p. 357said persons so claiming to compose said Oroville and Virginia City Railroad Company, charging that said persons had wrongfully and fraudulently usurped and intruded into a corporate franchise within this State, under said name, in which said action the right of said Oroville and Virginia City Railroad Company to be a corporation, or to exercise corporate powers under the laws of this State, was put in issue; that said action is and was at the time of the commencement of this proceeding still pending and undetermined, and is now before this Court upon appeal.”
An order was made by the Court, directing an alternative writ to- issue, returnable on the second Monday of January, 1868.
The other facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Haymond Stratton, for the Petitioner, in support of the motion.
The legal effect of the motion is, that petitioner admits all facts well pleaded in the answer. (Commonwealth v. Casey, 32 Penn. 218 .) The first paragraph of the answer denies the legal existence of the corporation. This is not good. That question cannot be tried collaterally. (Corporation Act, Sec. 6, Stats. 1862, p. 110.) The second paragraph of the answer is a denial of the demand alleged in the petition. This raises an immaterial issue. Ho demand was necessary. (Commonwealth v. Allegheny County, 37 Penn.; Commonwealth v. Middleton, 37 Penn. 237 ; Hamilton v. The Councils, 34 Penn. 512 -523; Maddox v. Graham, 2 Met., Ky., 70.) Ho principle is better established than that the “irregular or non-performance of acts relating to the organization of a corporation can only be investigated in a direct proceeding instituted by the State for that purpose, and not in a collateral action.” (Spring Valley Water Co. v. San Francisco, 22 Cal. 441 ; McFarland v. Triton Insurance Co., 4 Denio, 392 ; Eaton v. Aspinwall, 19 N. Y. 119 ; ) — v. McElrath, 3 Sand., S. C., 176; Searsburgh T. Co. v. Cotter, 6 Vt. 323 ;
p. 358Dunning v. New Albany and Salem Railroad Co., 2 Ind. 437 ; Judah v. American Dive Stock Insurance Co., 4 Ind. 338 .) The fifth paragraph seeks to avoid the Act by an allegation that it was passed by fraud. The precedents are numerous and conclusive that the validity of a public Act cannot be put in issue by a plea. (Sherman v. Story, 30 Cal. 266 ; State v. Young, N. J., 5 Am. Law Register, 17. S., 679.)Van Clief & Gear, for Defendant.
The first paragraph consists of a direct and positive denial of the legal existence of the petitioner. The motion admits the truth of this denial. But if petitioner is not a corporation, the petition must fail, for two reasons that are obvious: First—The Act of the Legislature is inoperative for want of a grantee capable of taking under its provisions. Second— The petitioner has no standing in Court, for, having no legal existence, it has no capacity to sue. And it fails on the issue presented by itself.Counsel for the petitioner have cited several authorities holding that causes of forfeiture of a corporate charter cannot be taken advantage of collaterally. These authorities have no application, for, by confession, petitioner never had any corporate charter. It is time enough to consider the extent to which our objections in this case may go when petitioner has properly established a bona fide and de facto corporate existence.
In Dannebroge Mining Company v. Allment, 26 Cal. 286 , where this Court applied the protection of this statute, the complaint averred “ that plaintiff' had claimed and still claimed in good faith to be a corporation under the laws of this State, and had done and still did business as such corporation.” The answer denied these allegations. ■ This Court reversed the judgment because plaintiff was not permitted to prove them. The allegations were then material and issuable.Petitioner very strenuously objects to our plea of the quo
p. 359warranto pending. Counsel have cited numerous authorities to establish the elementary principle that another action pending cannot be pleaded in abatement unless it is between the same parties and for the same cause. But this principle is inapplicable, for we do not plead the quo warranto in abatement. We have simply addressed it as an application to the discretion of the Court for a stay of proceedings in this case, and “that the hearing of the same be postponed until said action of quo warranto shall be finally determined.”" It is argued that petitioner would not be bound by a final judgment in favor of the People in the quo warranto suit, for the reason that said suit is not against the corporation by name, but against certain persons claiming to compose it. Such was the only mode in which the quo warranto could have been brought. (People v. Saratoga and Rensselaer Railroad Company, 15 Wend, 113 .) The motion here admits that the individuals sued in the quo warranto action are the ones who constitute the petitioner. The petitioner must therefore stand or fall by the result of that action.
The petitioner moves that the answer be stricken out, on the ground that it is irrelevant and immaterial, and does not show a legal answer to the writ; and he also moves that the several paragraphs of the answer be stricken out as irrelevant and immaterial.
The first paragraph denies that the Oroville and Virginia City Railroad Company now is or ever was a corporation organized or existing under the laws of the State of California, or otherwise. The third paragraph avers that the petitioner is not entitled to the benefit of a bona fide corporation, for that the persons claiming to compose the same do not claim in good faith to be a corporation, and have not in good faith attempted to comply with the provisions of the law providing for the incorporation of railroad companies, and are not actually doing business as a railroad corporation. The
p. 360fourth paragraph alleges, both generally and particularly, the failure on the part of the persons who claim to compose the corporation to comply with the law in organizing the corporation.
It is contended on the part of the petitioner 'that the proviso to the sixth section of the general Incorporation Act, as amended in 1862, (Stats. 1862, p. 110,) renders these allegations immaterial. The proviso is as follows : “Provided, that the question of the due incorporation of any company claiming in good faith to be -a corporation under the laws of this State, and doing .business as such corporation, or of its rights to exercise corporate powers, shall not be inquired into collaterally in any private suit to which such de facto corporation may be a party, hut such inquiry may be had at the suit of the State or [on] information of the Attorney General.” This provision does not go to the extent of precluding a private person from denying the existence de jure or defacto of an alleged corporation. It cannot be true that the mere allegation that a party is a corporation puts the question, whether it is such a corporation, beyond the reach of inquiry in a suit with a private person. It must be a corporation either de jure or de facto, or it has no legal capacity to sue or he sued, nor any capacity of any kind. It is an indispensable allegation in an action brought by a corporation, that the plaintiff is a corporation; and it results from the logic of pleading that the opposite party may deny the allegation. Were this not so, any number of different bodies of men, each body styling itself the Directors of a given railroad company, might bring separate actions against the county, and it is impossible to see why each would not succeed in the action, upon showing that it was the duty of the Board of Supervisors to subscribe to the capital stock of the given corporation and issue the county bonds. It is not contemplated that the allegation that the company was duly organized should put the fact beyond dispute and dispense with all evidence. The statute furnishes a rule of evidence. It is declared that the due incorporation ■ of any company
p. 361shall not be inquired into collaterally in any private suit, etc., in a certain case; that is, when the company claims in good faith to be a corporation under the laws of this State, and is doing business as such corporation. The alleged corporation must both claim in good faith that it is such corporation, and must be doing business as such corporation; and then its due incorporation cannot be inquired into collaterally. To say that the “ due incorporation ” cannot be inquired into collaterally, does not mean that no inquiry can be made as to whether it is a corporation. Many of the acts required to be performed in order to make a complete organization of the corporation may have been irregularly performed, or some of them may have been entirely omitted, and the rule of the statute is, that such irregular or defective performance shall not defeat the incorporation when drawn into question collaterally. The omission of the names and number of the first trustees from the articles of association, the failure to file a duplicate of the articles of association with the Secretary .of State, an incorrect statement of the length of the road, an omission of the statement of the principal place of business, and many other irregularities of the kind mentioned in Spring Valley Water Works v. San Francisco, 22 Cal. 440 , the insufficient acknowledgment of the articles of incorporation, (Dannebroge Mining Company v. Allment, 26 Cal. 286 ,) are irregularities that will not defeat the corporation, when its organization is collaterally called in question. A substantial compliance with the requirements of the statute will be sufficient to show a corporation de jure in an action between the corporation and a private person. But suppose a body of men meet and declare that they constitute the corporation, but neither subscribe to the capital stock, nor adopt articles of association, nor appoint any officers, nor perform any act in the organization of the corporation, nor transact any business. as a corporation, except in demanding that the Board of Supervisors subscribe to the stock and deliver the county bonds, they cannot claim the benefit of the proviso, for they
p. 362do not claim in
good faith to be a corporation,-and are not
doing business as a corporation.
There are no cases of which we are aware holding that no proof of the corporate existence of the plaintiff is required, except in those States in which it is held that the general issue, without any objection to the capacity of the plaintiff, dispenses with all proof on that point. This is on the familiar rule that by pleading to the merits the defendant admits the capacity of the plaintiff to sue. But when the objection is taken by plea.in abatement, the plaintiff must prove its corporate existence. If evidence is required on that point, it must be because that is a point in issue, and it cannot be in issue unless it be affirmed in the pleading on one side and denied on the other. (See Ang. & Ames on Corp., Sec. 631, and cases cited.)
But it is claimed that the existence of the corporation is recognized by the Act requiring the county to subscribe to the stock of the company. Admitting such to be the case, that will not overcome the difficulty; for a corporation of this character cannot be created by legislative recognition, the Constitution (Article IY, Section 31) prohibiting the creation of corporations, except for municipal purposes, otherwise than by general laws.
The second paragraph denies that the company demanded that the Board subscribe to the capital stock of the company. This forms a material issue. The subscription was to be made upon the books of the company, and entered in the records of the Board. It was the duty of the company to tender their books and request the subscription, and not of the Board to request the company to produce their books for that purpose. “It is an imperative rule of the law of mandamus that, previously to the making of the application to the Court for the writ to command the performance of a particular act, an express and distinct demand or request to perform it must have been made by the prosecutor to the defendant, who must have refused to comply with such demand, either in direct terms or by conduct from which a
p. 363refusal can be conclusively implied, it being due to the defendant to have the option of either doing or refusing to do that which is required of him, before an application shall be made to the Court for the purpose of compelling him.” (Tapping on Mand. 282; see, also,
People v.
Romero, 18 Cal. 90 ;
Crandall v. Amador County, 20 Cal. 72 .) This rule is applicable in cases where the petitioner or relator has a private interest in or claims the immediate benefit of the act or proceeding required to be/lone or taken; but when the act or proceeding amounts to a mere public duty, without any immediate benefit to the petitioner or relator, the rule may be otherwise.
The fifth paragraph, which avers that the passage of the Act recited in the petition was procured by fraud, is objectionable, first, because it is not well pleaded, as the acts constituting the fraud are not averred. The motion admits, in effect, only those facts that are well pleaded. A general allegation of fraud in a pleading will not be regarded. Second, an Act of the Legislature is not subject to attack on that ground; and it is sufficient on this point to refer to Sherman v. Story, 30 Cal. 266 .
The objection to the matter alleged in the sixth paragraph —the pendency of proceedings in quo warranto against the persons named as claiming to compose said company—is well taken. It is no defense to this action. If the defendants conceive themselves entitled to have the proceedings in this case stayed, they can make the application in the proper manner. The grounds of the motion have no appropriate place in the answer.
Motion granted as to the fifth and sixth paragraphs, and denied as to the other paragraphs in the answer.