p. 458upon the return of the citation; and the administrator filed his account ; in which account it was stated that the one half of thé estate had been paid over to the two sisters of the petitioner, who were supposed to be the sole surviving children and. representatives, of the half brother of the intestate. ^The account was verified in the usual manner, and its correctness was not contested. And without putting in any answer whatever to that part of the petition which prayed for a decree for the payment of the distributive share of the petitioner, the parties proceeded to take testimony as to various matters which were afterwards set up as a bar to such a decree.
S. J. Wilkin, for appellant.
The respondent having been absent, and not heard from, for more than seven continuous years previous to the distribution of the personal estate of Sarah Brown, the law presumed her, at the time of the distribution, to be dead. (Loring v. Steinman, 1 Metc. 204 . King v. Paddock, 18 John. 141 . Doe v. Jesson, 6 East, 80. Jackson v. Boneham, 15 John. 226 . Hopewell v. De Pinna, 2 Camp. 113.) In Doe v. Jesson, where it was proved that a person went to sea at a particular time, which was the last account given of him, his death was presumed at the end of seven years from that time. And in Hopewell v. De Pinna, where the defendant pleaded coverture in bar of an action of assumpsit, and proved her marriage, and that her husband went abroad twelve years before the commencement of the action, this was held not to be sufficient; and the defendant was required to prove that her husband was < alive within seven years. Where no account can be given of the person, the presumption of the duration of life ceases at the expiration of seven years from the time when, he was last known to be living, (1 Phil. Ev. 197,) a period which has been fixed from analogy to the statute of bigamy, and the statute concerning leases determinable on lives. {Idem, per Spencer, Ch. J., 18 John. 143 .) For the provisions of the revised statutes of this state respecting bigamy, see 2 R. S. 687. The section relative to the presumption of death of the person upon whose life estates depend, is as follows. If any person, upon whose life any .estate
p. 459in lands or tenements shall depend, shall remain beyond sea, or shall absent himself, in this state or elsewhere, for seven years together, such person shall be accounted naturally dead, in any action concerning such lands or tenements, in which his death shall come in question ; unless sufficient proof be made in such case, of the life of- such person. (1 R. S. 749.) In Jackson v. Boneliam, ( 15 John. 227 ,) the death of a person was proved by hearsay in the family. On proceedings before the surrogate to distribute the personal estate of Sarah Brown, the surrogate, on the legal presumption of the death of Catharine Camel, would have ordered the distribution of her share of the estate amongst her next of kin. (2 R. S. 2d ed. 35, § 75, sub. 5.) If the appellant, as administrator, distributed the estate in the same manner that it would have been distributed by the surrogate, on formal proceedings for that purpose, before him, the distribution should be held valid, and should discharge the administrator. (Lee v. Brown, 4 Ves. Jun. 369. Howe v. Earl of Dartmouth, 7 Id. 150.) The funds in the hands of the appellant, as administrator, to be distributed, were properly paid over to her sisters; there being no legitimate child of Catharine Camel to represent her. And the releases produced by the appellant, before the surrogate, ought to have been deemed valid discharges as against the respondent. (4 Ves. 369. 7 Id. 150. 2 R. S. 35, § 75, sub. 5.) The respondent, if she had any legal or equitable claim against the appellant, on her return to the city of New-York, cannot now enforce it: 1. Because of the length of time she had suffered to elapse after being informed of the distribution of the estate, before calling on the administrator for her share. (Dagley v. Tolferry, 1 P. Wms. 285. Phillips v. Paget, 2 Aik. 81 . Copper v. Thornton, 3 Bro. C. C. 96,186.) It will be perceived-, on examining the cases upon several of the above heads, that no certain time is given within which the presumptive bar, release, waiver, or abandonment shall arise. And that the only criteria of fatal laches are, the nature of the demand, and the inconven-, ience, public or private, of allowing it to be enforced against the opposite party, at a remote period. Thus, in matters of election
p. 460and specific execution, great promptness and diligence are demanded. Creditors and next of kin permitting an erroneous distribution to take place, stand upon much the same ground. But where no striking argument of inconvenience arises, the courts are warranted in allowing a time corresponding to the statute of limitations, viz. six years as to personal, and twenty" years as to real estate. 2. The respondent substituted Mr. Hubbard, and her sister Margaret McDowell in the place of the appellant, as the persons from whom she was to receive her distributive share; portions of which she did receive. Whereby the appellant was induced to neglect the means of regaining the funds, if required so to do, from those to whom the share had been paid. The respondent might have maintained an action at law for the recovery of her distributive share. And eight years having elapsed, after her knowledge of the distribution of the fund, before any demand was made, her claim is barred. (2 R. S. 114, § 9. Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 John. Ch. Rep. 90. Souzer v. De Meyer, 2 Paige, 574.) Or if no action at law could have been sustained, 10 years had elapsed after she was entitled to file a bill in equity for her distributive share of the estate, and her remedy is therefore barred, by the provisions of the revised statutes on that subject. (2 R. S. 301, § 52.) The respondent should have produced proof of the death of her husband, to entitle her to proceed in her own name. If wrong in all the foregoing positions, we submit that, under the circumstances of the case, the appellant is not chargable with interest and costs. (See cases above referred to.) The respondent had a remedy against Hubbard, and Margaret McDowell, which she ought to have pursued. The decree is also erroneous in not crediting the appellant with the sums paid to the respondent at various times, by Hubbard and M. McDowell, on account of her distributive share.E. W. Chester, for respondent.
The matters brought in issue, and to be decided by the chancellor, as made by the petition of appeal and answer, are, 1st. As respects the objection made by the appellant that the respondent had not shown that
p. 461she was a widow, and as such entitled to institute the proceedings in this cause before the surrogate. We insist that it was not necessary she should be a widow to entitle her to institute such proceedings. If it is intended by this objection to claim that she was a feme covert, that was an affirmative for the appellant to maintain, and it should have been urged at the outset, in abatement. It was only spoken of on summing up before the surrogate. No objection of the kind appears in the return of the surrogate. 2d. The petition of appeal states the absence of respondent from the city of New-York without having been heard from for about 14 years. From which absence, the appellant claims that there was a legal presumption of her death, and that he was justified in paying over the proceeds of the estate to the distributees residing in the city of New-York. New-York was not her place of residence, and no presumption arises from the fact that her relations in New-York had not heard from her. She had a well known and well defined place of residence in Baltimore county, Md. where inquiries should have been made for her, and which, if made, would have been successful. 3d. It is urged by the appellant that the respondent consented that her portion of the estate should remain with her sisters; saying that she would look to them for it and not trouble appellant. The proofs do not show this. They show that a deception was practised on the respondent, by a representation that the money was in the hands of her son, and she, supposing this to be true, expressed her satisfaction. No agreement of the kind mentioned is proved. She could never have maintained a suit against them. The appellant denied his being liable to her, and attempted to get a release, without any consideration. 4th. The appellant is to be confined to the allegations in the petition of appeal as to what was relied on and claimed to be proved before the surrogate. And he cannot raise any new defence here. The petition and answer make up the issue. The statute of limitations not having been relied upon below, must be excluded from consideration here. 5th. The appellant ought not to be excused from the payment of interest, and the decree of the surrogate was correct in allowing it; because there has been an evident intention to
p. 462deceive and defraud the respondent; because the administrator might have recovered interest of Hubbard and McDowell; because during all this time the respondent has been unjustly deprived of the money rightfully due her. 6th. There is nothing in the nature and method of this defence, which ought to excuse the appellant from the payment of costs. 7th. Where any of the matters set up in defence depend on the credibility of the testimony, it is the province of the surrogate to judge of that credibilityand his conclusions therefrom stand like the conclusions of a jury, and ought not to be reversed by the appellate tribunal.; except where they were clearly and obviously wrong.There is no doubt of the fact in this case, that the appellant paid over the one half of the intestate’s estate to the two daughters of R. McDowell, in 1833, in good faith; supposing that their sister had died many years previous thereto without leaving legitimate issue. The presumption now is that the brother is dead ; as he was beyond sea.when he was last heard of in 1830, without having any known residence abroad; and no intelligence has been obtained respecting him since that time. This presumption is supposed to have been adopted by analogy to certain statutory provisions; particularly the provision of the statutes relative to the presumption of the death of persons upon whose lives estates in lands depend ; where such persons have removed beyond sea, or absented themselves in this state, or elsewhere for seven years together. (1 R. S. 749, § 6. Slat. 19 Charles 2d, ch. 6, § 2.) But as he was heard of within two years previous to the death of S. Brown in 1832, there is no presumption that he was not alive at that time, so as to be entitled to a distributive share of her estate as one of -the next of kin. The only presumption arising from such absence is that he is dead, if he has not been heard of within the seven years mentioned in the statute; not that he died at any particular time within the seven years, or- even on the last day of that term. [Doe ex dem. Knight v. Nepean, 5 Barn. Sp Adol: 86; 2 Mees, tip Weis. 894.) The surrogate was right therefore in not awarding to the respondent the fourth of the distributive
p. 463share to which the brother was entitled if living at the death of the intestate ; without some evidence to establish the fact that he died before that time.
There was nothing upon which to found a legal presumption that the respondent was dead in 1832, or at the time when her distributive share was paid to the sisters in 1833; although her relatives in New-York had not then heard from her in twelve or thirteen years. Even where the person, whose existence is in question, lias remained beyond sea for seven years, if he had a known and fixed residence in a foreign country when he was last heard from, he ought not, in justice, to be presumed dead, without some evidence of inquiries having been made for him at such known place of residence, without success. For the average duration of life of persons under sixty years of age is more than twice seven years. And in the present state of society, in this and other commercial countries, no presumption of the death of an individual does in fact arise from the mere circumstance that he has fixed his domicil abroad, and has not been heard of at the place of his birth, or of his original residence, for more than seven years. And if the law raises a presumption from that circumstance alone, by analogy to the statutory provision before referred to, still it does not apply to the case of this respondent. For she was not beyond sea, nor had she absented herself in this state, or elsewhere, for seven years previous to the death of the intestate; within the intent and meaning of the statute before referred to.
Where the person whose death is. to be presumed, is in fact within the United States, and not technically beyond sea, “ absenting himself in this state or elsewhere” must mean absenting himself from his last place of residence in this state, or in the United States, which was known to his family, or his relatives who would be likely to know whether he was living; and from whom a party in the search of the truth would be likely to make inquiries. The mere fact, therefore, that the party has absented himself from the place of his birth, or from his original domicil, for more than seven years, does not raise a presumption that he is dead. Here the respondent had a mother and two
p. 464sisters, and also a natural son, residing in New-York; all of whom must have been known to the administrator. And they were undoubtedly aware of the fact that she was residing at Never Die‘in the vicinity of Baltimore, about twelve years before. If the administrator had made the proper inquiries, he would also have ascertained that fact. And having done that, he should have caused inquiries to be made at such last known place of her residence ; for the purpose of ascertaining whether she still resided there, or was dead, or had removed to some other place which could be ascertained. Or, if he did not wish to incur the expense of making such inquiries, he should have applied to the surrogate for a final settlement of his account, and the distribution of the fund in his hands to such persons as should come in and establish their claims to the same as the next of kin of the intestate. Or he might have taken security from those to whom he paid the money, to refund her share, in case it should afterwards appear that she was alive at the death of her aunt. The administrator probably acted upon the presumption that she was dead, because the letters written to her some ten or twelve years before remained unanswered. But it was almost as unsafe to rely upon that circumstance alone, as evidence of her death, as it would have been to presume from the name of her last known place of residence that she would live beyond the usual period of human life. The more rational presumption was that she had gone to some other place, and that the letters written to her had not reached her. For if she had died there, she probably would, previous to her death, have informed some of her acquaintances that she had a mother and other relatives living in New-York, and that the fact of her death would have been communicated to them by letter. The administrator, therefore, is not entitled to protection on the ground that he was legally authorized to presume the respondent was dead at the time the succession opened in 1832.
Nor has there been such an assent or acquiescence on her part, since she was aware of the fact of the payment of her distributive share to her sisters, as in itself will constitute an equitable bar to her claim against the administrator. She did
p. 465indeed say to him, as some of the witnesses state, that she was contented to have the money remain as it was. But what she said was founded upon the erroneous impression that the fund was in the hands of her son, for her benefit; which false impression was caused by what was said by one of the sisters at that time. And that the administrator did not rely upon that declaration, as an absolute relinquishment of her claim upon him, is established by the fact that he shortly afterwards attempted to obtain a relinquishment of that claim.
The only remaining questions to be considered are, whether her claim was barred by the statute of limitations; and whether the administrator could avail himself of that defence before the surrogate. As the appellant was not called upon to state his defence, against her claim to a decree for the payment of her distributive share, before the taking of the testimony of the witnesses, it would be wrong to deprive him of that defence, if the evidence showed that it actually existed, upon the technical ground that he had not formally pleaded it as a bar to such claim. It appears in this case that the administrator had received the avails of the property of the intestate, and had actually paid over the half thereof belonging to the children of R McDowell, as early as June, 1833. The right of the respondent to sue the administrator in the court of chancery, if not in a court of common law, for the whole of her distributive share of the estate, therefore, accrued at the expiration of one year after the granting of letters of administration in August, 1832. (2 R. S. 114, § 9.) And her right to institute a suit before the surrogate, for the same purpose, accrued at the same time. (Idem. 116, § 18.) This suit was not commenced until 1844; more than ten years after the right accrued. The statute of limitations does not in terms specify the time within which a creditor, legatee, or distributee, shall institute a suit before the surrogate, against executors or administrators, to obtain payment of his debt or legacy, or his distributive share of the estate of the decedent. But the legislature never could have intended to give to a party the right to institute such a suit before a surrogate, after his remedy was barred by the statute of limitations.
p. 466in all other courts. Such a suit therefore, by analogy to the statute of limitations, should be instituted before the surrogate within the time in which suits of the same character are required to be commenced in the courts of common law, or of equity. If it is a case in which the courts of common law, the court of chancery, and the surrogate’s court, have concurrent jurisdiction, the suit before the surrogate should be brought within the time limited by the revised statutes for commencing the suit at law, and in chancery. (2
R. S. 301, § 49.) But if it is a case where the court of chancery and the surrogate’s court alone have concurrent jurisdiction, then the suit before the surrogate should be instituted within the time prescribed for the commencement of suits of the same character in equity; in cases where the subject matter of the suit is not cognizable by the courts of common law. (1
R. S. 302, §§ 51, 52, 53.)
The conclusion at which I have arrived in this case, therefore, is, that the right of the respondent to recover from the administrator any and every part of her distributive share of the estate of S. Brown, in any of the courts of this state, was barred :b,y ¡the statute of limitations at the time she presented her petition ,to the surrogate, in January or February, 1844. The sentence.or decree which is appealed from, must then be reversed. But as ¡this is a new question, arising for the first time under the provisions of the. revised statutes, I shall not charge the respondents .with costs upon this appeal; nor with the costs of the administrator upon the proceedings before the surrogate.