Walters v. Du Four

Judgment for $6,150 was rendered against the defendants pursuant to the verdict of a jury for serious personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff in an automobile casualty, as the result of alleged gross negligence. Flouris Du Four, the minor son of the defendants, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Du Four, was operating the car at the time of the accident.

The parties to this action live at Vallejo. The defendant Flouris Du Four was a minor who held an automobile operator’s license which was previously issued under the provisions of section 62 of the California Vehicle Act, upon the application and with the signatures of his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Du Four. The son had been attending the Junior College at Sacramento. For several months prior to the time of the accident he was accustomed to drive his father’s Hupmobile roadster automobile. On the evening of September 20, 1930, the defendant Flouris Du Four, accompanied by three companions who were all sitting in the front seat of this Hupmobile roadster, drove to Airport Chicken Tun,

It is contended the record discloses no evidence that Flouris. Du Four was guilty of gross negligence; that the amendment of section 141%, supra, prior to the time of the trial of this cause, but after the accident occurred, so as to relieve the driver or owner of a car from liability to a guest on account of gross negligence is retroactive and precludes recovery of damages in this case. It is also asserted the court erred in giving to the jury and refusing certain instructions.

The statute above referred to which was in existence in 1930, when this accident occurred, and upon which the respondent relies, then read in part:

“Nothing in this section contained shall be construed as relieving the owner or driver or person responsible for the operation of a vehicle from liability for injury to or death

of such guest proximately resulting from the intoxication, wilful misconduct, or gross negligence of such owner, driver or person responsible for the operation of such vehicle.”

The foregoing provision of law was amended before this cause was tried so as to take effect August 14, 1931 (Stats. 1931, p. 1693), by eliminating therefrom .the language “or gross negligence”.

The amendment of this statute in 1931 did not become retroactive so as to destroy plaintiff’s vested right of action for damages for personal injuries received as the result of defendant’s gross negligence in the performance of wrongful acts which occurred in 1930. The plaintiff’s right of action had already accrued when this statute was amended. This amendment is not a mere change in a rule of procedure or a method of proving a fact. It results in the modification of a former common-law right of action for damages for personal injuries resulting from a tort. In the ease of Callet v. Alioto, 210 Cal. 65 [ 290 Pac. 438 , 441], it was definitely held that the right of a guest to recover damages for personal injuries received as the result of the negligence of the driver of an automobile was a common-law right of action in California, as distinguished from a purely statutory right of action. The court said:

“We are of the opinion that the better reasoned cases permitted a recovery at common law based on failure of the driver to use ordinary care. It therefore follows, under the rules of statutory construction referred to, supra, that since section 141% of the California Vehicle Act abrogates the common-law rule, in a case involving personal injuries, that statute does not in any way affect causes of action existing on August 14, 1929, the date the statute took effect.”

The California Vehicle Act did not create a statutory liability for negligence under the circumstances stated in section 141%, supra. It merely restricted or limited the common-law liability which already existed. It limited the liability of the driver of an automobile for injuries sustained by a guest to circumstances which amount to gross negligence. The common-law cause of action for personal injuries inflicted upon a guest of an owner or driver of an automobile still remained. The liability of an owner or driver of an automobile was first confined by the terms of the statute to injuries sustained as a result of gross negligence, wilful misconduct and drunkenness. By the amendment

It has been repeatedly decided that the effect of the amendment of section 141%, supra, is not retroactive, and does not destroy the vested right of action by a guest for damages for personal injuries received as a result of gross negligence of an owner or driver of an automobile which occurred prior to the enactment of the amended statute. (Smellie v. Southern Pac. Co., 212 Cal. 540 [ 299 Pac. 529 ] ; Edwards v. Gullick, 213 Cal. 86 [ 1 Pac. 529 ]; Callet v. Alioto, 210 Cal. 65 [ 290 Pac. 438 ] ; Perry v. McLaughlin, 212 Cal. 1 [ 297 Pac. 554 ]; Petroff v. Nunes, 123 Cal. App. 614 [ 11 Pac. (2d) 648 ]; Anderson v. Ott, 127 Cal. App. 122 [ 15 Pac. (2d) 526 ] ; Manica v. Smith, (Cal. App.) 18 Pac. (2d) 347 ; James v. Oakland Traction Co., 10 Cal. App. 785 [ 103 Pac. 1082 ]; Krause v. Rarity, 210 Cal. 644 [ 293 Pac. 62 , 77 A. L. R. 1327 , 1338, note].)

We are of the opinion the record contains substantial evidence to support the implied finding of the jury that the driver of the automobile was guilty of gross negligence. The evidence is uncontradicted that four individuals were riding in the front seat of the roadster at the time of the accident. The machine was- running in the night-time at the rate of 40 or 45 miles an hour, in this crowded condition. It is claimed this crowded condition of the car interfered with the driver’s free exercise of necessary control over the automobile and prevented him from keeping it on the paved portion of the highway while it was running at a high rate of speed; that the wheels of the car were thus per

It is true the defendant Flouris Du Four denied at the trial that the brakes of his machine had ever previously frozen. For the purpose of impeaching him upon that subject, he was asked if he had not so stated to the plaintiff while she was confined in the hospital as a result of her injuries. He denied that he had ever made such a statement to her. In rebuttal the plaintiff was called and testified in that regard as follows: “Q. Miss Walters, I will ask you if, at the Vallejo General Hospital, . . . November 1st, 1930, . . . the defendant Flouris Du Four stated to you that the wheel had locked and caused the accident in which you were injured, and that he knew that because it had locked on prior occasions while he had been driving the car? A. Ves sir.”

On cross-examination she further testified in that regard: “Q. You say that Mr. Du Four stated in your presence, that the front wheel had locked on several occasions; did he say when? A. Yes sir. . . . He told me it had been locked in Sacramento before.”

The evidence is uncontradicted that no previous investigation or repairs of the defective brake were made.

The statute makes it unlawful to operate an automobile which contains dangerously defective mechanical apparatus.

It was a question for the jury to determine under the circumstances of the case whether the operating of a crowded car at night at a rate of speed of from 40’ to 45 miles an hour with brakes known to have been defective because they had previously locked, and without inspection or repair thereof, constituted gross negligence. We must assume the jury decided that these facts existed and that they constituted evidence of gross negligence. On appeal this court is bound by that finding.

The giving of instruction number 34 on the court’s own motion is assigned as prejudicial error. This challenged instruction contains a definition of actual and constructive notice, which was given in almost the exact language of sections 18 and 19 of the Civil Code. It contains the following language which is complained of, to wit: “Every person who has actual notice of circumstances sufficient to put a prudent man upon inquiry as to a particular fact, has constructive notice of the fact itself in all cases in Avhich by prosecuting such inquiry he might have learned such fact. ’ ’

There is no doubt this instruction was intended to apply to plaintiff’s claim that Flouris Du Four had previous knowledge of the existence of a defective brake, evidenced by his admission that “the - wheel had locked and caused the accident, . . . and that he knew that because it had locked on prior occasions while he had been driving the car”. In effect this instruction merely directed the jury that if they believed the operator of the

The appellants contend that this instruction has no application to the evidence of the case, and is therefore prejudicial, because the examination of the machine by a mechanic immediately after the accident occurred demonstrated the fact to be that the defective apparatus which caused the accident consisted of a bent toggle or clevis which prevented a proper application of the brake-band, and that this is not the same defect of which Flouris Du Four admitted he had previous knowledge when he said he knew the accident occurred from the locking of the wheel “because it had locked on prior occasions”. This criticism appears to be captious. The toggle or clevis, which was found to be defective, is an inseparable part of the braking apparatus of an automobile.' It is connected with the brake-rod and operates upon the device that spreads the brake-band within the brake-drum which is attached to the wheel. It is merely one of the parts of machinery constituting the mechanical braking apparatus. It does not appear exactly what causes the freezing of a brake. Unquestionably different defects might create that result. The examination of defendants’ mechanical expert indicates that the defect of a bent toggle or clevis which he discovered was assigned by him as the cause of freezing the brake.

The entire apparatus constituting the braking system of this machine was produced in court and the result of the defect was demonstrated to the jury. Since the record on appeal does not affirmatively show that the defect in the brake which was discovered after the accident had occurred was not different from the one which was admitted by Flouris Du Four to have previously caused the wheel to lock, we must assume the physical demonstration

Again, this witness testified that the defect in the apparatus connected with the brake might automatically cause the locking of the brake or wheel. He said: “This being out of position and allowing this lining to come in contact with this brake drum and creating friction applied this brake by itself, he did not have to use his pedal at all. That is why he got all the braking application on one wheel. ’ ’

This evidence is consistent with plaintiff’s theory that the defective brake automatically caused the locking of the right wheel to a sufficient extent so as to cause a sudden diverting of the course of the machine to the right, resulting in the accident which occurred.

The challenged instruction is proper. It was neither erroneous nor prejudicial.

The giving of instructions numbered 35, 36 and 37, respecting the rate of speed with which an automobile may be laAvfully driven, is assigned as erroneous. These instructions correctly informed the jury that “the maximum speed at 40 miles an hour is not a license to go at that speed at all times and places”, and that the condition of traffic or other circumstances might render unlawful the maximum rate of speed at which an automobile is ordi

“This instruction is an invasion of the province of the jury, and disregards the mandate of section 113 of the California Vehicle Act, Avhich requires the operator of a vehicle upon a public highway to ' drive the same at a careful and prudent speed not greater than is reasonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic . . . ’ Subject to the tAventy-mile zone restriction, the jury had the exclusive right to determine the rate of speed which Avould be lawful under the particular circumstances of the case.”

In the present case it Avas dark; the roadster was crowded with four people riding in the front seat, and the driver had been warned of a dangerously defective brake by having had it freeze on previous occasions. It was proper to inform the jury they had a right to consider all these circumstances in determining whether it was prudent and lawful to drive the machine at the rate of 40 miles an hour. These instructions were neither erroneous nor prejudicial.

It is strenuously insisted that the giving of plaintiff’s instruction number 38 is reversible error for the reason that it asserts that the mere violation of section 113 of the

We are of the opinion the appellants are mistaken in assuming this challenged instruction number 38 informs the jury that the mere violation of the statute with relation to the rate of speed of an automobile constitutes negligence per se. The instruction reads:

“I further instruct you that if you find from the evidence in this case that while in the operation of his automobile the defendant Flouris Du Four was guilty of a violation of one or more statutes of the State of California, read to you in these instructions regulating the operation of motor vehicles upon the highways of this state, and that said violation of said one or more statutes was by him committed in a grossly negligent manner, or that in the violation thereof, if any such violation occurred, the defendant failed to exercise slight care, and that said violation of said one or more statutes proximately caused said accident, and was a proximate contributing cause of the same at the time and place in issue herein, and that there was no negligence on the part of plaintiff contributing proximately to the accident, then I instruct you your verdict must be in favor of plaintiff.”

Clearly this instruction correctly informs the jury that if they find that the driver of the machine violated the speed limitation of the statute by acts “committed in a grossly negligent manner”, or by conduct which indicated that he “failed to exercise slight care” in the performance thereof, and that such acts became the proximate cause of the accident, and the plaintiff was free from contributory negligence, then she was entitled to a verdict in her favor.

“I instruct you that the burden of proof always rests upon the plaintiff to show the gross negligence of the defendants and to show such gross negligence by a preponderance of the evidence. Such burden never shifts to the defendants to show that they were not negligent.”

This last instruction left no possibility for the jury to misunderstand the rule that the burden is upon the plaintiff to prove her charge of gross negligence by a preponderance of the evidence, and that gross negligence may not be implied from the mere violation of the statute limiting the speed of an automobile on the public highway. The giving of this challenged instruction was therefore not erroneous.

The giving of instruction number 42 did not constitute error. It is a correct declaration of the law, and

“If you believe from the evidence that the plaintiff was riding in the automobile as a guest of the operator thereof, and if you further believe from the evidence that she had neither the control over the running of the same, nor the right to control the driver or operation of the said automobile, then I instruct you that the negligence, if any, of the driver of the automobile in which plaintiff was riding cannot be imputed to plaintiff in this case.”

The answer of the defendants which was filed in this case denied that the plaintiff was riding as a guest of Flouris Du Pour at the time of the accident. It was therefore proper for the court to instruct the jury that if they found her to be riding as a guest, with no control or right to control the operation of the machine, then the negligence of the driver thereof could not be lawfully imputed to her. This instruction was not erroneous.

Instruction number 69 was properly refused. It omits a necessary element to warrant the assumption that the acts of the driver of the machine were so dangerous or negligent as to require the plaintiff to protest against them in order to purge herself of' contributory negligence. It reads in part: “If you should find that the defendant, the driver of the automobile in which plaintiff was riding, was driving it at a high rate of speed ...” then it was the duty of the plaintiff to protest, or leave the machine, and upon failure to do so she is not entitled to recover damages for injuries received as a result thereof.

In the case of Dodds v. Gifford, 127 Cal. App. 629 [ 16 Pac. (2d) 279 , 281], this court held this identical instruction to be fatally defective.' The court there said:

“It is apparent that a high rate of speed is not necessarily unlawful or dangerous. The question as to whether the machine was running at a dangerous rate of speed, or at such a high rate of speed as to require the plaintiff to protest, was a problem for the determination of the jury. The instruction omits this necessary element. It is fatally defective.”

We are of the opinion the refusal to give to the jury instruction number 72 was not prejudicial error, for the reason that it contains one fatal defect in its recitation of supposed facts, and because the substance of this charge was sufficiently covered by instruction number 55 which was given. The challenged instruction reads:

“You are instructed that with respect to the condition of an automobile and its brakes the rule is that one invited to ride therein by the owner or driver accepts the machine of her host as she finds it, subject only to the limitation that the driver or host must not deliberately set a trap or be guilty of gross negligence or wilful misconduct contributing to the injury of the guest. So under this rule an automobile owner is not liable to an invited guest riding therein for injuries sustained by the latter because of a defective brake, although it was a secondhand machine, provided- the owner believed the car was reasonably safe and was not guilty of gross negligence in the matter.”

This instruction is misleading. It is drawn upon the theory that the doctrine of caveat emptor applies to a guest who voluntarily accepts a ride in an automobile and is injured as a result of a defective brake without knowledge of the defect or negligence on the part of the owner or driver thereof. This is a correct declaration of the law with respect to guests under such circumstances. This instruction, however, omits an essential element. It declares the owner is not liable to a guest for injuries received because of a defective brake, provided only the owner believes the car is reasonably safe. In the present case there is substantial evidence that the driver of the car had knowledge of the existence of a defective brake from the previous locking of the wheel. It is apparent that if such previous locking of the wheel would have warned a reasonably cautious person that the brake was dangerously defective, then the owner or driver of the machine could

Even though this instruction be technically deemed to be a correct statement- of the Jaw, we are of the opinion it was sufficiently covered by the giving of number 55 of the court’s charge. This instruction reads:

“If you find that the sole proximate cause of the accident resulting in injury to plaintiff was the fact, if it be a fact, that one of the brakes of the automobile which was being driven by the defendant herein, became out of order and that as a result thereof he lost control of the automobile and he skidded into a post, then your verdict must be in favor of the defendant, unless you find that the condition of the brakes and skidding of the automobile, or either of them, was due to the gross negligence or wilful misconduct of the defendant.”

There was no prejudicial error in refusing to give this instruction.

The jury was very fully and fairly instructed. There appears to have been no miscarriage of justice.

The judgment is affirmed.

Pullen, P. J., and Plummer, J., concurred.

A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the District Court of Appeal on June 17, 1933, and an application by appellants to have the cause heard in the Supreme Court, after judgment in the District Court of Appeal, was denied by the Supreme Court on July 17, 1933, and the following opinion then rendered thereon:

In denying the petition for a hearing of this cause by this court, we withhold our approval of that portion of the opinion which, in effect, sanctions the form and substance of instruction No. 38, but if error was committed in the giving of the instruction (a point which we do not decide), it was cured by instruction No. 8, as indicated in the opinion.

Petition denied.