 103 [May 2, 1985]). Manslaughter in the second degree should have been reached only if the jury rejected justification and then found it necessary to resolve the

permissible inconsistent defense.^[7] Moreover, as we have observed, unlike manslaughter in the second degree, depraved indifference murder is differentiated from intentional murder by more than simple recklessness (People v Poplis, 30 NY2d 85 , supra). The base, antisocial conduct forming the predicate for depraved indifference murder cannot be mitigated through the defense of justification.

In this case, we are not concerned with lesser included offenses and there is no danger of jury confusion. Had the jury believed the justification defense, defendant still would not have negated the culpable mental state for depraved mind murder (cf. People v Almodovar, 62 NY2d 126 , supra; People v Sierra, 45 NY2d 56 , supra; State v Murphy, 185 NJ Super 72 , 447 A2d 219 , supra).^[8] Put another way, had a special verdict with interrogatories been utilized in Huntley and the jury found that the defendant’s conduct was justified, he would have been entitled to a judgment of acquittal whereas here such an answer to an interrogatory would have availed defendant naught because an “acquittal” predicated on justification would not entitle him to exoneration on the depraved indifference count.^[9]

In sum, when properly analyzed, the trial court’s instructions concerning justification were correct and since there is no merit in defendant’s other contentions, the judgment should be affirmed.

Lazer, Mangano and O’Connor, JJ., concur.

Judgment of the Supreme Court, Richmond County, rendered November 7, 1980, affirmed.