People v. Kizer

Appellants and others were, by the verdict of a jury, found guilty of a criminal conspiracy to violate an ordinance of the city of San Diego, which ordinance, containing an emergency clause, was enacted January 8, 1912, and by its terms it was made unlawful to hold or conduct public meetings or make public speeches within certain defined limits of said city. Such conspiracy was alleged and found to have been formed between January 8 and February 8, 1912, and the violation of said ordinance occurred on February 8, 1912. From the judgment entered upon such verdict, and from an order denying a new trial, defendants Kirk and McKee appeal.

No question is presented either as to the sufficiency of the indictment or the validity of the ordinance. There is, however, a general claim of appellants as to the insufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict. Neither counsel in their briefs have specified any portions of the record from an examination of which this general claim can be determined. It has been left for this court to cull from 1932 pages of typewritten transcript statements and matters in evidence affecting this general claim. This transcript contains arguments of counsel before the trial court and statements of the trial court upon innumerable questions, most of which are of no significance upon this appeal, imposing an unnecessary burden upon this court, as well as upon the taxpayers of San Diego County for transcribing the same. After carefully going over the entire record, of which if properly prepared less than one hundred pages would have been sufficient to illustrate the points raised, had a proper order been made as pro

Summarizing that portion which affects appellant Kirk, w-e find that on February 7th Kirk, representing himself to be the spokesman of a committee opposed to the enactment and enforcement of the ordinance, applied to the city authorities for a permit authorizing what he denominated the Free Speech League to make a parade through the streets of the city, the effect of which permission, if granted, would have been a permit to violate the ordinance. He especially asked that the parade be permitted to end at Fifth and E streets, which seems to be a prominent point within the restricted area. When asked why such point was suggested he replied: “Because we understand that there will be public speaking at that point on the evening of February 8th.” This permit was refused, but one was given to conduct a parade through other streets not within the restricted area, and Kirk at the time was asked to see to it that the ordinance was not violated. He said he would make no promise, that he was only one of a number, “I will tell the committee what you say.” This parade was so held on the 8th in violation of the permit and of the ordinance, and the parties participating therein, acting under the leadership of Kirk, who joined the parade and marched with the crowd, assembled at Fifth and E streets and openly and defiantly violated the ordinance. There can be no question but that a conspiracy had been formed to violate the ordinance in question, that Kirk had knowledge of that fact, and that having such knowledge he joined the conspirators in its violation. “Any one who, after a conspiracy is formed, and who knows of its existence, joins therein, becomes as much a party thereto, from that time, as if he had originally conspired.” (United States v. Cassidy, 67 Fed. 698 .) It is true that Kirk’s connection with the conspiracy is established only by circumstantial evidence. “To establish a conspiracy it is not necessary that there should be an explicit or formal agreement for the unlawful scheme between the

Considering the appeal of McKee, there is ample evidence showing his connection with the conspiracy. Before this parade, he busied himself in an effort to obtain pledges of parties that they would sign bonds required upon an arrest for violation of the ordinance, and thereafter joined in the parade mentioned, and, like Kirk, joined in the violation of the ordinance. These facts and circumstances were sufficient, if the jury believed them to have been established, to warrant a verdict of guilty against both appellants.

Upon the trial, the court permitted the state to show that appellants and others appeared before the city council, orally and in writing protesting and objecting to the passage of such ordinance, or any ordinance, the effect of which would be to restrict public speaking upon the public streets of the city; that threats were made by certain of the defendants that if such ordinance was adopted its enforcement would be resisted and the same would be violated by the protestants and others in sympathy with them upon the theory that such an ordinance would be unconstitutional and void as interfering with

The next claimed error to which counsel for appellants direct the attention of the court is that involved in the denial of the motion to strike out the testimony of the witness De Ville. The testimony of this witness had reference only to certain meetings held in the office of defendant Kirk at which various of the defendants were present, and at which meetings opposition to the proposed ordinance was discussed, as was the propriety of procuring buttons to be worn by the advocates of free speech, with the intent to influence the city council in opposition to the enactment of the ordinance; that these meetings were held prior to the passage of the ordinance. As we have before said, there is and can be no criticism of the parties who earnestly and honestly oppose proposed legislation taking all legitimate steps necessary in.their opinion to prevent its enactment; and reading all of the evidence of De Ville we. are unable to see anything connected therewith which could in any wise prejudice defendants’ case. It would have been better, would have shortened,the record and obvi

Upon the trial the court below permitted evidence of statements made after the commission of the overt act by one Bauer, a defendant charged in the indictment but by the verdict of the jury acquitted, the purport of which was that at a meeting called at the office of appellants and held after the enactment of the ordinance, in which appellants participated, it was agreed that a limited number should violate the law; that it was not the intention to have so many persons participate in the violation, but that “the thing had gotten away from them. ” It is contended that these statements of Bauer were a mere narrative of past events and not declarations of a conspiracy made during the progress of the conspiracy; that such statements made in the absence of the codefendants after the transaction is over are incompetent to prove the conspiracy against any one except the party making them. We are of opinion that were this question properly before us we should hold that such evidence was incompetent as affecting appellants, but the record shows this state of facts: Captain Sehon was upon the witness-stand, and after stating that he was present in the office of the chief of police during a conversation to which Bauer was a party, and when questioned by the district attorney as to the date thereof, counsel for defendants said: “I have no objection to that particular question”;

Error is also claimed on account of the act of the court in admitting statements and admissions of Bauer made to the witness Bierman after the ordinance had been violated pursuant to the agreement. As to this evidence, it is somewhat difficult to determine from the record just what ruling was in fact made. The court, upon objection by counsel for defendants, had stricken from the record and the jury were told to disregard all statements of matters subsequent. Further along, however, the district attorney asked the following question: “Was anything said in that conversation by defendant Bauer as to the reason how or why he happened to be out on bail?” Counsel for the defense, without objecting, said: “There is no necessity for counsel asking anything further than, ‘Did Bauer say anything else?’ ” Whereupon the district attorney adopted the question suggested and counsel for' defendants excepted to the ruling of the court. In the first place, there seems to have been no formal objection to the question and no ruling thereon. The question was framed by the suggestion of counsel for the defense; thereupon the witness stated that Bauer said the reason why he was bailed out was because only those who were not leaders were sent to jail; that the leaders had been bailed out so that they could conduct the fight. A motion to strike out this answer was

It is further claimed by appellants that such misconduct on the part of the district attorney is shown by the record as to warrant a reversal. It appears from the transcript that the district attorney during the progress of his argument to the jury said the private boast of appellant was that he was connected with “the malodorous defense of the McNamara brothers as of counsel.” There is nothing in the evidence touching appellants’ relation to the McNamara trial. It is claimed by appellants that such trial was of such character that those connected with it as counsel were, in the opinion of the general public, believed to be guilty of jury bribing. Again, further along in his argument the district attorney, obviously referring to one of the alleged conspirators, said: “Who is he? Where do we first hear of him? We find him representing the band of cut-throats who committed arson, murder and every sort of unmentionable and unpardonable crimes in your sister republic to the south.” The record is silent as to any matters connected with troubles in Mexico. It must be said that the district attorney in his zeal seems to have forgotten the limitations upon legitimate argument imposed by law. Assuming as correct the inference claimed naturally following and arising from the unwarranted statement, and the probable effect thereof upon the minds of the jury conversant with the matters to which reference was so improperly made, nevertheless it is shown from the transcript that no objections were made at any time by defendants; that misconduct was not assigned nor remonstrance of any sort presented. While the record does show that earlier in the argument certain objections were made with reference to the district attorney’s statement of the evidence of certain witnesses, the trial court in passing upon the matter and upon the necessity for interruptions and objections during the progress of the argument, said: “Of course, if there is anything very material, or a.glaring statement, I think it is proper to call the attention of the court to it at the time, but the fact that the recollection of one counsel does not agree with another

It is finally urged on behalf of defendant ])IeKee that the. conduct of the district attorney in his argument to the jury, wherein he called attention to the fact that certain matters involved had not been denied by McKee, was such prejudicial error as would warrant a reversal as to defendant McKee. As before stated, this conduct upon the part of the district attorney was such as should have brought upon him the censure of the trial court, but like other matters assigned as misconduct, no objection to it was made at the time by counsel for defendant. It is not, however, in every ease that a reviewing court will restrict its examination to cases where objections are made. There are such flagrant violations of the rights of defendants that an admonition by the court, after objection, may not remove the prejudicial impression irresistibly made upon the minds of the jury by such unwarranted comment (People v. Morris, 3 Cal. App. 5 , [ 84 Pac. 463 ]); and were the evidence as to McKee’s guilt less convincing, this conduct upon the part of the district attorney would of itself, in the absence of section 4% of article VI of the constitution of this state, be sufficient to warrant a reversal. But under said section 4% reviewing courts are not permitted, even where matters prejudicial in their character appear in the record, to reverse such judgment, unless from the entire

What is heretofore said, we think, covers all of the points raised, argued, or submitted, and a careful examination of the record satisfies us that no prejudicial error is shown warranting a reversal.

Judgment and order affirmed.

James, J., and Shaw, J., concurred.

A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on May 28, 1913, and the following opinion then rendered thereon:

THE COURT. Appellants’ petition for a rehearing is denied. It is based upon a claim of inaccuracy of statement in the opinion with regard to the line of parade mentioned therein, as well as to the number of persons approached by McKee and asked to join him in furnishing bonds for the release pending trial of those who might be arrested for violating the ordinance. Were it even conceded that the concerted movement of the parties participating in the parade from the point specified in the permit for its termination to the point where the meeting was held, and at which appellants committed the unlawful acts, was not a part of the parade, nevertheless the parade and defendants’ connection therewith is not the vital question, nor the one on which the decision was based; on the contrary, the affirmation of the judgment depended upon the fact that evidence was introduced tending to show Kirk’s statement from which it appeared that he had' knowledge of the existence of the conspiracy and the intention on the part of those connected therewith to hold a meeting in defiance of the ordinance, and that he attended the same and with them violated it. The parade is of little consequence and was only mentioned because of the fact that the statement made by Kirk at the time when he applied for the permit to hold the parade tended to show knowledge of the existence of the alleged conspiracy. That prior to the violation of the

A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on June 27,1913, and the following opinion then rendered thereon:

THE COURT.—The application for a hearing in this court after decision by the district court of appeal of the second appellate district is denied. In denying the application we deem it proper to say that we are not prepared to concur in the following portion of the opinion: “Were it, however, assumed that all of this evidence was inadmissible and constituted error upon the part of the trial court, nevertheless it appears from the record that appellants, in connection with the testimony offered by them in defense of the charge, produced witnesses who were permitted to and who did go fully into and fully explain and state all of the matters and things so occurring prior to the passage of the ordinance, with reference to which objections had theretofore been made; the introduction of which testimony on the part of defendants had the effect to cure any error theretofore committed by the court in connection with the conduct and acts of the parties anterior to the passage of the ordinance. (People v. O’Brien, 165 Cal. 55 , [ 130 Pac. 1042 ].) Nor is this rule changed because a portion of the evidence introduced by defendants was in conflict with that offered by the people. . The test to be applied as to the curative effect of the act of defendants testifying to the same transactions is not with reference to the confirmatory