Sutliff v. Sweetwater Water Co.

This is an action to recover damages for injury done to the plaintiff’s land by the breaking, in the winter of 1916, of the Sweetwater reservoir, owned by the defendant corporation. The individual defendants are officei’s of the corporation and for simplicity we will treat the action as one against it alone, since the other defendants are certainly not liable if it is not. The cause was tried without a jury and resulted in a judgment for the defendant, from which the plaintiff appeals upon the judgment-roll.

It appears from the pleadings and findings that the reservoir in question is an artificial lake created by a dam across the Sweetwater River impounding the waters of that stream. On one side of the reservoir and at a little distance from the dam there is a depression in the high land or hills surrounding the reservoir and forming its rim, and the dam was built to a height greater than the altitude of this depression, so that if the reservoir were full its waters would run through the depression unless restrained. To prevent this a secondary dam, consisting of an earth dike, was built across the depression. The plaintiff’s land is situate in the valley below the depression, that is, on the other side of it from the reservoir. In January of 1916 there came a flood in the Sweet-water River of extraordinary and unprecedented size, filling the reservoir until it overtopped the earth dike across the depression mentioned, washed it out and released a large volume of water from the reservoir, which flowed over the plaintiff’s land and undoubtedly damaged it substantially. The complaint alleges that the overtopping and washing out of the dike were due to the negligence of the defendant in

The chief contention of the plaintiff is that, even though the defendant were not negligent in any respect, it is still liable for any damage caused by the breaking out of control of the waters collected by its works. The plaintiff’s chief reliance in this connection is the authority of Fletcher v. Rylands, decided in Exchequer Chamber (L. R 1 Ex. 265), and . affirmed on appeal by the'House of Lords (L. R. 3 Eng. & Ir. App. 330). The defendant there had constructed a reservoir, the waters of which broke through the bottom into some ancient underground workings whose existence was unknown, and thence escaped into and flooded the plaintiff’s colliery. For this the defendant was held liable regardless of any negligence upon its part. The leading opinion in Exchequer Chamber was delivered by Lord Blackburn and it was referred to and quoted with approval in the House of Lords. The principle applied is thus stated by Lord Blackburn: ‘‘ We think that, the tm e-role of law is, that the person, who Ipr^is-ewnr-^urpflSfíS-lirings on his lands, and collects and ^keeps there anything likely to do.misohief if it escapes, must jmswerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape.’’

This language, iftáken literally and as applying universally, would seem to cover the present case, and plaintiff contends that it should govern it. To this contention there are two replies. In the first place, a stibsequent English decision makes it plain that the rule so stated should be limited in its application to eases of the nature of the one then before the court, of which the present case is not one. In Fletcher v. Rylands, as was subsequently said in Nichols v. Marsland, L. R. 10 Ex. Cas. 255, “the defendant poured the water into the" plaintiff’s mine. He did not know he was doing so; but he did it as much as though he had poured it into an

But there is a sharp distinction between such cases and the present. The defendant’s reservoir was a wholly proper and lawful thing and its existence, maintenance, and use worked no injury to the plaintiff’s land, invaded no right of his, and could not for a moment be said to be a nuisance. The proximate and immediate cause of the flooding of the plaintiff’s land and its consequent injury was not the existence of the defendant’s reservoir or the manner of its maintenance or use, which were wholly lawful and innocuous, but the overwhelming of the reservoir by an agency beyond the defendant’s control, in fact, in this case, beyond human control. The distinction is clearly pointed out in Nichols v. Marsland in the decision on appeal in Exchequer Chamber (L. R. 2 Ex. Div. 1). The facts were that a series of dams constructed by the defendant were washed out by an unprecedented flood and the volume of water so released damaged the plaintiff’s property. In other words, the case is wholly similar to the one at bar. The plaintiff there, like the plaintiff here, relied for a recovery upon Fletcher v. Ry lands, but it was held that the cases were not the same, that in the case before the court the proximate cause of the

The second answer to the plaintiff’s contention is that the question is not an open one in this state. There are a very considerable number of eases in our reports where a reservoir or ditch has been broken by flood and suit has been brought for injuries sustained thereby. Invariably a recovery has been allowed or refused according as the defendant is found to be negligent or not. Hoffman v. Tuolumne Water Co., 10 Cal. 413 , is a good illustration of these cases. There the court, in laying down the rule governing the case, said: “The general rule is, that every man may do as he chooses with his own property, provided he does not injure another’s. But there is another rule as well established, which is) that a man must so use his own property as not to injure his neighbor’s. 'This last rule, however, does not make a man responsible for every injury which may arise to another from the use which the first may make of his property. It would be an intolerable hardship to hold a man responsible for unavoidable accidents which may occur to his property by fires or casualties, or acts beyond his control, though others are likewise injured.”

The court then reversed a judgment against the defendant because of an instruction by the trial court- which imposed

It is true that in all of these cases, negligence on the part of the defendant was relied upon by the plaintiff and that the question of absolute liability on the part of the defendant was not presented to the court or discussed. Nevertheless, it is repeatedly laid down that the governing rule of law is that the defendant is not liable unless he has been negligent, and the actual decisions of the cases are consistent with this rule only. [2] Under such circumstances the rule so declared and followed must be taken to be the law, and the fact that the propriety of the rule has not been questioned or discussed is not a sufficient justification for reopening the subject.

The plaintiff contends, also, that in spite of the finding of the trial court that there was no negligence on the part of the defendant, such negligence, nevertheless, appears because of the fact that the top of defendant’s main dam—the one across the river—was higher than the top of the earthen dike across the depression, so that the waters of the reservoir, before raising to the top of the main dam and flowing over it, would flow over the earthen dam and wash it out. It is not at all certain that it appears from the findings that the top of the main dam was higher than the top of the earthen dike. Assuming, however, that it does appear, it does not by any means follow that there was any negligence in the design of the reservoir. It does not appear, for example, that the main dam itself was not an earthen dam so that water overflowing it would be much more dangerous than water overflowing the shallower earthen dike. Passing this and assuming that the main dam was a solid masonry or concrete structure so protected that it would not be displaced by a large volume of water flowing over it, the question of whether its maintenance at a height greater than the top of the earthen

[3] The plaintiff also contends that the findings are contradictory in that it is found, on the one hand, that the injuries to appellant’s property were proximately caused by an extraordinary and unprecedented flood, and, on the other hand, that none, or only a part", of defendant’s land would have been injured but for the erection and maintenance of the reservoir. Plaintiff’s point is that the flood of 1916, extraordinary and unprecedented as it was, would yet not have injured his property if it had not been for the existence of the reservoir. This may be true, but it does not follow that the proximate cause of the injury was not the flood. This point is really nothing more than the contention that because the defendant was responsible for the existence of the'reservoir and because the plaintiff’s land would not have been injured except for its existence, the defendant is liable regardless of negligence on his part. This is simply the point first discussed in another form.

Judgment affirmed.

Lawlor, J., and Shaw, J., concurred.