In re Estate of Hewitt

This is an appeal from a general verdict in favor of contestant in a proceeding for the probate of a will. Mrs. Hewitt died on March 17, 1921, leaving an estate valued at about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. She left surviving her Kenneth Hewitt, a son, the contestant herein, and Aimee Botcher and Florence B. Towle, sisters, the proponents herein, and a brother, Fred McCune. On January 26, 1909, she executed the will offered for probate wherein she left approximately two-thirds of her estate to her son, and the remainder, less some minor bequests, to her two sisters. The will consisted of four typewritten pages bound together and backed. It was apparently executed in

Contestant laid out his ease on the theory that the will having been found in a mutilated condition the presumption immediately arose that it had been mutilated by the testatrix and that from this presumption followed the other that the testatrix had mutilated it with the intention of revocation. The theory of the proponents was that the mere fact of mutilation was not proof of revocation, but that the jury was to draw its inferences from all the facts and circumstances in evidence.

On this appeal the proponents have presented many grounds for reversal, of which consideration need be given only to the following: (1) Error in denying the proponent’s

(1) The contestant opposed the probate of the will upon six separate assignments of contest. The first four grounds related to the execution of the will, including the subscription, acknowledgment, and publication thereof by the testatrix and the attaching of the signatures thereto by the witnesses. The fifth and sixth grounds related alone to the mutilation or cancellation of the will. [1] Upon the conclusion of contestant’s ease the proponents moved for a nonsuit upon the issues relating to the execution of the will upon the ground that no evidence had been offered to sustain them. The trial court denied the motion and required the proponents to proceed with their proof. They very properly refrained from offering any proof on the issues because the contestant had offered no evidence of any nature to support these grounds of contest. The motion for non-suit should have been granted or, more properly, these issues should have been withdrawn from the consideration of the jury and the one issue relating to revocation of the will should have been submitted to the jury in such a way that the jury could have returned a special verdict upon that issue. (Sec. 1314, Code Civ. Proc.) This was not done, but the whole cause was left with the jury under an instruction which called for a general verdict in favor of contestant or proponents. The jury returned its verdict upon the form given it by the trial judge and which read: “We, the jury in the above-entitled cause, find a verdict in favor of the contestant (plaintiff). ’ ’

That such a verdict is not permissible under our probate practice seems well settled. (Sec. 1314, Code Civ. Proc.; In re Langan, 74 Cal. 353 , 355 [ 16 Pac. 188 ]; Estate of Benton, 131 Cal. 472 , 474 [ 63 Pac. 775 ]; Estate of Gould, 188 Cal. 353 , 365 [ 205 Pac. 457 ].) In the latter case it is said: “The law requires a special Verdict in a will contest . . . and a general verdict is unauthorized.’’

In the Langan matter the court said ( 74 Cal. 355 [ 16 Pac. 189 ]): “The general verdict was not authorized, and consequently furnished no support for the judgment. . . . "We have, then, a case where there was simply a mistrial, and

In the Estate of Benton, supra, the issue involved was whether the proponent had been guilty of fraud in procuring the execution of the will. Numerous questions were submitted to the jury purporting to bear upon this issue and as ' a result of the answers returned the will was denied probate. The judgment was reversed upon the ground that these questions called for answers upon probative facts only, and -that the ultimate fact whether the mind of the decedent, at the time of the execution of the will, was free from fraud practiced upon him by the proponent was not submitted to the jury. In this connection the court said ( 131 Cal. 480 [ 63 Pac. 778 ]): “The case then presents itself exactly as a case where there is no finding of fact upon a material issue, and the judgment must be reversed for that reason.”

In Holler v. Western Union Tel. Co., 149 N. C. 336 [ 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 475 , 63 S. E. 92 ], the supreme court of North Carolina, in construing a similar statute, held that it was the duty of the trial judge to submit such issues to the jury as will enable it to dispose of the controversy and proceed to judgment, and that this was true even though the parties did not tender the issue for submission to the jury. The theory of the case is the same as that of the early California cases cited above that when the statute requires a special verdict a judgment based upon a general verdict is like a judgment without findings. The reason for the rule seems to be that when a will is offered for probate and is accompanied by all the necessary proofs of due execution, it is the duty of the court to admit it to probate. To deny probate some legal ground must appear and the proponent is entitled to a specific finding of the ultimate facts constituting such ground. [2] Where the statute is mandatory, the right to a special finding is not waived by a failure to request it.

(2) The attack upon ■ the instructions is based mainly upon the contention that too great a degree of proof was required of proponents and that they were seriously prejudiced by the court’s refusal to give their proposed instruction relating to the issue of the testatrix’s intention to revoke the will. Upon the first point the court, after

[3] The preliminary objection to the foregoing instructions is that the jury was told that certain presumptions arose under a certain state of facts which were not in evidence in this case. For instance, there was no evidence that the will remained in the testatrix’s possession until her death, that it was then found among her papers, or that no third party ever had custody of the will. The uncontradicted evidence was that for some time prior to the testatrix’s death the will was kept in a safe-deposit box to which the testatrix and her son, the contestant herein, had joint ae

On the facts, therefore, the case is not similar to those upon which the rule of law, however correct it may be, has been laid down—that when a will is found immediately upon the death of the testator among his private papers, or in his depository, and in a mutilated condition, having been continuously in the testator’s possession until his death, the presumption is that it was mutilated by the testator himself animo revocandi. [4] It is hardly necessary to point out the error in the use of the word “presumption” instead of “inference.” The code defines a presumption as “a deduction which the law expressly directs to be made from particular facts.” (Emphasis ours.) (Sec. 1959, Code Civ. Proc.) An inference is “a deduction which the reason of the jury makes from the facts proved, without an express direction of law to that effect.” (Sec. 1958, Code Civ. Proc.) The word “presumption” is employed in the statement of the rule by the careless disregard of this distinction. But some cases imply that it is a proper use of the term by first invoking the presumption mentioned in subdivision 1 of section 1963 of the Code of Civil Procedure, “that a person is

Here the trial court defined a presumption for the jury and instructed it that in cases involving the mutilation of a will there were certain presumptions which must be overcome by evidence of the proponents. In the instructions under consideration the jury was then told that the mutilation of the will must be presumed to have been the act of the testatrix and that this act must be presumed to have been done with the intention of revocation.

But more serious than all this was the measure of proof which the court required of the proponents. The jury was told that these presumptions could be overcome only by “positive evidence that it was not done by the testator or was not done with such intention.” And again, “unless there is positive proof tending to show that the mutilation or destruction was accidental or done by another.” And “where it appears from the testimony that no third party ever had custody of the will then an inference that any one other than the testator mutilated such will can be raised only by direct cmd positive evidence as to the act of a third party.” (Emphasis ours.)

[5] The vice of these instructions is in the use of the words “direct” and “positive” as designating the character of proof which the proponents were required to make. Its prejudice to, the proponents relates particularly to the issue of the intention of the testatrix to revoke the will, assuming that she alone had altered it. The effect of the instruction was to advise the jury that unless it found direct and positive evidence that some third party had mutilated the will it must find that the testatrix did so with the intention of revoking it. Putting it in another way, the jury was instructed that it must find for the contestant unless it found direct and positive evidence that the mutilation “was not done by the testator or was not done with such intention.”

Direct evidence is defined as “that which proves the fact in dispute, directly, without an inference or presumption, and which in itself, if true, conclusively establishes that

[6] The proponents proved that within one month of the testatrix’s death she declared that she had a will in which she left some of her property to the proponents and that she had executed no other will than the one offered for probate. Thus the presumption found in subdivision 32 of section 1963 of the ‘Code of Civil Procedure that a thing once proved to exist continues would arise to rebut the presumption of revocation. (Estate of Sweetman, 185 Cal. 27 , 33 [ 195 Pac. 918 ].) [7] Proponents proved that no essential part of the will had been eliminated, but that after the clause appointing executrices had been clipped out the testatrix’s signature, attestation clause, and witnesses’ signatures had been carefully preserved. They proved that the will had not been in the exclusive custody of the testatrix, that it had not been found among her papers or in the usual depository for her papers, but that it was found long after her death in a closet belonging to and used by the contestant. Undoubtedly the proponents were entitled to have the jury consider these circumstances as tending to rebut the presumption of intentional revocation by the testatrix.

Proponents also assign as error the refusal of the trial court to give to the jury the instruction they proposed relating to the effect of the declarations of the deceased regarding the existence of a will. [8] While the proposed instruction cannot be commended in its entirety, the proponents were undoubtedly entitled to an instruction relating to the use of indirect evidence in view of what had already been given relating to the presumptions in favor of contestant. The refusal to give such an instruction was highly prejudicial to proponents’ cause.

Judgment reversed.

Sturtevant, J., concurred.