Duffield v. Payne

Plaintiffs, the surviving wife and children of Jesse D. Duffield, deceased, were given judgment for damages in the sum of ten thousand dollars for the death of the latter, alleged to have been caused by the negligence of defendants in the operation of a railroad train upon which he was a passenger. The defendants have appealed.

Appellants contend that they are entitled to a reversal of the judgment on the following grounds: (1) That the evidence does not show negligence on the part of defendants; (2) That it shows contributory negligence on the part of deceased; (3) That the court erred in refusing certain proposed instructions; (4) That the verdict is excessive.

The evidence shows that Harrington and Coyle are flag stations at which there are no buildings or lights, the latter being a mile north of the former. Deceased was a passenger on the northbound train from Sacramento to Coyle. He had purchased a ticket to Harrington only, as tickets were not being sold to Coyle. He requested the conductor to let him off at Coyle instead of Harrington 'and the latter agreed to do so, there being no other passenger for either place. The accident occurred shortly after 9 o’clock at night. It was dark at that time. The weather was clear. The train passed Harrington at a speed of thirty-five miles an hour. Immediately thereafter the brakeman signaled the engineer to stop' at Coyle and then walked from the rear to the center of the smoker, in which deceased was riding, and announced that the next station was Coyle. He then went to the rear platform. Duffield followed and stood in the door, with one foot probably on the platform. While standing there he said “something about being home'soon” and the brakeman replied, “Yes.” No other conversation was had between them. In the vestibule, at the side of the car ' door, was a guard-rail which stood in a perpendicular position when the vestibule door was closed and was lowered to a horizontal position when it was opened. When so lowered

The conductor who had charge of 'the train testified as follows: “There is no laid down rule in regard to opening the trap doors. Q. Well, what instructions if any did the brakeman have? A. To open the door as conveniently to the station as they can. Q. Well, what about guarding them? A. Guarding them as much as they can. Q. And is it a question of guarding them as much as they can, or guarding the trap door while open? A. Well, it is as much as you can.” The brakeman testified: “Q. What duties were you given in connection with the operation of this train? A. Protecting the train and announcing stations.

The deceased was seventy-four years of age at the time of his death. “He was in perfect health, . . . perfectly active; did more work than most of the young men are doing nowadays.” He had full use of all his faculties. His eyesight was very good. He was not weakened from age in the way of handling himself andl walked vigorously. He had been accustomed to alight from the train at Coyle and had alighted there several times at night.

[1] No presumption of negligence arises from mere proof of injury or death of a person while a passenger. (Rystinki v. Central California T. Co., 175 Cal. 336 , 344 [ 165 Pac. 952 ]; Steele v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co., 168 Cal. 375 , 379 [ 143 Pac. 718 ].)

In the absence of a rule or custom to keep vestibule doors closed or guarded) while trains are in motion, it has generally been held that mere proof of an open and unguarded vestibule door during the time a train is slowing down for the purpose of stopping at a station is not sufficient to establish negligence on the part of a carrier or to constitute an invitation to passengers to alight while the train is in motion. In Baltimore & O. S. R. Co. v. Mullen, 217 Ill. 203 [ 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 115 , 75 N.

[2] The decisions are to the effect that where, to the knowledge of a passenger, it is a rule of a common carrier, or a custom of those in charge of its trains, to keep the vestibules closed or guarded at all times while the trains are in motion, an open and unguarded vestibule is in the nature of an invitation to such passenger to alight, if he have occasion to do so, and an assurance that he may alight with safety, the passenger, of course, being held to the exercise of ordinary care for his o-wu safety, notwithstanding the open vestibules. The doctrine is analogous to that applying to open gates at railroad crossings. “The defendant was not bound to have the car vestibuled; but, having done so, it could not by acts and words lead its passengers to believe that the doors of the vestibule would be kept closed between stations, and then negligently leave them open, without incurring liability to passengers injured thereby.” (Crandall v. Minneapolis etc. Ry. Co., 96 Minn. 434 [ 113 Am. St. Rep. 653 , 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 645 , 105 N. W. 185 ]; Rivers v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 80 N. J. L. 217 [ 83 Atl. 883 ].) “It was the custom, of which plaintiff was aware, for the motorman not to open the doors to permit passengers to alight until the car had come to a full stop. . . . Plaintiff had a right to rely upon the custom shown in evidence.” (Tillery v. Harvey (Mo.), 214 S. W. 246 .) This case is cited in Kirby v. United Rys. Co. (Mo.), 242 S. W. 79 , where it is said: “It has been held that the opening of a vestibuled door after a car had slowed down for a stop, but while moving very slowly, and before it had come to a full stop, was an invitation to alight, where, on account of darkness and other conditions, a passenger was misled thereby.” In Ferrell v. Washington Water Power Co., 83 Wash. 319 [ 145 Pac. 442 ], in reversing a judgment of nonsuit, it is said: “Assuming that it is a matter of common knowledge of a passenger that the gates of a pay-as-you-

[3] The conductor testified that the brakemen were instructed to guard the trap-doors when open ‘ as much as they can.” The brakeman testified that it was his duty “when it was possible to stay there and look after them.” The evidence shows that Duffield had frequently traveled on defendants’ trains. It is a fair inference that he was familiar with the custom, or practice, of guarding the vestibule doors when open. The train was to stop' in the dark at a mere siding where there were no buildings or lights from the observance of which a passenger could perceive that the train was moving. Only one passenger was to alight. There was but one door to open and guard. No duty of the brakeman called him elsewhere. Under such circumstances, to guard the door as much as he could, or as much as was possible, would be to guard it during all the time it was open. [4] On that occasion the brakeman clearly did not follow instructions. The engineer had shut off steam and the train was smoothly drifting towards the siding, the movement thereof probably being imperceptible to Duffield. The brakeman knew, according to his own testimony, when the train passed Harrington, and the natural inference is that Duffield did not, there being no buildings or lights there, and it being a matter of common knowledge that passengers usually rely upon the announcement of their stations by the brakemen. His judgment was not so accurate as that of the experienced brakeman as to the length of time required for the slowing train to reach Coyle after the station was announced. While the light in the vestibule was sufficient to enable one to see the steps, a fair inference is that it was not strong enough to make the adjacent ground visible, because it was too dim for the brakeman to distinguish the object which he saw disappear out the door. The two men did not have equal knowledge of the situation. The brakeman was bound to the exercise of the highest degree of care and foresight for the safety of the passenger. The latter was bound only to the exercise of ordinary care. When the brakeman, knowing that Duffield was standing with his hand on the guard-rail, ready

It cannot be said as a matter of law that the acts and omissions of the brakeman, under the foregoing circumstances, 'do not warrant the inference that he was negligent or that the conduct of Duffield was free from negligence. “When it can be affirmed that all reasonable men would agree as to the quality of an act in respect of its being either negligent or prudent, the court may give effect to such consensus of opinion and direct a verdict in accordance therewith. The direction is given, not because it is the judge’s opinion alone, but because the judge is able to say that it is also the opinion that all reasonable men would entertain of the question. If there is doubt as to whether all reasonable men would draw the same conclusion from the evidence, then the question must be submitted to the twelve reasonable men appointed by the Constitution to determine disputed or doubtful questions of fact.” (Brown v. Oakes, 76 Fed. 734 [ 22 C. C. A. 520 ].)

The jury may have concluded, and reasonably so, that when the brakeman turned to pick up his lantern, after opening the doors, he should have anticipated that Duffield might be misled into the belief that the train had stopped and that he should have warned Duffield not to attempt to alight. “The carrier owes to the passenger the duty of protection during transportation. . . . This duty of care involves warning of danger so far as such warning may enable ■the passenger to protect himself against am injury which might be anticipated in the exercise of a high degree of care and foresight, and the carrier will be liable for an injury which might have been avoided if due warning had been given. . . . There is no duty, however, to warn a passenger of his danger where the conditions which constitute the danger are as observable by him and apparently as obvious to him as to the employees of the carrier.” (10 C. J. 910.) The conditions which constituted the danger to which Duffield was exposed were not “as observable by him and apparently as obvious to him as to the employees.” The plaintiffs were under the necessity of relying entirely

It is contended that the court erred in refusing to give two instructions proposed by defendants. [5] All the propositions contained therein had been repeatedly stated in instructions given, except the following: “If, after considering all the evidence before you, your minds are still in a state of reasonable uncertainty a® to whether plaintiffs are entitled to recover, your verdict must be for the defendant.” The requested instruction is a copy of one approved in Green v. Birmingham Ry. Light & Power Co., 187 Ala. 508 [ 65 South. 781 ]. Whether or not the instruction is a correct statement of law, it would tend to mislead the jury into the belief that plaintiffs were required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt. If correct as applied to the question whether a plaintiff has made out. a prima facie case, it does not follow that it would be correct as applied to conflicting evidence, where a prima facie case has been made. (People v. Miller, 171 Cal. 649 , 653 [ 154 Pac. 468 ].) The defendants herein alleged that Duffield was guilty of contributory negligence. If the jurors found that the defendants were negligent, but their minds were “in a state of reasonable uncertainty” as to whether Duffield also was negligent, then the instruction would have required them to reverse the rule as to burden of proof of contributory negligence and return a verdict for defendants, notwithstanding the latter’s negligence. In any event, the jury was fully instructed as- to the proof necessary to entitle the plaintiffs to a verdict. Among others, the following instructions were given at the request of defendants: “A recovery of damages against the defendant in this ease can only be had when after a careful consideration of all evidence before you, plaintiffs have satisfied you by a preponderance of such evidence that the death of the deceased was the result of the negligence of the defendant. . . . The burden of such proof is upon plaintiffs, and must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence, otherwise your verdict must be for defendants.” '

[6] The deceased was of the age of seventy-four years and two months at the time of his death. The expectancy of life of a man of that age is nearly seven years. Mr.

The judgment is affirmed.

Hart, J., and Plummer, J., concurred.

A petition by appellants to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in ' the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on June 26, 1924.