Barton v. Studebaker Corp. of America

The action was brought to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff Tillie Barton in an automobile accident. Plaintiff Henry Stephen Barton is her husband. A jury found in favor of plaintiffs and against defendants, Studebaker Corporation of America, and D. V. Owen, and assessed the damages at the sum of ten thousand dollars. From a judgment in this amount said defendants, the corporation and Owen, prosecute this appeal.

Vermont Avenue, in the city of Los Angeles, runs north and south and there are double car tracks thereon over which street-cars are run. Pico, or 13th Street, intersects Vermont Avenue at right angles, running east and west. Next on the north is 12th Street, which runs westerly from Vermont Avenue, being closed to the east.

On the twenty-eighth day of January, 1916, defendant, Lila Parker, was driving north on Vermont Avenue in an electric automobile, accompanied by her sister, Mrs. Rosa. Defendant Owen was driving a Studebaker gasoline automobile, also in a northerly direction, and was accompanied by Mrs. Barton. A street-car was proceeding northerly on the easterly car track. Owen passed the street-car at a point about halfway between 13th and 12th Streets and overtook the electric, driven by Mrs. Parker, at a point very near 12th Street. He was about to pass the electric when Mrs. Parker turned suddenly to the left. Owen also swerved to the left, but the right front fender and the forward portion of the

It is stated in appellants’ opening brief: “While we do not believe that the evidence was sufficient to justify a° finding that the accident was due solely or at all to negligence of Owen, and while we do believe that the verdict is excessive, we shall not argue those points separately, because of the established principle of review which must apply thereto. We will, however, call attention to the meager nature of the evidence in connection with our argument as to errors of law.”

Appellants’ first contention is that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s finding that the defendant Owen was the employee of defendant Studebaker Corporation.

The evidence as to the relationship between Owen and the corporation is quite voluminous. We will state, as briefly as possible, a synopsis thereof.

A. P. Drayton, who for two years had been cashier of the Studebaker Corporation, was called as a witness on behalf of plaintiffs and testified: “Mr. Owen has been commission salesman as far back as I know anything about the records, which is about for two years, up to the present time. When I came here I found him as a commission salesman. He had no particular desk that he used other than any other salesman would use. . . . There was a desk which he could use if he saw fit. I have never seen him use it, not particularly—I couldn’t remember whether I saw him use it or not. I have frequently seen Mr. Owen in the office and premises of the Studebaker Company during the time that I have been there. . . . The company has literature and advertising matter which is sent out to their prospects. . . . We keep a ledger account with Owen. I found one there when I came into the position of cashier and have kept it even since. ... We furnish business cards with the agent or salesman’s name on it. We did that for Mr. Owen as far back as January, 1916. ... I have the account of Owen covering the period from 1916 down to the present time. The following card was furnished by Studebaker Corporation to Mr. Owen:

“ ‘Home 60439 “ ‘Main 3640

“ ‘ Studebaker

“‘THE STUDEBAKER CORPORATION OF AMERICA * • “ ‘Los Angeles Branch

“ ‘D. Y. Owen. 1047 So. Grand Ave.’

“The Studebaker Company did not furnish oil and gas to Mr. Owen at any time prior to the accident. The sheet which I have is headed ‘Accounts Receivable Ledger. ’ It is used for any ledger work. The word ‘Employees’ simply means that that is the title of the account. The name ‘Dan V. Owen’ indicated the defendant. . . . The debit items which occur continuously from the 1st of October, 1915, down to and including the first day of February, 1916, represent gasoline, oil, and grease commissions charged back by default on contract, which should be borne and paid for by Mr. Owen. He paid us for his oil and gas by allowing a portion of his commissions to be applied against it, or anything else which should be paid by him, by allowing that much of his commissions to be paid on it. ... I understand that the salesmen carried regular sales contract blanks for the purpose of familiarizing themselves with them, but they are usually signed up in the office. When the prospect has reached the point where he is about to make a decision, the sale must meet with the approval of the manager and the final arrangements are made in the office and the prospect is usually there in person—when you can bring him there. . That was so with Owen as with other salesmen.”

On cross-examination the witness testified: “I first became connected with the company in Los Angeles in October, 1915, and Mr. Owen had been with the company a long time. . . . Mr. Owen was a commission salesman and received no salary or drawing account whatsoever. The company did not advance Mr. Owen any expenses at all. . . . The only compensation that Mr. Owen received from the company was the commission on cars that he had sold or were sold through his efforts, and if he sold no cars at all, he received nothing at all from the company. He signed no contracts for the company and closed up no deals for the company—that is, he did not accept them as final. All he did was to bring in a purchaser or prospective purchaser

The ledger accounts referred to by the witness were received in evidence. They are headed: “Studebaker. Accounts Receivable Ledger. Name, D. V. Owen. Address, Employee. ’ ’•

As to his relations with defendant corporation, defendant Owen testified: “Up until July, 1915, I was floor man for Studebakers. . . . My occupation in January, 1916, was selling Studebaker automobiles, not necessarily only Studebaker automobiles; any used car of any other make that Studebaker might have owned at that time, on a compensation basis or commission only. During January, 1916, and the two or three months prior thereto I did not receive any salary from, the Studebaker Corporation, only commission on cars sold by me. I would get into communication by various means with people whom I thought wanted to buy automobiles. . . . Such person was then my prospect. No one controlled me as to when I should go or when I should come. ... I went when I thought best and where I thought best. ... Of course, there are office hours there. If it suited me I was down at office hours and if it did not, I was not. I did not make any report to the company as to what I did during the day or what I was going to do the next day. . . . The automobile I had was owned by myself and my stepson, O. B. Sawyer. I paid the bill for repairs on the car caused by the collision. ... I used the rooms of the Studebaker plant for showing automobiles at various times from the 15th of July, 1915, on to the time of the accident. I had been bringing people there and closing the contracts there. There is where they are closed. That is where I brought my people under the rules of the company, to close the contract. I did not close any contracts. ... I made no written report to the Studebaker Corporation. We would sometimes go in and tell them who our prospects were and file a list in the office from time to time and they kept them on file. I used the automobile in which I was driving on that afternoon in bringing customers to the company when I saw fit. ... I occasionally acted on the

F. N. Dalton, assistant manager of the defendant corporation, corroborated, generally, the above testimony.

Section 2009 of the Civil Code thus describes a servant: “A servant is one who is employed to render personal service to his employer, otherwise than in the pursuit of an independent calling, and who in such service remains entirely under the control and direction of the latter, who is called his master.”

[1] The evidence disclosing the nature of the contractual relationship between the Studebaker Company and Owen is

[2] The real test as to whether a person is an independent contractor dr a servant is whether the person alleged to be the master, under his arrangement with the other party, has or has not any authoritative control of the latter with respect to the manner in which the details of the work are to be performed, and, therefore, this test or element “must, in the last analysis, always determine what was the essential nature of the relationship between the person who performed the given work and the person for whom it was performed.” (Labatt on Master and Servant, see. 18, p. 56.) As some evidence of the nature of the relationship existing between the corporation and Owen, in this case, we may refer to the fact that Owen received no definite compensation; that the automobile used by him for the purpose of facilitating conveniently the work he engaged himself to perform for the corporation was his property, and that he himself paid the expense of its maintenance and care and for the gasoline necessary to run it. But more important than these considerations, which really involve evidence only tending to show the relationship, the probative value of which as disclosing the nature of the relationship must- of course, be measured by other considerations more directly addressed to the fact, is the fact, clearly and unquestionably established, that his business under his engagement with the corporation was merely that of seeking and finding and procuring purchasers of its automobiles (for which service he was paid a commission) and the further fact that, in prosecuting that business or

[3] No better description of an independent contractor or a person who is engaged in performing certain acts or work for another but who, in performing such acts or work, exercises an independent calling—that is, a calling as to the means or methods of accomplishing the ends of which no right of control or direction is reserved to or vested in or exercisable by the party for whom the acts or work are to be done—is to be* found than is given in Green v. Soule, 145 Cal. 96 , 99, 100, [ 78 Pac. 337 , 339], as follows: “ ‘An independent contractor is one who, in rendering services, exercises an independent employment or occupation, and represents his employer only as to the results of his work, and not as to the means whereby it is to be accomplished. . . . The chief consideration which determines one to be an independent contractor is the fact that the employer has no right of control as to the mode of doing the work contracted for.’ (16 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., p. 187.) The fact that the work is to be done under the supervision of an architect, or that the employer has the right to make alterations, deviations, additions, and omissions from the contract, does not change the relation from that of an independent contractor to that of a mere servant. (16 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., p. 187; Frassi v. McDonald, 122 Cal. 402 , [ 55 Pac. 139 , 772].) These principles apply ‘likewise in favor of the principal contractor as against any liability on his part for the acts of a subcontractor, or of any liability on his part for the acts of a subcontractor, or of a subcontractor’s servants.’ (16 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., p. 194, and cases cited.) ” (See, also, Buckingham v. Commary-Peterson Co. et al., 39 Cal. App. 154 , [ 178 Pac. 318 , 325-326]; Bennett v. Truebody, 66 Cal. 509 , [ 56 Am. Rep. 117 , 6 Pac. 329 ]; Callan v. Ball, 113 Cal. 593 , [ 45 Pac. 1017 ]; Louthan v. Howes, 138 Cal. 116 , [ 70 Pac. 1065 ]; Johnson v. Helbing, 6 Cal. App. 424 , [ 92 Pac. 360 ].)

[4] The test of control in such eases means “complete control” or the full and unqualified right to control and direct the details of or the means by which the work is to be accomplished. (Western Indemnity Co. v. Pillsbury, 172 Cal. 807 , 811, [ 159 Pac. 721 ]; see, also, Western Metal

In the case of Chicago etc. Ry. Co. v. Bond, supra, the intestate of plaintiff in the trial court, one Turner, was engaged under certain contracts with the railway company to perform certain services for the company, he (Turner) to furnish all the labor required to perform the services. While Turner was walking between the car tracks of the company on his way to attend to some duty connected with his contracts, an engine, two box-cars, and a flat car, backing on one of the tracks, ran over and killed him. Damages were sued for for his death under the Employers’ Liability Act of Congress, [8 Fed. Stats. Ann., pp. 1208, 1339, etc.; U. S. Comp. Stats., secs. 8657-8665] and the question was whether deceased was an employee of the company. The United States supreme court answered the question in the negative, and, among other things, said: “There was, it is true, and necessarily, a certain' direction to be given by the company, or rather, we should say, information given to Turner. But the manner of the work was under his control, to be done by him and those employed by him. . . . The power was one of control in a sense, but it was not a detailed control of the actions of Turner or those of his employees. It was a judgment only over results and a necessary sanction of the obligations that he had incurred. It was not tantamount to the control of an employee and a remedy against his incompetency or neglect.”

[5] But the fact is emphasized, as showing that Owen was the servant of the corporation, that the former used the rooms of the corporation’s plant for showing automobiles to prospective customers he secured. That fact possesses no significance as showing the nature of the contractual relationship between the parties. We apprehend that there was no other place where the automobiles could be as conveniently exhibited to customers or those contemplating purchasing than at the rooms or in the building where the machines were kept on sale. Owen’s engagement was to seek, secure, and bring to the corporation purchasers of its automobiles, and when taking them to the plant it was only an act which he was required to do to accomplish the work he had assumed to do. If a person should engage to haul grain to another’s warehouse and place it therein at a stipulated amount per ton and agree to furnish his own equipment and labor for the doing of the work, it would not, we imagine, be contended that such person would be any the less an independent contractor merely because he was required to use the warehouse of the party with whom he made the engagement to accomplish the results required by his agreement.

Much stress is also laid upon the fact that Owen’s authority to act for the corporation was evidenced by a printed card of the latter and on which Owen’s name was printed. The character of the relation maintained by Owen to the corporation was not stated on the card. This is only, and no more, than an evidentiary circumstance, and, under some circumstances, it might cut some figure as proof of the nature of the relationship existing between the parties, but in this case it

We have not thought it necessary to review herein the many cases cited by respondents in support of their position as to the nature of the relationship existing between the corporation and Owen at the time of the collision. There is one case so cited, however, which we will briefly examine here, inasmuch as counsel insist that in the facts it is precisely analogous to the case at bar. The case is Standard Oil Co. v. Parkinson, 152 Fed. 681 , [ 81 C. C. A. 29 ]. In that case the injury complained of was caused by the negligent act of one Perry, who had a contract with the defendant to sell and deliver oil in four different towns, and who was to receive as his compensation one cent per gallon for each gallon so sold and delivered. During the existence of this contract the company ordered Perry to deliver oil to its customers in a town other than any of those included in the contract of employment. It was while Perry was obeying this order that the accident occurred and the injuries were received. The fact that Perry was shown to be subject to the orders of the defendant as to when and where and to whom he should deliver the oil was, with the other facts, sufficient to uphold the finding of the jury that Perry, at the time of the accident, was acting as a servant of the defendant. In this case, as the undisputed evidence shows, the defendant Owen was not subject to the authoritative control of the corporation in respect of the details of his work or as to how it should be performed. This was entirely up to him. He could work when he pleased and seek out and select such persons as he pleased as purchasers of the automobiles of the corporation. Indeed, he was so far from being subject to the control or direction of the corporation as to the means or mode of and the time for doing his work that he was under no obligation to give any particular time or service to the corporation. When he brought a “prospect” to the corpora

But the theory is advanced by the respondents that an ostensible agency or the ostensible relation of master and servant between Owen and the corporation was shown to exist at the time of the accident. The point is argued in respondents’ brief exhaustively and authorities are cited in support of that theory as applicable to the instant case.

The doctrine of ostensible agency rests in estoppel in pais or by conduct. It is applicable in particular to contractual obligations and generalty invoked in actions sounding in contract and not in those sounding in tort. There are, however, some cases in tort in which the doctrine of ostensible agency has been applied, and the one upon which the respondent here principally relies is that of Donnelly v. San Francisco Bridge Co., 117 Cal. 417 , [ 49 Pac. 559 ]. In that case the defendant company had taken a contract to construct a pier on the beach near the Cliff House, in the city of San Francisco. One Stone was the superintendent of the company and was in immediate charge of the work. The plaintiff was employed by the company through Stone, its superintendent. The plaintiff was engaged in working on the pier and was sent by the superintendent, with other employees, to laya foundation for a jack-screw to raise a pile which had been driven too' deep. The blocks were thrown down from a place some twelve feet above where plaintiff was working, and as he stooped to pick up a block he was struck by one thrown from above. Before throwing the block the man who did it asked if all was clear below and was answered in the affirmative by the superintendent and others, and the block was thrown below. At the trial,

the defendant company attempted to show that it had, previously to the accident, transferred the contract to Stone, its superintendent, and that when the accident occurred it had nothing whatever to do with the contract or the work of constructing the pier. In rebuttal of this defense, the plaintiff was permitted to show, and did show, that Stone “continued at least to be the ostensible agent of the defend

The proposition decided in that case could have been disposed of upon the hypothesis that the question whether the defendant was still the principal or master of the plaintiff when the latter received his injuries was one for the jury to determine upon the evidence, and that the evidence, though conflicting, was sufficient to support the theory of the plaintiff that the defendant had not transferred its contract to Stone and was still the employer of plaintiff. But readily it may be perceived how the doctrine of ostensible agency may well be invoked in a case of such circumstances as those of the Donnelly ease, but there is to be noted a marked distinction between that case and this in the facts—a distinction which renders the former case of no force as an authority here. In the Donnelly case the plaintiff’s contract of employment was originally with the defendant. He had no notice of the transfer of the contract which he had been employed to aid in performing, if there was, in fact, any such transfer. A contract of employment presupposes the existence of a number of considerations or elements. It presupposes that the laborer or servant desired to work or perform services for the particular person by whom he was employed. He is entitled to know definitely for whom he has engaged himself to perform labor. He is entitled to know the responsible party. If he should find that he was

[6] A master can be held liable for a tort committed by his servant in the course of his employment as such servant only upon the doctrine of respondeat superior—that is, upon the theory that the torts of a servant committed while the latter is engaged in the performance of the duties of his employment are the torts of the master himself. Therefore, in applying the doctrine of ostensible agency to torts, the case must be characterized, as was true in the Donnelly case, supra, by such peculiar and exceptional circumstances as that it is necessary to invoke an estoppel to prevent manifest injustice from being done. The authority for applying the principle of equitable estoppel in such a case is statutory, and is found in section 2330 of the Civil Code. That section reads: “An agent represents his principal for all

In the Smith v. Belshaw case the defendant was the owner of a coal mine in which the plaintiff was employed and while so employed received the injuries to secure compensation for which he brought the action. The evidence was “undisputed that at the timé of the accident and for some months prior thereto, the mine was in the exclusive possession and control of defendant Dickenson, under a contract with Belshaw, who was the owner thereof; that under such contract Dickenson employed and paid the workmen, had entire control of and authority over the mine, and received a fixed rate per ton from Belshaw for the coal taken therefrom, when the same was delivered to him.” The court, answering the several contentions of respondent which were advanced to support the judgment against Belshaw, said: “The fact that the miners were paid their wages at defendant Belshaw’s store, where they had been paid prior to the contract with Dickenson; and the further fact that some of the miners thought they were working for Belshaw, are circumstances too slight to defeat the express and uncontradicted testimony as to the terms of the contract and the labor performed under it.

“What the miners thought as to who was their employer is entirely immaterial. There is no question of estoppel involved in the case, and appellant, in order to escape liability for the negligence of Dickenson, was not bound to give any notice to the miners that he had given up control of the mine. This is not an action on contract based upon ostensible agency, but is an action in tort, and must rest upon the actual facts, and the actual relations existing between the parties. (Samuelson v. Cleveland Iron M. Co., 49 Mich. 164 , [ 43 Am. Rep. 456 , 13 N. W. 499 ]; Rourke v. White Moss Colliery Co., L. R. 2 C. P. D. 206.) ” (Latter italics ours.)

The respondents cite other cases, but therein the doctrine of ostensible agency as applied to torts did not arise. • In most of said cases it is merely held that where there is conflicting evidence upon the question as. to the nature of the relationship existing between the parties, upon the familiar rule respecting a substantial conflict in the evidence addressed to a vital issue of fact, the findings of the court or the verdict of the jury will not be disturbed on review. This is really in effect what is held in Raftis v. McCloud River Lumber Co., supra, and in Giacomini v. Pacific Lumber Co., supra.

[7] We are convinced that there is no room in this case for the application of the doctrine of ostensible relationship, and that the nature of the relationship existing between the corporation and Owen when this accident occurred must be determined, as is said in Smith v. Belshaw, supra, “upon the actual facts, and the actual relationship existing between the parties,” as disclosed by the evidence.

We will now leave that branch of the case and proceed to an examination of some of the other assignments.

The rulings respecting the evidence of which complaint is made need not be noticed herein, inasmuch as they affected the question only of the nature of the contractual relation existing between the corporation and Owen at the time of the accident. Certain given instructions, however, affecting the case of Owen are criticised, and to the criticism of some of these only do we deem it necessary to give special attention herein.

It is deemed proper first to say that the evidence abundantly supports the verdict as against the defendant, Owen. Indeed, the evidence clearly shows that, just prior and

[8] The following is one of the instructions to which objection is urged by the appellants: “Defendant Mrs. Parker had a right to assume, until actually aware of the contrary, that any automobile approaching her from the rear would be operated with reasonable care and at a reasonable rate of speed and with the exercise of reasonable caution in giving warning of its approach if reasonable prudence so required, and Mrs. Parker had a right to act on that assumption until actually aware of its violation. And if, in proper reliance on that assumption Mrs. Parker acted with ordinary care, your verdict must be given in favor'of defendants Parker.”

The converse of the proposition stated in said instruction was embodied in an instruction requested by the defendants, but the court, in view of its position as shown by the above instruction, rejected it.

The state motor vehicle law, as does, substantially, a local regulation of the city of Los Angeles, provides that the driver or “person in charge of any vehicle in or upon any public highway, before turning, stopping, or changing the course of such vehicle, and before turning such vehicle when starting the same, shall see first that there is sufficient space for such movement to be made in safety, and if the movement or operation .of other vehicles may reasonably be affected by such turning, stopping or changing of course, shall give plainly visible or audible signal to the persons operating, driving, or in charge of such vehicles of his intention so to turn, stop, or change his course.” (Subd. J, sec. 20, Stats. 1915, p. 408.)

It is said that a similar instruction was held to be error and prejudicial in the case of Starck v. Pacific Ry. Co., 172 Cal. 277 , 278, 281, [L. R. A. 1916E, 58, 156 Pac. 51 ], In that case, the instruction as it is given in the opinion read: “In determining whether plaintiff was negligent, you will take it that she had the right to assume, until she knew to the contrary, that defendant would not violate the city ordinance and run at a speed over twenty miles per hour.”

"We should think that it is correct to say that every person using the public streets and highways for the purposes

The instruction in this case, it will be noted, declared that Mrs. Parker, driver of the electric car with which Owen’s machine collided, had the right to assume that any automobile approaching her from the rear would be operated with reasonable care and at a reasonable rate of speed, etc., and then adds that “if, in proper reliance on that assumption, Mrs. Parker acted with, ordinary care, your .verdict must be given in favor of the defendants Parker. ” If by the phrase “acted with ordinary care” the court intended to refer to the care as applied to drivers of motor vehicles specifically standardized by the statute, then the instruction, although not as clearly phrased as it should be, would not involve an erroneous statement of the rule. And we think it is, when considered in connection with the instructions explaining the provisions of the statute and the local ordi

[9] The court instructed as follows in instruction No. 17: “You are instructed that a vehicle, turning to the left in an intersection and passing the center of the highway in making such turn, has the right of way over any vehicle which it may have preceded into such intersection, and which may be to the left of said vehicle so turning. ’ ’

Said instruction, it is contended, does not state the law correctly, and as an.abstract enunciation of the rule to be observed in such instances prescribed by the ordinance of the city of Los Angeles it may not. But, as applied to the facts of the present case, it states a correct rule.

Section 41 of said ordinance provides: “The driver of a vehicle turning to the left from one street into another street shall allow the right of way to vehicles traveling in the direction in which such vehicle is turning; and the driver of any vehicle traveling in the direction in which such vehicle is turning shall have the right of way over such vehicle so turning. ’ ’

[10] As we understand that provision, when a driver of a vehicle turns to the left into a street on which another vehicle is traveling in the direction of the former, the driver turning to the left must yield the right of way to the driver thus traveling in his direction. In this ease, Owen was traveling on the same street on which Mrs. Parker was traveling, but was in the rear or back of the Parker machine. We can conceive of no reason or principle of law which would require the party turning to the left from one street to another to yield the right of way to the vehicle following his on the same street. If Mrs. Parker, as she testified, gave the required signal of her intention to make the turn and otherwise exercised due care in doing so, she had the right to proceed on beyond the center of the street into which she had turned or was about to turn without yielding the right of way to another vehicle back of her, unless such vehicle was traveling in the direction in which she was turning on the street into which she was thus entering or about to enter. Where two vehicles are traveling in the same di

Instruction No. 18 is subjected to the criticism that it, too, passes upon a question of fact in that, like the instruction last above considered, it told the jury that, under certain indicated conditions, Mrs. Parker had the right of way over Owen’s car. What we have said of instruction No. 17 as to a like criticism is applicable to the objection made against instruction No. 18.

[11] There are other instructions the legal soundness of which is challenged. We have examined them with care, and while it may be conceded that they are subject to just criticism because they are not as clearly framed as they should have been, we are persuaded, in view of the convincing proof of Owen’s gross negligence in driving his machine at the time of the accident, and.also in view of our conviction, founded in an examination of the evidence, that if he (Owen) had exercised reasonable or ordinary care in operating his machine at the time the accident would not have occurred, that the rights of Owen were not materially affected by the errors of said instructions, if, indeed, the errors were of such magnitude as to do any harm at all under any set of circumstances. At any rate, we cannot find any reason sufficient to justify us in holding that, after an examination of the entire cause, a miscarriage of justice has followed the giving of the instructions referred to. (Const., art. VI, sec. 4½; Vallejo & Northern R. R. Co. v. Reed Orchard Co., 169 Cal. 545 , 554, [ 147 Pac. 238 ].) The charge of the court

For the reasons herein given, the judgment as against the defendant Studebaker Corporation of America is reversed and the judgment as against the defendant Owen is affirmed.

Burnett, J., and Ellison, P. J., pro tern., concurred.

A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on May 27, 1920.

All the Justices concurred.