People v. Bird

The defendant was convicted of manslaughter. He appeals from the judgment and from an order denying his motion in arrest of judgment.

By a complaint filed in the municipal court of the city of Los Angeles, the defendant was charged with the crime of the murder, on November 26, 1929, of Pereival Graham Watson. After a preliminary examination the magistrate concluded that a felony had been committed, that there was reasonable cause to believe that the defendant had committed it, and held the defendant to answer in the superior court for the crime of manslaughter. In due time the district attorney filed an information charging the defendant with the crime of manslaughter. Thereafter the district attorney, before trial, requested the permission of the court to amend the information so as to charge the defendant with murder. The application was denied. Following the denial of a second motion to amend, the district attorney moved to dismiss the information with permission to file in the municipal court a new complaint charging murder. The motion was granted and the new complaint was filed in the municipal court charging murder. A second preliminary examination was held at which, by stipulation, the transcript of the testimony taken at the former preliminary hearing was submitted to another judge of the municipal court for his action thereon. Again the magistrate held the defendant to answer

The first assault made on the judgment is that it is void for the reason that the district attorney was without lawful authority to file an information charging an offense different from that named in the order of commitment. The contention is predicated upon the alleged unconstitutionality of section 809 of the Penal Code as amended in 1927 wherein, in the last sentence of the section, the district attorney is permitted to charge in the information “the offense, or offenses, named in the order of commitment or any offense, or offenses, shown by the evidence taken before the magistrate to have been committed”. It is asserted that this amendment is violative of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of 1879, which provides: “Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indictment shall be prosecuted by information, after examination and commitment by a magistrate, or by indictment, with or without such examination and commitment, as may be prescribed by law. A grand jury shall be drawn and summoned at least once a year in each county.”

At the outset it may be stated that no contention is or can be made that the foregoing amendment of section 809 is lacking in due process of law, for it has been definitely settled in Lem Woon v. Oregon, 229 U. S. 586 [ 57 L. Ed. 1340 , 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 783 ], that the provision of the Constitution of the state of Oregon which permitted the prosecuting attorney to file his own affidavit of probable cause, without providing for any examination or commitment by a mágistrate, did not violate the due process clause of the federal Constitution. Since this state might therefore in the Constitution dispense with a preliminary examination entirely and authorize the district attorney to initiate a criminal prosecution in the superior court by his own affidavit of probable cause, the amendment of said section 809 does no violence to the federal Constitution. It is

There is considerable discussion as to what portion of said section 8 of article I the words ‘ ‘ as may be prescribed by law, ’ ’ therein contained, have application. It is contended by the defendant that these words authorize the legislature to prescribe the procedure for indictment only. The prosecution and supporting amici curiae contend that these words have application equally to proceedings by information. In our opinion these words do not place a restriction upon the legislature in providing the necessary framework for prosecution by either method. There is nothing in the constitutional section which would compel or authorize a contrary conclusion, and there would appear to be every reason why the legislature should be free to provide procedure consistent with constitutional requirements applicable both to indictment and information. With or without these words, the constitutional section is not self-executing as to the procedure to be followed by either method in bringing the accused to trial.

Prior to the amendment of 1927, section 809 contained no definite authority, for the district attorney to file an information charging an offense shown by the evidence taken before the magistrate and not designated in the order of commitment. Without specific legislative authority therefor this court in the earlier cases recognized and approved the power of the district attorney so to do. (People v. Lee Ah Chuck, 66 Cal. 662 [ 6 Pac. 859 ] ; People v. Vierra, 67 Cal. 231 [ 7 Pac. 640 ] ; People v. Giancoli, 74 Cal. 642 [ 16 Pac. 510 ].) Later, in 1904, the power of the district attorney in this respect came before the court for consideration in the case of People v. Nogiri, 142 Cal. 596 [ 76 Pac. 490 ], wherein it was held that the power of the district attorney under section 809, as it then stood, was confined to the filing of an information charging the offense designated in the order of commitment as the “such offense” then prescribed by the section, and the earlier cases above noted were overruled. The Nogiri case was followed by the District Courts of Appeal in the eases of Ex parte Fowler, 5 Cal. App. 549 [ 90 Pac. 958 ], People v. Danford, 14 Cal. App. 442 [ 112 Pac. 474 ] , People v. Hudson, 35 Cal. App. 234 [ 169 Pac. 719 ], and People v. Bomar, 73 Cal. App. 372 [ 238 Pac. 758 ], the case last cited having been decided in 1925.

In People v. Barnett, 99 Cal. App. 409 [ 278 Pac. 885 ], the defendant was committed for the crime of rape. The district attorney added a second count to the information charging lewd and lascivious conduct, a crime shown to have been committed by the evidence taken at the preliminary examination but not named in the order of commitment. The defendant was acquitted of the crime of rape and found guilty of the offense charged in the second count, a charge admittedly more serious than that of rape because of no possibility of a county jail sentence thereunder. A motion to set aside the information as to the second count was denied. The District Court of Appeal held that the district attorney had acted within his rights under section 809 of the' Penal Code, and that the defendant had suffered no violation of his constitutional rights.

A somewhat analogous situation was presented by reason of the amendment of section 1008 of the Penal Code in 1911 (Stats. 1911, p. 436), wherein it was provided that an information might be amended by the district attorney, without leave of court, at any time before plea, and further providing that an amendment could not be so made “as to charge an offense not shown by the evidence taken at the preliminary examination”. It has been recognized on numerous occasions that the information might be amended by the district attorney under that section subject to the limitation that the information may not be amended so as to charge

It is confidently asserted by the defendant that the amendment of section 809 of the Penal Code is unconstitutional for the further reason that it is in contravention of section 1 of article II of the Constitution which divides the powers of the state government into three distinct departments, the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Further, that the grant of power to the district attorney by said amendment is an unlawful delegation of judicial power under section 1 of article VI of the Constitution, which designates where the judicial power of the state shall be reposed. These contentions are pressed because of certain language contained in the case of People v. Nogiri, supra, wherein it was said: “The result of these decisions (People v. Tierra, supra; People v. Lee Ah Chuck, supra, and People v. Christian [ 101 Cal. 471 , 35 Pac. 1043 ] supra,) is to vest in a ministerial and executive officer, the district attorney, supervisoral, appellate and judicial powers controlling the judgment of a judicial magistrate who alone, under the Constitution, is empowered to hold the examination, and alone is empowered to declare by his commitment the offense for which the accused person shall be put on trial. This, we think, the law neither contemplates nor permits.” The decision then proceeds to hold that section 809 of the Penal Code, as it then existed, confined and limited the power of the district attorney to inform against the defendant only for the offense for which the magistrate had held him to answer. This holding need not now be questioned in view of the language of the then existing statute, which in and of itself would have been sufficient upon which to base a reversal of the judgment. To fortify the reason given for the holding, the court quoted, with approval, the language of the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Harlan in the case of Hurtado v. California, 110 U. S. 516 , 553, 554 [ 28 L. Ed. 232 , 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 111 , 292], which discussed the powers of the district attorney under the statute of this state. Whether the action of the district attorney in the Nogiri case, which had been authorized and approved in the earlier cases in this court above cited, was contrary to any constitutional provision of the state was a question

It is then to be determined whether the amendment of section 809 in 1927 violates section 1 of article III or section 1 of article VI of the Constitution because of an unlawful delegation of judicial power to the district attorney. In what is to be said it is assumed that it would be incompetent for the legislature under the Constitution to confer any judicial power on the district attorney. Judicial power generally is the power to adjudicate upon the legal rights of persons or property, with reference to transactions or occurrences existing or already had and closed. It is the power to hear and determine controversies between adverse parties and questions in litigation.

In Marin Water etc. Co. v. Railroad Com., 171 Cal. 706 , this court said at pages 711 and 712 [Ann. Cas. 1917C, 114, 154 Pac. 864 , 866] ; “The judicial function is to ‘declare the law and define the rights of the parties under it’. (Frasher v. Rader, 124 Cal. 133 [ 56 Pac. 797 ].) To determine ‘what shall be adjudged or decreed between the parties, and with whom is the right of the case, is judicial action’. (Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 37 U. S. (12 Pet.) 718 [ 9 L. Ed. 1233 ].) ‘A determination of the rights of an individual under the existing laws’ is an exercise of judicial power. (Quinchard v. Board of Trustees, 113 Cal. 669 [ 45 Pac. 856 ].) An essential element of judicial power, distinguishing it from legislative power, is that it requires ‘the ascertainment of existing rights’. (People v. Board of Supervisors, 122 Cal. 421 , 424 [ 55 Pac. 131 ].)

Judicial power is not only the authority to decide but to make binding orders or judgments. No action which is merely preparatory to an order or judgment to be rendered by some different body can properly be termed judicial. ' (Western Metal Supply Co. v. Pillsbury, 172 Cal. 407 , 412 [Ann. Cas. 1917E, 390, 156 Pac. 491 ] ; 5 Cal. Jur., p. 676.)

The action of the district attorney in filing an information based on the evidence taken at the preliminary examination does not satisfy the definition of judicial power under the foregoing cases or any definition of judicial power cited or discovered. Such action does not in any sense adjudicate the rights of the defendant. The information, like an indictment, is merely an accusatory paper and is to be considered as no more than a part of the method of putting the defendant on trial for the charge named therein. (See People v. Brown, 207 Cal. 172 , 180 [ 277 Pac. 320 ].)

In preparing the information the district attorney unquestionably is called upon to consider the facts as they appear in the testimony taken at the preliminary examination. He must also draw conclusions from those facts in the light of the law applicable thereto in order that he may charge the defendant with the proper offense. But in so doing he does not exercise a judicial power within the scope of the nondelegable power of the judiciary. The fact that an administrative or executive officer may frequently be called upon to determine facts and apply the law to those facts does not of itself make him a judicial officer or confer upon him judicial power. (Oceanic Steam Nav. Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U. S. 320 [ 53 L. Ed. 1013 , 29 Sup. Ct, Rep. 671 ] ; Union Bridge Co. v. United States, 204 U. S. 364 [ 51 L. Ed. 523 , 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 367 ].) For example, the commissioner of corporations and the superintendent of banks are officers of this state who exercise this ■ administrative and executive power to a high degree but within

It is argued with much force that the function of the magistrate in conducting the preliminary examination and in issuing his order of commitment with the indorsement thereon is not strictly judicial in its nature. That it may properly be performed by a judicial officer cannot be doubted. But if a state may, consistently with due process, dispense with the preliminary examination entirely and authorize the prosecutor to initiate the criminal proceeding (Lem Woon v. Oregon, supra), it is difficult to perceive why the state should be denied the power through its legislature to authorize the district attorney to designate the crime to be laid in the information. Certainly section 8 of article I of our Constitution does not work such a denial for it does not provide that the magistrate shall have the power to designate the crime, much less the exclusive power to do so. When the magistrate has concluded that a crime has been committed and that there is sufficient cause to believe the defendant guilty thereof, he has performed his function under the common-law practice (O’Campo v. United States, 234 U. S. 91 , 100 [ 58 L. Ed. 1231 , 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 712 ]), and has performed all that the Constitution of this state required of him. The fact that the legislature has required of him under section 872 of the Penal Code that he name the offense in the order of commitment and under section 877 of the same

There is much discussion of the effect of the constitutional debates when section 8 of article I of the Constitution was under consideration. They have been examined and we find nothing therein which is persuasive of an intention on the part of the framers of the Constitution of 1879 to deny to the legislature the power to authorize the district attorney to charge in the information the offense or .offenses shown by the evidence at the preliminary examination. It is apparent from these debates that there was a sharp conflict of opinion whether the power should be vested in the legislature to adopt either the grand jury system or prosecution by information. It was finally decided to continue the grand jury system and provide for the alternative method of prosecution by information preceded by an examination and commitment by a magistrate, the procedure in either case to be left to legislative control.

An early statute in Michigan provided that, except in certain specified eases, no information should be filed against any person for any offense until such person should have had a preliminary examination therefor, before a magistrate, or should waive such examination. In construing this statute in Annis v. People, 13 Mich. 511 , Judge Cooley said: “The examination, under this statute, was designed, to some extent, to accomplish the purpose of a presentment by the grand jury under the law as it existed before, in protecting a party against being subject to the indignity of a public trial for an offense before probable cause had been established against him by evidence under oath. But it was never designed that the complaint or warrant before the magistrate should stand in the place of a formal presentment, nor that in the circuit court, the prosecuting officer should be limited by it in the mode of charging the offense. It is undoubtedly competent for him, so long as he does not undertake to proceed against a person for a different transaction than that to which the examination relates, to put his information in such form as, in his opinion, will enable him to try the offense on the merits, in the way most effectually to advance the ends of justice.” This rule was followed and approved in the later ease of People v. Karste, 132 Mich. 455 [ 93 N. W. 1081 ].

It is conceivable that the action of the district, attorney might be without the pale of the legislative sanction. For instance, if the defendant should be complained against for grand theft and be informed against for bigamy, because, forsooth, there might be testimony before the magistrate that the defendant was guilty of the latter crime, a serious problem might be presented. But no such question is presented here. Murder and manslaughter are both homicides. The latter is included in the former and is one or

The statute of Arizona has a constitutional provision similar in effect to section 8 of article I of our own Constitution. A statute was enacted in that state in all material respects the same as the last sentence of said section 809 of the Penal Code prior to its amendment in 1927. The Supreme Court of that state followed the construction of our statute as it then existed in the Nogiri case. (Fertig v. State, 14 Ariz. 540 [ 133 Pac. 99 ] ; Solici v. State, 21 Ariz. 592 [ 193 Pac. 19 ].) It is interesting to note that in the Fertig case it was held that the magistrate was not bound to hold the defendant to answer for the offense named in the complaint, citing People v. Staples, 91 Cal. 23 [ 27 Pac. 523 ], and People v. Wheeler, 73 Cal. 255 [ 14 Pac. 796 ], wherein this court held to that effect. The fact that, under established law, the defendant may be held to answer for an offense shown by the evidence taken at the preliminary examination, but not charged in the complaint, would seem to weaken the argument that the defendant is greatly prejudiced by being informed against for an offense shown by such evidence but not named in the order of commitment, so long as he is not proceeded against for a different transaction than that to which the examination relates. Cases holding in conformity with the Nogiri case are as follows: State v. McGreevey, 17 Idaho, 453 [ 105 Pac. 1047 ] ; State v. Spaulding, 24 Kan. 11 ; Payne v. State, 30 Okl. Cr. 218 [ 235 Pac 558 ] ; State v. Boulter, 5 Wyo. 236 [ 39 Pac. 883 ], The Supreme Court of Kansas, however, in the later cases of State v. Handrub, 113 Kan. 12 [ 213 Pac. 827 ], and State v. Miner, 120 Kan. 187 [ 243 Pac. 318 ], appears to have relaxed the earlier rule in that state and has held in conformity with the earlier California cases.

An examination of the cases in other jurisdictions discloses at most that they are not altogether in harmony. It is unnecessary to distinguish them. In none of the cases cited or discovered by our owm investigation was involved the effect of a statute specifically authorizing the prosecuting officer to file the information charging the offense or any offense shown at the preliminary examination to have been committed. All of the cases relied upon by the

As to the merits of the case, it is contended by the defendant that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict of manslaughter. It is insisted that the facts show an accidental killing and that as such it was neither murder nor manslaughter. A brief reference to the evidence will be sufficient to show that the contention is without merit.

The defendant was residing with his wife and family on Dahlia Street in the city of Los Angeles. On the evening of November 26, 1929, he returned to his house about 10:30 o’clock. Awaiting him on his arrival were his wife, who was sitting on a couch in the living-room, and the defendant’s friend, the deceased, sitting on a chair near the end of the coach. The two, but especially the wife, began to upbraid the defendant for coming in late and under the influence of liquor. His reply was that he had been to a meeting and had there had a couple of drinks; that he was hungry and wanted something to eat. He then went to the kitchen, and made ready to get something to eat, being followed by his wife, who continued to chide him for having been drinking. Upon her refusal to stop “arg-uing” and to go out of the kitchen the defendant pushed her aside, whereupon the deceased came into the kitchen and a scuffle occurred in which the deceased struck the defendant on the chin. The defendant then said that if such was the treatment to be accorded him he was going to leave. The defendant gathered some of his clothing together, called a taxicab, and went to the home of a friend on Oxford Street, intending to spend the night there. The friend was not at home, so the defendant returned to his own place of residence. The wife and the deceased were still in the house, whereupon the defendant admonished the deceased to leave and go to his home. This direction was met with the reply that he, the deceased, intended to remain and protect Mrs. Bird. The defendant went to the bedroom, obtained a revolver, returned and said, “Well, now, somebody better go home.” The defendant then fired three or four shots, three of them taking effect in the body of the deceased. The first entered the left cheek, fractured the jawbone, passed downward and penetrated the third cervi

The defendant insisted that he thought the revolver was loaded with blank cartridges, that he fired the shots to force the deceased to leave, and that the killing was accidental. The jury was not bound to believe his story in view of all of the circumstances of the killing and might well have been justified in concluding that the offense committed was more serious than the one specified in the verdict.

The defendant complains of the refusal to give two of his requested instructions, numbers 4 and 14. The subject matter of No. 4 was to the effect that the law in its wisdom does not undertake to regulate the moral conduct of its subjects and that a verdict of not guilty should be returned if the jury should not be convinced of guilt of the crime charged, however reprehensible morally the conduct of the defendant might be found to be. No immoral conduct on the part of the defendant was charged by the prosecution or shown by the evidence, hence the instruction is inapplicable. Instruction No. 14 treated of justifiable homicide in defense of habitation. The court fully instructed the jury on the question of self-defense, the defense of family and accidental homicide. The charge was full, fair and complete, and no prejudice appears by the refusal to give the instruction complained of.

The judgment and order are affirmed.

Waste, C. J., Curtis, J., Richards, J., Langdon, J., and Seawell, J., concurred.

Rehearing denied.