Beal v. United Properties Co.

This action, like that of Beal v. Smith et al., ante, p. 271, [ 189 Pac. 341 ], involves the transactions growing out of the organization of the United Properties Company in December, 1910. The demurrers of the several defendants to the amended complaint were all sustained without leave to amend, and judgment entered in their favor. The appeal is taken from this judgment and the parties have stipulated that the briefs filed in both actions may be considered on each appeal.

The amended complaint alleges that on the sixth day of March, 1911, plaintiff was the owner of first mortgage bonds of the Sierra Water Supply Company and of a claim against such company of the total value of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars; that on said day the United Properties Company agreed to deliver to him therefor one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in its first mortgage and collateral trust five per cent fifty-year sinking fund gold bonds, to be secured by a deed of trust to be thereafter executed covering all the real and personal property of the United Properties Company; that between the sixth and twentieth days of March, 1911, in compliance with said agreement, plaintiff assigned and delivered to the United Properties Company his bonds and the claim against the Sierra Water Supply Company; that in April, 1911, the United Properties

Treating the appeal in the same manner as would be done by a trial court in the consideration of the demurrers, as the grounds for" the order sustaining them are not stated, it is first necessary to determine what are the equities of plaintiff’s case.

It is strenuously argued in the hriefs of the respondents that the complaint attempts to state several causes of action which it is claimed are improperly joined. Thus, it is argued that the allegations of the complaint tend to support three separate causes of action personal to plaintiff and one, on behalf of the United Properties Company, as follows: (1) A cause of action to declare and foreclose an equitable lien upon property formerly owned by the United Properties Company; (2) a cause of action for the specific performance of an oral contract; (3) a cause of action for damages for fraud growing out of the failure to perform the same contract; and (4). a cause of action to recover on behalf of the corporation assets of the corporation which are alleged to have been illegally disposed of. It is stated in the complaint that the suit was instituted in behalf of all other lien claimants similarly situated with plaintiff who chose to join with plaintiff, but as the record does not disclose that any others joined, this matter may be dismissed from consideration. It becomes necessary first to. determine whether the allegations of the complaint are sufficient to support any cause of action.

[1] (1) Taking the first-mentioned cause of action—that to declare and foreclose an equitable lien—in so far as the foreclosure is concerned, the complaint is lacking in one of the essential features of such an action, which is an allegation of default. This complaint alleges an oral agreement to deliver to the plaintiff 150 first mortgage bonds of the par value of one thousand dollars each, dated January 1, 1911, to be “due and payable fifty years after the date thereof.” The bond certificates issued to plaintiff in April, 1911, and which he argues are written evidences of its oral agreement, also provide for the issuance of fifty-year bonds,

[2] In seeking to subject the personal property to a lien plaintiff is in effect asking for the specific performance of his contract of 1911. This contract, it is alleged, called for the delivery to plaintiff of 150 of its one thousand dollar first mortgage fifty-year bonds, secured by a deed of trust “in due and legal form,” covering all the real and personal property then owned or thereafter acquired by the United Properties Company, the personal property to be deposited with some trustee. Thus, the complaint attempts to set up an indivisible contract—one calling for the issuance of bonds and the execution of a deed of trust with the delivery of the trust property into the hands of trustees. The court cannot decree that that portion only of such contract which is favorable to plaintiff may be enforced. Unless the contract as a whole, or at least its pertinent features, can be enforced, plaintiff is not entitled to specific performance. Section 3390, subdivision 6, of the Civil Code prohibits the specific enforcement of “an agreement, the terms of which are not sufficiently certain to make the precise act which is to be done clearly ascertainable.” All that is alleged as to the contents of the proposed deed of trust is “that said bonds should be secured by a deed of trust in due and legal form, which deed of trust should constitute a first mortgage and lien upon all real and personal property then owned or which might thereafter be acquired by said United Properties Company,” and that all stocks, bonds, and securities of other corporations which said United Properties Company then owned or might thereafter acquire, in addition to being

[4] Under this rule it is essential that a complaint seeking specific performance of a contract for the conveyancing, mortgaging, or leasing of property shall specifically define the property agreed to be covered, or at least that it shall state sufficient facts to establish the basis upon which such description may be' made certain by extraneous evidence. Here, although it is claimed that the bonds were to be secured by a deed of trust covering both real and personal property, there is no allegation that the United Properties Company ever owned any real property. The complaint does allege on information and belief that at the time of the agreement the United Properties Company owned seventy-five per cent of the total issued shares of the capital stock of the Oakland Traction Company and the San Francisco, Oakland & San Jose Consolidated Railway, respectively, and the total issued capital stock of the East Shore & Suburban Railway Company, and that thereafter and before August 12, 1912, it became the owner of the following securities and promissory notes: (a) general consolidated mortgage five per cent sinking fund twenty-eight year gold bonds of

It does not appear what became of the corporations which were thus consolidated or the stocks of said corporations upon which plaintiff claims he was entitled to a lien, nor does it appear that the stocks of the consolidated company, the San Franeisco-Oakland Terminal Railways, became the property of the United Properties Company. As to the securities which it is alleged were acquired by the United Properties Company prior to August 12, 1912, those of the Oakland Traction Company matured in 1935, those of the San Franciseo-Oakland & San Jose Consolidated Railway matured in 1938, and the promissory note for two million five hundred thousand dollars matured June 12, 1918. Notwithstanding this, plaintiff claims that all these securities.were to be pledged as security for bonds of the United Properties Company, payable January 1, 1961. It is manifest that if the oral agreement contemplated the execution of a deed 'of trust covering these securities, some provision would have to be made therein covering the loss sustained by the maturity of these securities.

If plaintiff is to have judgment for specific performance of the oral contract, it is necessary that the entire contract of the parties be enforced. Thus, the court must decree that the defendant United Properties Company should not only issue to plaintiff its one hundred and fifty first mortgage bonds, secured by a deed of trust covering the real and personal property, but that it should also execute the deed

(2) What has heretofore been said covers the allegations which tend to support the cause of action for the specific performance of the oral contract of March, 1911. It is unnecessary to consider the effect of the writing contained in the bond certificates issued to plaintiff in April, 1911, because plaintiff does not sue upon the certificates but bases his right of action upon the oral agreement. It should be said, however, that the language of the writing supports the argument that the conversations alleged to have taken place in March, 1911, did not constitute a contract to subject any particular property to a lien or to execute any particular form of a deed of trust, and that such conversations were merely the basis of a contract to be thereafter made and not a contract in themselves. In this writing it was agreed that the bonds which were to be issued to plaintiff would be secured by “the deed of trust in preparation.” It seems almost incredible that any man, secured as plaintiff is alleged to have been, would part with his property merely upon the promise of someone connected with the corporation that its equivalent would be delivered to him in exchange, and then when written evidence of the oral promise is made,

(3) Plaintiff alleges that by reason of the various acts of which he complains he has been damaged in the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, and prays judgment for that amount. The theory upon which such damages are sought is that certain defendants by fraud induced and enabled the United Properties Company to fail to perform its agreement to deliver to plaintiff his bonds. The allegations in this connection would, if properly pleaded, support a cause of action at law for fraud. No attempt was made to rescind or disaffirm the contract' by which plaintiff parted with his property; but, on the other hand, the contract is fully affirmed, and plaintiff seeks damages for its nonperformance. [6] Assuming that sufficient facts are alleged to sustain such a cause of action, it is evident that an action at law for fraud, growing out of the breach or nonperformance of a contract cannot be joined in a suit in equity for specific performance of the contract or to foreclose an equitable lien. It is especially true where plaintiff has first availed himself of his equitable remedy. (Abbott v. 76 Land & Water Co., 161, Cal. 42, 51, [ 118 Pac. 425 ] ; Thresher v. Clark, 45 Cal. App. 518 , [ 188 Pac. 55 ].) The same rule should apply here. If plaintiff is entitled to specific performance of his contract or to the declaration and foreclosure of an equitable lien, the decree in equity made for that purpose must necessarily adjudicate the rights of the respective parties and would foreclose the plaintiff from an action for damages upon the contract, which is purely an action at law. He has elected to seek the aid of a court of equity and cannot join in such suit an action for damages for fraud.

[7] (4) The other phase of the complaint is that plaintiff seeks indirectly the return to the corporation of assets which he alleges were improperly distributed or dissipated by those in control of the corporate affairs. Though he does not al

[8] There is another phase of the case which has been purposely omitted from the foregoing discussion because it is not presented in any of the voluminous briefs which have been filed on this appeal, and that is that plaintiff, without seeking specific performance, could have treated the oral contract as a direct obligation to pay money, sued on it as such, and had his lien to aid in enforcing the judgment. (Marshall v. Ferguson, 23 Cal. 65 , 69; Cummings v. Dudley, 60 Cal. 383 , 385, [ 44 Am. Rep. 58 ]; Beckwith v. Sheldon, 168 Cal. 742 , 746, [Ann. Cas. 1916D, 963, 145 Pac. 97 ].) [9] And “where a party agrees to give a mortgage or lien on property, or imperfectly attempts to execute such mortgage or lien, upon a valuable consideration received, a court of equity, upon a proper showing, will create a specific lien on the property intended to be hypothecated, and enforce the same.” (Beckwith v. Sheldon, 168 Cal. 747 , Ann Cas. 1916A, 963, 145 Pac. 99 ].) But equity will grant such relief only as incidental to the enforcement of the original

The complaint alleges that the agreement was made in March, 1911. The suit was commenced February 24, 1916. Plaintiff excuses his delay by allegations that from time to time he was assured by the United Properties Company that the bonds would be delivered soon and that the deed of trust was in course of preparation. In one portion of his complaint he alleges that these assurances continued down to May, 1914, but the last definite assurance is alleged to have been on January 25, 1913. Then it is alleged that in October, 1912, he commenced a personal investigation of the books of the company which was completed March 1, 1913; that between March 1, 1913, and June 1, 1913, he discovered the scheme to defraud him. In appellant’s reply brief it is said: “Plaintiff’s first discovery of frauds occurred thereafter when he looked into the resources of the 1 fraudulent companies, ’ concerning which nothing definite was discovered until about the month of May or June, 1913.” And again, “that plaintiff knew of no fraudulent scheme or intent, and suspected none, prior to his discoveries of May or June, 1913.” On March 4, 1913, he filed a written protest with the United Properties Company and the trustees under the deed of trust executed January 25, 1913, wherein the United Properties Company joined with Smith, Tevis, and Hanford in an assignment of all their interests in the securities of the United Properties Company to the trustees. In this protest he demanded that the company commence suit against Smith to compel

The foregoing presents the admitted facts evidencing the intention of the company not to perform the alleged oral agreement. But it is alleged that in August, 1911, the United Properties Company conveyed to the Oakland Railways all the stocks of the Oakland Traction Company, San Francisco, Oakland & San Jose Consolidated Railway, and the Bast Shore & Suburban Railway Company, which plaintiff claims were to be subjected to his lien as security for his bonds. He fails to allege that he did not then have knowledge of this transfer, which was a clear breach of the alleged oral agreement, and construing the complaint as stating plaintiff’s case in the manner most favorable to himself, it must be assumed that he had knowledge of the breach at the time of the transfer. And if he had knowledge of this transfer, it • is of little importance that the Oakland Railways was controlled by the United Properties Company. They were separate corporate entities and the transfer of the stock to the Oakland Railways transferred

In view of all these facts, the allegations that “plaintiff believed said representations were true, and relied upon said promises and assurances,” can have no weight. Assuming that the limitation of the statute began to run within a few months after March, 1911, unless tolled by representations made to plaintiff to induce him not to commence suit, the complaint fails to state any facts from which the court could reasonably believe that any such assurances were given credit after June, 1913, as conceded by appellant in his briefs. For these reasons the trial court was justified in sustaining the demurrers on the ground that the suit was barred by the statute of limitations. What has been said regarding the statute of limitations applies to all parties but the United Properties Company, which failed to plead it. [10] The right of the other parties to plead the statute, especially against a complaint which seeks a lien upon property they have acquired, cannot be doubted.

The fact that the time to sue had so expired justified all parties, including the United Properties Company, in assuming that no action would be taken by plaintiff. His acquiescence in the actions of the parties and his long delay ,in instituting these proceedings are a complete bar—one which under circumstances such as these a court of equity may raise of its own motion.

[11] It appears from the judgment of the trial court that the original complaint was filed on February 24,1916, that amendments thereto were filed on the twenty-eighth day of July, 1916, that an amended complaint was thereafter filed on the seventeenth day of November, 1916, that demurrers to this amended complaint were sustained on the fifth day of March; 1917, and that the amended and substituted complaint which is involved in this appeal was filed on the twelfth day of April, 1917. On this state of the record it cannot be said that the trial court abused its discretion in denying to plaintiff leave to amend the amended complaint, because, as has been pointed out, the only cause of

The judgment is, therefore, affirmed.

Brittain, J., and Langdon, P. J., concurred.

A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied oy the supreme court on April 20, 1920.

All the Justices concurred, except Olney, J., who did not participate.