People v. Duane

— The appeal in this action comes before this court pursuant to an order granting a hearing after decision by the District Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division One. After a consideration of that decision we adopt with the omissions and additions hereinafter appearing, the opinion prepared by Mr. Justice Ward when this case was pending before the District Court of Appeal.

“Appeal from judgments and orders denying a new trial following the conviction of defendant on seven separately charged offenses. The informations charged the commission in the City and County of San Francisco of the following:

“Each information charged that defendant, in the commission of the designated offense, was armed with a weapon, to wit, a pistol; and each contained an allegation of previous conviction in California of a felony, to wit, receiving stolen property, in connection with which a sentence was served; also of conviction in the State of Arizona of the crime of felony, to wit, burglary, for which sentence was likewise served. Defendant entered pleas herein of not guilty, but admitted the prior convictions. Over his objection, the above cases were consolidated, and, following trial, he was found guilty as charged in each information.

“The cases involve a series of kidnappings and robberies, the robberies being of two Safeway grocery stores, and the victims of the kidnappings, the managers thereof respectively; in one of the cases the wife of one of the managers was kidnapped with her husband. One of the cases involves an assault upon one of such managers, with intent to commit robbery.

“It is contended'by appellant that the court erred in consolidating the cases for trial. So far as pertinent to the facts herein, under the provisions of section 954 of the Penal Code, two or more indictments charging offenses connected together in their commission, or crimes or offenses of the same class, may, in the discretion of the trial court, be consolidated for trial or may be divided into two or more groups and each group tried separately.

“For the purpose of convenient consideration, three of the informations may be referred to as the Burkard cases, the other four as the McLean cases. In each of the cases charging robbery,' kidnapping was committed in furtherance and in consummation thereof, hence ‘connected . . . in their commission. ’ (Pen. Code, £954; People v. Morales, 56 Cal.App. 270 [ 204 P. 1088 ].) Among the Burkard cases

“Bach information in the Burlcard cases alleges the same perpetrator and the same victim. Up to this point the alleged offenses are sufficiently ‘connected.’ In People v. Johnston, 114 Cal.App. 241 [ 299 P. 805 ], it was held permissible to include robbery and burglary in the same information. However, there is a difference in the alleged dates of commission, but it has been held that this contention, standing alone, is without merit in the absence of proof of prejudice. In People v. Northcott, 209 Cal. 639 [ 289 P. 634 , 70 A.L.R 806 ], the indictment contained three counts of murder, the first alleged to have been committed on or about February 2,1928, and the other two on or about Hay 16,1928. In People v. Feigelman, 65 Cal.App. 319 , 320 [ 223 P. 579 ], the court said: ‘The fact that the two crimes charged against the defendant were committed, the one more than a year after the other, does not in our opinion furnish any ground for the claim that the court abused its discretion in consolidating said actions and causing them to be tried at the same time. ’

“The conclusions herein relative to the Burkard cases may be considered as applicable to the McLean cases of kidnapping and robbery on July 10 and August 6, 1940. The only allegation of factual difference appearing in the informations is that in the kidnapping on August 6th it is alleged that Allen F. McLean and Frances McLean were enticed and forcibly taken away by the defendant with intent to restrain them and thereby commit a robbery. The evidence discloses that Frances McLean is the wife of Alleii McLean. If appellant had been charged in a separate information with the offense of kidnapping the wife, Frances

“The next point for consideration is the consolidation of the two groups, the Burkard and the McLean cases. Here we have offenses of the same general class, but alleged to have been committed upon different persons on different dates. The different offenses of robbery, and the accompanying offenses of the same class of crime under separate counts, could have been charged in different counts in one information. Technically the consolidation was without error, but the consolidation for trial of criminal informations or indictments must be ‘for good cause shown’ and ‘in the interest of justice, ’ which presupposes that the consolidation must be without prejudice to the substantial rights of the accused. A defendant may be prejudiced if forced to stand trial on one charge with a codefendant or codefendants who are charged with a distinct and unconnected offense. The charges may be of the same class and therefore subject to consolidation, but if unconnected and dependent upon evidence of an entirely different state of facts, one defendant may be prejudiced by evidence introduced in support of an information charging a second defendant with a separate offense. This state of facts appeared in People v. Davis, 42 Cal.App.2d 70 [ 108 P.2d 85 ]. (See, also, People v. O’Connor, 81 Cal.App. 506 [ 254 P. 630 ] ; People v. Foward, 134 Cal.App. 723 [ 26 P.2d 532 ] ; People v. Aguinaldo, 3 Cal.App.2d 254 [ 39 P.2d 505 ] ; People v. Shepherd, 14 Cal.App.2d 513 [ 58 P.2d 970 ].)

“ Based upon the above, as applied to the facts in the present case, we find that no valid objection could be presented to the consolidation of the Burkard and McLean cases solely upon the difference in allegations of dates of commission of the offenses unless peculiar circumstances surrounding the transactions, which do not appear on this appeal, should of themselves indicate that the defendant would be prejudiced by the consolidation.

“One further factual subject deserves consideration, namely, the perpetration of the crimes upon different victims. A consolidation under circumstances unnecessary to mention, which do not apply to the present ease, may give rise to a reasonable conclusion that a defendant has in fact been prejudiced. However, the consolidation of indictments

“In the present case the defendant had developed a well defined plan to unlawfully and feloniously obtain the property of Safeway Stores, Inc. The assault by force, violence and intimidation, and the kidnapping of Burkard, McLean, and the latter’s wife, were merely incidents to the accomplishment of his purpose. The methods used in the perpetration of the crimes were manifestly similar. The consolidation saved the state and the defendant the ordeal of possibly seven separate trials. The consolidation was not jurisdictional ; merely procedural. (People v. Thomas, 45 Cal.App.2d 128 [ 113 P.2d 706 ]; People v. Aguinaldo, supraj People v. Shepherd, supra.) It is incumbent upon defendant on appeal to show substantial prejudice to his rights. A bald declaration by his attorney is insufficient upon which to base error. [3c] ‘ The determination whether a motion for severance of trial should be granted always rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge. There can be no clearly defined rule for determining when a defendant is entitled to a separate trial because the exercise of discretion means that the decision must be based upon a just and proper consideration of the particular circumstances which are presented to the court in each case. Only where an abuse of discretion- is shown will the ruling of the trial court be disturbed upon appeal. ’ (People v. Eudy, 12 Cal.2d 41 , 46 [ 82 P.2d 359 ].) What has been said of severance is equally applicable to consolidation. An abuse of discretion herein is not shown — on the contrary, the order of consolidation appears to be in the interest of justice.

“The nature and character of many of the objections raised by the attorney for appellant cannot be definitely determined. In many instances reference to certain cross-examination is set forth as improper, the reviewing court being left to conjecture the basis of the claimed impropriety.

“There is testimony that appellant at the time of the commission of one of the offenses showed his victim a box which he said contained dynamite, stating that it would be used to blow up Burkard’s home if he refused to obey appellant’s orders. This evidence appears in proof of the allegations of the Burkard robbery and kidnapping cases. About the time of appellant’s arrest, a package containing dynamite was removed from his car. Appellant’s claims— that his statement that the box contained dynamite was no proof that it actually did, and that evidence of a test explosion of the dynamite by the police was fabricated to impress the jury — are without merit. At least the jury’s implied finding is binding on this court.

“A substantial conflict appears in each instance wherein appellant offered evidence tending to prove an alibi. The credibility of the witnesses in this as in other respects was a matter solely for the consideration of the jury.”

Appellant contends, with respect to cases Nos. 32,106 and 32,107, that prejudicial error was committed in refusing to allow Mrs. Deep, a witness called by him to testify. The background of that refusal was as follows: At the beginning of the trial an order was made excluding all witnesses. Mrs. Deep, an attorney-at-law who had been appellant’s counsel in civil matters, was seated at the counsel table with appellant’s attorney, Mr. Toner, throughout the trial in the instant case and consulted with him and appellant from time to time. She was not, however, formally associated with Mr. Toner as defendant’s counsel in the instant ease. The prosecution asked. several of appellant’s witnesses on cross-examination whether they had consulted with Mrs. Deep prior to taking the stand, the last witness so questioned being Mrs. Meegan, by whom appellant sought to prove an alibi in action No. 32,109. Mrs. Meegan testified that she had discussed her testimony with Mrs. Deep, but that Mrs. Deep had not suggested any testimony to be given by her.

There can be no doubt that the court committed error in refusing to permit Mrs. Deep to testify. The violation by a witness of an order excluding witnesses from the courtroom does not make such witness incompetent nor furnish grounds for a refusal to permit him to testify. The proper recourse is contempt proceedings against the witness. (People v. Russell, 34 Cal.App.2d 665 [ 94 P.2d 400 ] ; Mintzer v. Wilson, 21 Cal.App.2d 85 [ 68 P.2d 370 ] ; People v. Mach, 115 Cal.App. 588 p2 P.2d 209] ; People v. Talkington, 8 Cal.App.2d 75 [ 47 P.2d 368 ].)

It is obvious that testimony by Mrs. Deep concern

“In action No. 32,105 appellant was charged with assault with intent to commit robbery, wherein it was alleged also that he was armed with a weapon, to-wit, a pistol, and the jury returned two separate verdicts, one finding appellant guilty of ‘assault with intent to commit robbery, as charged in the information,’ and the second finding that ‘the charge of being armed with a weapon’ was true. There is no direct proof that on this occasion appellant was armed with a pistol. There is evidence that he approached his victim, Burkard, menacingly; that Burkard ran, and that appellant ordered him to halt or be shot. Upon the calls of Burkard’s wife for help, and the appearance of others at the scene, appellant disappeared. However, the charge of assault with intent to commit robbery is based on the provisions of section 220 of the Penal Code, and upon an examination thereof it will be found that in order to establish the crime denounced therein it is not essential to prove that the perpetrator was armed with a weapon. The charge that he was so armed was added and the separate verdict based thereon was returned to conform to the requirements of sections 969c and 1158a of the Penal Code; that is, for the benefit of the Board of Prison Terms and Paroles in fixing the minimum term of imprisonment. Therefore the insufficiency of the evidence to support the latter verdict does not serve as ground for reversal of the conviction based on said section 220. It appears, however, that after properly pronouncing sentence on this conviction, the trial court in the exercise of the authority conferred by section 669 of the Penal Code, made an order that the sentence run consecutively to those pronounced on certain other convictions. It is ordered, therefore, that the order so made be set aside and that a new order be entered by the trial court directing whether, in view of the present state of the record, the appellant shall serve the sentence heretofore pronounced on this conviction concurrently with or consecutively to any other sentence or sentences imposed ; that said new order be made and entered within sixty

“In accordance with the views above expressed it is ordered that the judgment of conviction in action No. 32,105 be modified by striking therefrom the words ‘while armed with a weapon, ’ and as so modified the judgment of conviction (in that action) and the order denying the motion for new trial be and the same are affirmed.” It is ordered that the judgments of conviction and the orders denying motions for a new trial in actions Nos. 32,106 and 32,107, be and they are hereby reversed. The judgments of conviction and orders denying new trials in each of the remaining actions are affirmed. It is further ordered that a copy of the remittitur herein be served upon the Board of Prison Terms and Paroles.

Gibson, C. J., Shenk, J., Curtis, J., Edmonds, J., Traynor, J., and Schauer, J. pro tern., concurred.