Majority
Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Albany County (M. Walsh, J.), entered June 10, 2016, which granted petitioner’s application, in a proceeding pursuant to Family Ct Act article 4, to, among other things, hold respondent in willful violation of a prior order of support.
In 2000, petitioner (hereinafter the father) and respondent (hereinafter the mother) entered into a separation agreement that was subsequently incorporated, but not merged, into their 2003 judgment of divorce. In their separation agreement, the parties addressed, among other issues, the anticipated college education of their daughter (born in 1995). As relevant here, the separation agreement stated: “The parties agree that it is their intent that their daughter receive a college education. The parties agree that they will cooperate with each other in completing any and all necessary financial aid applications and that it is anticipated that their daughter will accept any work-study grants or employment during summers or vacation periods as to enable her to contribute toward the cost of her educational expenses. The parties agree to share in the costs of the child’s higher education; however, neither party’s obligation shall exceed fifty (50%) percent of tuition at a state university, plus the cost of reasonable living expenses.”
In October 2015, after the child had attended several semesters at Schenectady County Community College and then Siena College, the father commenced this proceeding, alleging that the mother willfully violated a prior order of support by failing to pay, among other things, “half of [the child’s] college tuition expenses and related costs.” Following a hearing, a Support Magistrate found that the parties had “contracted to pay for a part of the [child’s] college tuition and related expenses” and that the mother’s failure to contribute was willful. Based on their respective incomes at that time, the Support Magistrate apportioned 80% of the financial responsibility for the semesters that had passed since the filing of the petition to the father and 20% to the mother. In determining the mother’s total financial obligation, the Support Magistrate calculated each party’s pro rata share after deducting the amount of scholarships, grants and loans received by the child from the total cost of her tuition and living expenses to reach an amount
The parties subsequently filed objections to the amended order of disposition. Family Court denied the mother’s objections and partially granted the father’s objections, concluding that, pursuant to the separation agreement, “the parties intended to equally share the cost of college and that the intent [was] that neither party would be responsible for any amount greater than half of the cost to obtain an education at a state university.” The court determined that, for the six semesters in which she did not contribute toward the child’s college tuition and living expenses, the mother was financially responsible for $28,377.50 and, in a June 2016 order, modified the Support Magistrate’s amended order of disposition accordingly. In reaching $28,377.50, the court calculated the total amount of tuition and living expenses for each semester, deducted any grants, scholarships and Stafford loans received by the child during that semester and divided the resulting amount in half. The court then assessed whether this amount exceeded one half of the cost of attending a state university during the same semester. If it did, Family Court capped the mother’s financial obligation for that semester by the state university amount. The mother now appeals.
The primary issue before this Court is whether Family Court afforded a proper construction to the provision in the separation agreement addressing the cost of the child’s college education.[1] We conclude that it did not.
A separation agreement is a legally binding and enforceable contract, subject to ordinary principles of contract construction and interpretation (see Graev v Graev, 11 NY3d 262 , 276 [2008]; Matter of Meccico v Meccico, 76 NY2d 822 , 823-824 [1990]; Desautels v Desautels, 80 AD3d 926 , 928 [2011]). Where a separation agreement is clear and unambiguous on its face, the parties’ intent must be discerned from the four corners of the document, without resort to extrinsic evidence (see Graev v Graev, 11 NY3d at 276 ; Matter of Meccico v Meccico, 76 NY2d at 824 ). In discerning the parties’ intent, courts are not limited to “the literal language of the agreement,” but may consider “whatever may be reasonably implied from that literal language” (Hewlett v Hewlett, 243 AD2d 964 , 966 [1997], lvs dismissed 91 NY2d 887 [1998], 95 NY2d 778 [2000]; accord
* To the extent that the mother raises arguments regarding her basic child support obligation, she did not file a petition to modify her child support obligation and, thus, such arguments are not properly before us.
Here, the parties agreed to “share in the costs of the child’s higher education,” with such contribution being capped at 50% of tuition at a state university, plus the cost of reasonable living expenses. By its plain language, the disputed provision unequivocally demonstrates that the parties intended to encourage and facilitate the child’s pursuit of a college degree and to make some financial contribution—up to, but not necessarily equaling, 50% of the total cost of tuition at a state university—toward that pursuit. In agreeing to contribute, the parties did not use language such as “split” or “50-50,” despite such language appearing elsewhere in the separation agreement, including in the sections addressing dependent care expenses and the cost of health insurance coverage. Given the appearance of such language elsewhere in the agreement, its absence in the relevant provision is telling, as it suggests that the parties did not intend, as Family Court found, to equally split the total cost of the child’s college tuition—subject to the cap—and living expenses (see Mastrocovo v Capizzi, 87 AD3d 1296 , 1298 [2011]; cf. Hasselback v 2055 Walden Ave., Inc., 139 AD3d 1385 , 1388 [2016]). Furthermore, while the separation agreement provided that each party’s financial exposure would not exceed the tuition cap, it stopped short of defining the parties’ respective obligations. The absence of language defining their obligations does not render the provision ambiguous. Rather, by its omission, it is apparent that the parties contemplated a later agreement between themselves and, failing that, a subsequent determination by the court as to their respective contributions (see Matter of Covington v Boyle, 127 AD3d 1393 , 1394 [2015]; Matter of Antes v Miller, 304 AD2d 892 , 893 [2003]). Thus, while we agree that the mother’s failure to contribute anything toward the cost of the child’s college education constituted a willful violation of the separation agreement, Family Court erred in concluding that the parties intended to equally share the total cost of the child’s college tuition and living expenses, subject to the tuition cap, and entering a judgment against the mother in the amount of $28,377.50.
Because the parties expressly undertook an obligation to
Concurring in part and dissenting in part
Finally, we agree with the mother that Family Court erred in directing that her payments toward the child’s college education be made through the Support Collection Unit, as “postsec-ondary education expenses [are] a separate item in addition to the basic child support obligation” (Matter of Cohen v Rosen, 207 AD2d 155 , 157 [1995], lv denied 86 NY2d 702 [1995]; see Cimons v Cimons, 53 AD3d 125 , 131 [2008]; Tryon v Tryon, 37 AD3d 455 , 457 [2007]), not subject to collection through income execution (see generally CPLR 5241, 5242). To the extent that the mother’s remaining arguments have been preserved and are, therefore, properly before us, they have been examined and found to be lacking in merit.
McCarthy, J.P., Lynch and Pritzker, JJ., concur.
(concurring in part and dissenting in part). I agree with the majority’s conclusion that respondent (hereinafter the mother) willfully violated her obligations to make financial contributions towards the child’s higher education costs and that Family Court erred in directing that the payments by the mother be made through the Child Support Collection Unit. My divergence with the majority stems from the interpretation of the separation agreement’s provision governing the payment of the child’s college tuition and expenses. In my view, Family Court reasonably interpreted such provision as requiring
A separation agreement that is incorporated, but not merged, into a judgment of divorce is a legally binding contract between the parties and, as such, is to be interpreted according to the rules of contract interpretation (see Merl v Merl, 67 NY2d 359 , 362 [1986]; Matter of Drake v Drake, 114 AD3d 1119 , 1120 [2014]; Bjerke v Bjerke, 69 AD3d 1042 , 1043-1044 [2010]). “[A]ny ambiguity in the agreement’s terms must be resolved by determining the parties’ intent at the time of contracting, either from within the four corners of the document, if possible, or, as a last resort, from whatever extrinsic evidence is available” (Desautels v Desautels, 80 AD3d 926 , 928 [2011] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Apjohn v Lubinski, 114 AD3d 1061 , 1063 [2014], lv denied 23 NY3d 902 [2014]). “[T]he court’s inquiry should not be limited to the literal language of the agreement, but should also include a consideration of whatever may be reasonably implied from that literal language” (Hewlett v Hewlett, 243 AD2d 964 , 966 [1997], lvs dismissed 91 NY2d 887 [1998], 95 NY2d 778 [2000]).
The separation agreement, in my estimation, is ambiguous as to the parties’ respective financial obligations with respect to the child’s college tuition and expenses. Under the separation agreement, the parties “agree [d] to share in the costs of the child’s higher education; however, neither party’s obligation shall exceed fifty (50%) percent of tuition at a state university, plus the cost of reasonable living expenses.” The separation agreement, however, did not elaborate to what extent the parties must share in these costs, such as “on an equal basis” (Matter of Frank v Frank, 88 AD3d 1123 , 1124 [2011] [internal quotation marks omitted]), “equally to the extent [that] they are able to do so” (Matter of Walsh v Karamitis, 291 AD2d 749 , 750 [2002] [internal quotation marks omitted]), based upon the parties’ “relative means and abilities” (Strykiewicz v Strykiewicz, 135 AD3d 1030 , 1031 [2016] [internal quotation marks omitted]) or on a pro rata basis (see Friedman v Friedman, 143 AD3d 665 , 665 [2016]). Nevertheless, Family Court’s interpretation that “the parties intended to equally share the cost of college” was reasonable (see generally Matter of Frowein v Murray, 298 AD2d 647 , 648 [2002]). More importantly, this interpretation, which Family Court fashioned after a hearing, is reflective of “the parties’ intent at the time of contracting” (Cortese v Redmond, 199 AD2d 785 , 786 [1993]). Although other parts of the separation agreement
The mother does not advocate for any particular financial responsibility by the parties with respect to the child’s college tuition and expenses. Rather, she contends that, based upon her hearing testimony, the separation agreement did not impose any financial responsibility upon her to contribute to the child’s higher education costs. Specifically, the mother testified that it was her understanding that she did not have the obligation to pay for the child’s higher education because her friends, siblings and herself all paid for their own tuition or sought scholarships. This interpretation, however, does not comport with the terms of the separation agreement stating that it was the parties’ “intent that their daughter receive a college education” and that each party agreed to share in the costs of such education (see Matter of Apjohn v Lubinski, 114 AD3d at 1063 ; Matter of Heinlein v Kuzemka, 49 AD3d 996 , 997 [2008]; Matter of Walsh v Karamitis, 291 AD2d at 750 ).[1] I would therefore affirm.
Ordered that the order is modified, on the law, without costs, by reversing so much thereof as (1) sustained petitioner’s objection to the Support Magistrate’s construction of the provision in the separation agreement relating to the cost of the child’s
* I note that the separation agreement stated that the parties “anticipated,” but did not require, that the child would contribute to the costs of her college education by accepting educational grants or work-study employment.
Cases cited
- Graev v. Graev 11 NY3d 262 at 276 p. 1272
- Meccico v. Meccico 76 NY2d 822 at 823-824 p. 1272
- Desautels v. Desautels 80 AD3d 926 at 928 p. 1272, p. 1275
- Hewlett v. Hewlett 243 AD2d 964 at 966 p. 1272, p. 1275
- Cheruvu v. Cheruvu 61 AD3d 1171 at 1174 p. 1273
- Slatt v. Slatt 64 NY2d 966 at 967 p. 1273
- Laba v. Carey 29 NY2d 302 at 308 p. 1273
- Apjohn v. Lubinski 114 AD3d 1061 at 1064, at 1063 p. 1273, p. 1275
- Mastrocovo v. Capizzi 87 AD3d 1296 at 1298 p. 1273
- Hasselback v. 2055 Walden Avenue, Inc. 139 AD3d 1385 at 1388 p. 1273
- Covington v. Boyle 127 AD3d 1393 at 1394 p. 1273
- Antes v. Miller 304 AD2d 892 at 893 p. 1273
- Gavrin v. Heymann 27 AD3d 693 at 693-694 p. 1274
- Thompson v. Malcolm 71 AD3d 1154 at 1154-1155 p. 1274
- Kellogg v. Kellogg 300 AD2d 996 at 997 p. 1274
- Bungart v. Bungart 107 AD3d 751 at 752 p. 1274
- Korosh v. Korosh 99 AD3d 909 at 911 p. 1274
- Hartle v. Cobane 228 AD2d 756 at 757-758 p. 1274
- Cohen v. Rosen 207 AD2d 155 at 157 p. 1274
- Cimons v. Cimons 53 AD3d 125 at 131 p. 1274
- Tryon v. Tryon 37 AD3d 455 at 457 p. 1274
- Merl v. Merl 67 NY2d 359 at 362 p. 1275
- Drake v. Drake 114 AD3d 1119 at 1120 p. 1275
- Bjerke v. Bjerke 69 AD3d 1042 at 1043-1044 p. 1275
- Frank v. Frank 88 AD3d 1123 at 1124 p. 1275
- Walsh v. Karamitis 291 AD2d 749 at 750 p. 1275
- Strykiewicz v. Strykiewicz 135 AD3d 1030 at 1031 p. 1275
- Friedman v. Friedman 143 AD3d 665 at 665 p. 1275
- Frowein v. Murray 298 AD2d 647 at 648 p. 1275
- Cortese v. Redmond 199 AD2d 785 at 786 p. 1275
- Springer v. Springer 125 AD3d 842 at 843 p. 1276
- Heinlein v. Kuzemka 49 AD3d 996 at 997 p. 1276