Messenger v. Kingsbury

This is a proceeding originally brought in the superior court for a writ of mandate to compel the defendant, as surveyor-general, to receive and file an application of plaintiff made under section 3443 of the Political Code to purchase from the state a piece of land, a portion of which is swamp and overflowed land, and a portion is tide-land bordering on the waters of Suisun Bay.

Plaintiff recovered judgment in the trial court and this judgment and an order denying defendant’s motion for a new trial,- were, on the twenty-third day of February, 1909, affirmed by the district court of appeal for the first appellate district. On the application of the appellant the proceeding was transferred to this court for hearing and determination.

That the state may, if it sees fit so to do, grant in privater ownership such tide-lands as are capable of reclamation without detriment to the public right is a proposition that seems well supported by the authorities cited by the respondent. It will be sufficient for the present purpose to refer to Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U. S. 1 , [ 14 Sup. Ct. 548 ] ; Ward v. Mulford, 3Cal. 365, and Oakland v. Oakland Water Front Co., 118 Cal. 160 , [ 50 Pac. 277 ].

The other question, i. e., whether or not the state had, at the time of the proceedings under consideration, made provision by law for exercising this power, presents a more difficult problem. As the case stood when it was under consideration by the court of appeal, the determination of this question of statutory construction was necessary to a decision. But, as we shall presently point out, the law has now been changed so as to deprive the plaintiff of his right to relief under any view that may be taken of the meaning and effect of the statutes as they read at the time these proceedings were instituted.

The claim of the plaintiff is based upon sections 3440 and 3443 of the Political Code. Section 3440 provides that “the swamp and overflowed, salt-marsh, and tide-lands belonging to the state must be sold at the rate of one dollar ($1.00) per

Plaintiff herein had, at the time of instituting this proceeding, advanced to the point of offering for filing his affidavit and application to purchase, and no further. He has not, to the present tiine, gone beyond this point. His survey has not been approved, and he has not paid the first installment of twenty per cent, or any part of the purchase price. While matters were in this condition, the legislature by an act approved and effective March 25, 1909 (Stats. 1909, p. 774), ■enacted section 3443a of the Political Code rehding as follows: “The words ‘tide-lands’ mentioned and described in ■sections thirty-four hundred and forty and thirty-four hundred and forty-three of this code shall not be held or construed to apply to or to include the shore, or any part thereof, or the bed, or any part thereof, of the ocean or of any navigable ■channel or stream or bay or inlet within the state, between ■ordinary high and low water mark, and all such land over which the ordinary tide ebbs and flows is hereby withheld from sale. Nothing in this section shall be construed as a recognition that prior to the passage hereof, the tide-lands by this section withheld from sale have been offered for sale by the state.”

Now, whatever may have been the effect of sections 3440 and 3443, standing alone, with respect to the purchase of tidelands forming the shore or bed of navigable waters, there can be no question that by the enactment of section 3443a further sales of such lands were forbidden. If lands of this character had theretofore been offered for sale, the legislature, in passing the new section, manifested, by language too plain to be mis

The decisions of this court are clear to the effect that an applicant who has merely filed his affidavit and application to purchase, without paying any part of the purchase price, under statutes essentially similar to the scheme provided by the Political Code for the disposition of public lands, has no such vested right as will prevent a termination of the opportunity to purchase upon a repeal of the law providing for sale.

In Eckart v. Campbell, 39 Cal. 256 , the court had under consideration the act of March 28, 1868 (Stats, 1867-68, p. 507), an act which provided for the disposition of public lands in the same manner as that declared by the Political Code. Indeed, that act formed the basis of the provisions subsequently incorporated in the Political Code. Upon a consideration of the entire statute the court came to the conclusion that one whose application filed in due form had been accepted by the surveyor-general and who had received a certificate of location as provided for in section 12 of the act received “the exclusive privilege to become the purchaser of the particular premises described at any time within the fifty days from its (the certificate’s) date. It is, however, a mere privilege which he might, at his option, accept or decline within that time— and his failure to pay the twenty per cent as required, is conclusive evidence to the land-officers that he has abandoned the

.Much closer in their facts to the case at bar, and in our judgment, determinative of it, are the cases holding that section 3 of article XVII of the constitution of 1879, providing that state lands suitable for cultivation shall be granted only to actual settlers, operates as a restriction on applications made before, as well as after, the constitution took effect. The first of these cases was Johnson v. Squires, 55 Cal. 103 . That was an action to determine a contest over the right to purchase state lands. The plaintiff’s application, made prior to the adoption of the constitution complied, as is assumed by the court, with the law in existence when it was made. That law did not limit the right of purchase to actual settlers, and plaintiff was not such settler. It was held that, by reason of the constitutional provision, he was not entitled to purchase. Referring to said provision, the court said: “This language is clear and explicit, and operates as well on applications made before as after the constitution took effect. As the case shows, appellant has paid no portion of the purchase money, nor has his proposition to buy been accepted by the agent of the state. He

The same principle was applied in Klauber v. Higgins, 117 Cal. 451 , [ 49 Pac. 466 ]. There the appellants claimed title to the lands in controversy by virtue of patents issued upon applications for purchase made under the act of March 28, 1868 (Stats. 1867-68, p. 507). The property consisted of tidelands fronting on the bay of San Diego and was situated within two miles of the city of San Diego. On April 4, 1870 (Stats. 1869-70, ch. 573), the legislature amended section 70 of said act of 1868 by excluding from the provisions of the act all swamp and overflowed, salt-marsh, and tide-lands “. . . within two miles of any town or village.” Assuming that the original act authorized the sale of the lands in question, the court held that the amendment took from the officials of the government the right to sell said land, no right to the same having vested in the appellants prior to their making a payment. Says the court: “The applications under which appellants claim were not approved until November, 1871, and no payments were made by the applicants prior to that time. They therefore had made no contract with the state, and had no vested rights until that time.” The opinion does not disclose the exact date of the filing of the applications and a copy of the record is not, at the moment, accessible to us. It clearly appears, however, from the opinion itself, as well as the reported abstract of arguments of counsel, that the applications preceded the amendment of the statute. If this had not been so, there would have been no occasion for the court to hold that the right of the applicants did not vest until payment. Furthermore, the argument of counsel for respondents, on page 454, concedes that the applications to purchase were made before the passage of the amending statute.

The effect of these decisions is to put the applicant for the purchase of state lands in a position similar to that of one who

Under these views, a granting to the plaintiff of the relief sought would be of no avail. If it be urged that private rights will not be permitted to be defeated by the wrongful action of government officials, plaintiff could at most, assuming the rejection of his application to have been unauthorized under the old law, be entitled to have his application received, filed, and approved. Conceding, for argument’s sake, that the law, as it stood at the time of his application, authorized the purchase of these lands, he would find himself in the position of having applied to purchase lands which the state has decided to withhold from sale. He would have no vested right which could prevent such withholding. Whether or not the superior court and the district court of appeal rightly held that plaintiff was entitled to his writ of mandate, it is plain that, as the law now reads, no such writ should issue. It would assume to require the surveyor-general to perform a mere preliminary act which could not be pursued to an effective termination without a violation of the law.

It is therefore a matter of no concern to the applicant to have this court decide whether sections 3440 and 3443, prior to the enactment of 3443a, authorized the sale of lands of the character here involved. That question, one of great importance, will properly require determination when it is raised in a case involving the claims of applicants who had received patents or had made partial or full payments, before section

The judgment and order are reversed.

Angellotti, J., Shaw, J., Lorigan, J., and Henshaw, J., concurred.

Rehearing denied.