People v. Ralph

The defendant was convicted of the “crime of fraudulently presenting a bill or claim to a public officer for allowance and payment, a felony, as charged in the indictment.” This appeal is from the judgment of conviction and the order denying his motion for a new trial.

The indictment charges that the defendant agreed to sell and deliver to the Sacramento City School District thirty tons of coal at the price of $12.30 a ton; that he delivered twenty-five tons and two hundred fifty-six pounds thereof and no more; that thereafter he “did wilfully, unlawfully, knowingly and feloniously and with the intent to defraud said Sacramento City School District, present and caused to be presented to the officers of said Sacramento City School District, to wit: to the school board of said school district, a certain false and fraudulent claim and demand for the payment to him, said defendant, of the sum of $369, the said claim or demand being for thirty full tons of said coal at the price of $12.30 per ton, which defendant falsely claimed he had delivered to said school district on said contract, which said claim and demand the officials of said school district were authorized then and there to pay and allow if said claim and demand were genuine, which said claim was by said officials of said Sacramento City School District allowed in full and thereafter paid in due course to said defendant.”

It is not claimed that the evidence is insufficient to show defendant’s guilt. The defendant was in the wood and coal business. His salesman and office manager, A. S. Kennedy, testified that the defendant said “the coal was sold very cheap” and directed the witness to “short-weight it”; that pursuant to such directions the witness instructed the man who made delivery of the coal, Barney Brooks, “to put on a few sacks of coal in sacks and use it as a tail board, when they backed up to the car; to throw the coal on and take the load over to the public scales and weigh the load and, on the

[1] Section 72 of the Penal Code provides: “Every person who, with intent to defraud, presents for allowance or for payment to any state board or officer, or to any county, town, city, ward, or village board or officer, authorized to allow or pay the same if genuine, any false or fraudulent claim, bill, account, voucher, or writing, is guilty of a felony.” It is contended that the indictment does not state a public offense; that the allegation therein that the alleged fraudulent claim was presented to “the officers of said Sacramento City School District, to wit: to the school board of said school district” does not constitute an averment that such claim was presented to the city board of education, the only body authorized to allow the claim. Article IX of the charter of Sacramento provides: “Sec. 53. The government of the Sacramento City School District and the Sacramento City High School District shall be vested in a board of education consisting of five members. . . . See. 5.5. The board of education shall have the entire control and management of the public schools of the city in accordance with the Constitution and the general laws of the state.” (Stats. 1921, p. 1939.) The courts take judicial notice that the city board of education is the “school board” of Sacramento City School District and the only official body authorized by law to allow a claim against the district. The term “school board” is in common use to designate either the board of school trustees or the city board of education, depending upon the character of the district, and no one could be in doubt as to the meaning of the term. The defendant did not demur to the indictment. To hold that the indictment does not state an offense would be to reverse the maxim that “the law respects form less than substance.”

[2] It is urged that the board of education of a chartered city is not a city board. The contrary has been held. (Stern v. City Council of Berkeley, 25 Cal. App. 685 , 689 [ 145 Pac. 167 ].)

[3] It is next urged that the indictment is defective in failing to allege that the fraudulent claim was presented “for allowance or payment.” It is alleged that the defend

[4] Appellant contends that the court abused its discretion in refusing to grant him a reasonable time to prepare for trial. Two previous trials had resulted in disagreements of the juries. October 19, 1923, defendant’s counsel withdrew from the case. November 13th was the day set for the third trial. On that day the defendant informed t'he court that he was without counsel and stated that he “was without means to employ counsel, and desired the court to appoint counsel to defend him.” The court thereupon appointed Charles A. Bliss as counsel for defendant and continued the trial for two days. November 14th, at 11:55 o’clock A. M., the court vacated the order appointing Bliss and made an order appointing Mark L. Burns as counsel for defendant. November 15th Burns presented affidavits to the effect that the reporter’s transcript of the testimony taken at the first trial consisted of 306 typewritten pages and a portion of t'hat at the second trial covered 194 pages and that of the proceedings before the grand jury consisted of 69 pages; that he had no information as to any of the facts in the case prior to his appointment and that it had been physically impossible for 'him to prepare for trial within the time given him, and requested a continuance of five days. If nothing further appeared than the foregoing, it would appear that the action of the court in forcing the case to trial was clearly unreasonable. The district attorney; however, presented a writing dated August 9, 1923, addressed to the corporation commissioner of this state, and signed by defendant, in which appears the following: “My statement shows that I have fixed assets to the extent of $13,415.84.” From this and other evidence of a similar character the court would have been justified in vacating the order appointing counsel for defendant on the ground that his statement to the effect that he was without means to employ counsel was false and that his request for the appointment of counsel to defend him was made in bad faith. It further appears that the selection of the jury was completed

[5] Kennedy testified on direct examination: “I was called to appear before the grand jury . . . and I wanted to get some legal advice . . . because I made up my mind what I intended to do ... so I went to Mr. Ralph’s attorney, Mr. Bliss, and ... I explained it, the case, to Mr. Bliss, that I . . . wanted to take the whole thing upon my own shoulders. . . . Took the whole blame myself, ... in order to make Mr. Bliss understand . . . what I- wanted to know from him, that, if I took the entire blame upon my own shoulders, and things went against me, what was the penalty. So, after Mr. Bliss heard my statement, story, in which I acknowledged everything, why, then he told me what the penalty would be.” What the purpose of the prosecution was in introducing this testimony does not appear. It seems to have been wholly immaterial and inadmissible, but defendant made no objection thereto. On cross-examination by counsel for defendant, the following occurred: “Q. I will ask you if you made this statement to Mr. Bliss: ‘That Mr.'Ralph did not know anything about the shortage, and the whole thing was worked out and carried out by myself, and that Mr. Ralph had nothing to do with it?’ A. I don’t remember just what statement that I made to Mr. Bliss, but what I explained this morning was that ... if I took this thing on my own shoulders, what would the penalty be. ... I only had five minutes to talk with Mr. Bliss and, in order to get this thing right, the only way I could get it in was to take the whole blame upon my own shoulders and ask Mr., Bliss what would the penalty be.” The inference to be drawn from the answer is that in the conversation referred to Kennedy stated that he alone committed the offense and it would follow that the defendant “had nothing to do with it.” Counsel for defendant then dropped the

[6] At the oral argument the appellant contended that the city board of education is not authorized to allow claims of the character of that involved in this action. The board has authority “to manage and control school property” and “to purchase school furniture . . . and apparatus, and such other articles as may be necessary for the use of schools.” (Pol. Code, sec. 1608.) It is also authorized to order the payment of claims against the district. If the county superintendent approves the claim, he indorses upon the order, “examined and approved.” The order is then presented to the county auditor, ‘.‘who shall in case he allows said demand, indorse upon it, ‘allowed.’ ” (Pol. Code, sec. 1543.) Prom the foregoing provisions it seems clear that the function of the school board in allowing claims against the district is similar to that of a board of supervisors in allowing claims against a county. Neither the county superintendent nor the auditor is ordinarily in a position to ascertain whether materials have been purchased and delivered to a school district or the quality or value thereof, and the code

[7] The defendant requested the court to instruct the jurors that it was material to determine whether the witnesses Kennedy and Brooks were accomplices and that if they entertained a reasonable doubt upon that question they should find that such witnesses were accomplices. At defendant’s request the court instructed the jury “that all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid or abet in its commission, or, not being present, have advised and encouraged its commission, are accomplices.’’ Kennedy testified that he instructed Brooks to remove a part of each load of coal after it was weighed and before the delivery thereof, and Brooks testified that he so removed twelve sacks of coal from each of eight loads. Assuming that the jurors were of ordinary intelligence, they must have been satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt, from the testimony of Kennedy and Brooks, which was wholly uncontradicted as to their part in the fraud, that these witnesses were accomplices, under the foregoing definition given by the court, and, therefore, the refusal of the proposed instruction was not prejudicial.

The other grounds urged for a reversal are so manifestly untenable as to merit no discussion.

The judgment and the order are affirmed.

Weyand, J., pro tem., and Plummer, J., concurred.

A petition by appellant to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on July 10, 1924.

All the Justices concurred.