Watson v. Greely

The petitioner, a freeholder and taxpayer in and a resident of the county of Tuba, presents to this court this petition for a writ of mandate to compel the respondent, as auditor of said county, to draw and issue his warrant in favor of petitioner, on the treasurer of Tuba County, for the sum of seventy-five dollars as in payment for certain alleged services performed by petitioner for said county.

“The board of supervisors of any county in the state may, by and' through an ordinance duly passed, permit the use of any of its public highways connecting with any main public highway of an adjoining county by the board of supervisors or highway commissioners of such adjoining county, for the purpose of constructing and maintaining thereon a highway or boulevard serving the needs of residents of both counties; and the board of supervisors of any such adjoining county, if it accepts the provisions of the ordinance adopted by the board of supervisors of the county granting the use, shall have the power to construct and maintain any such highway or boulevard, or to construct or maintain such bridge or bridges on such highway or boulevard as it may deem necessary, or to macadamize, pave, curb or gutter such highway or boulevard in such manner as it may determine, and the cost or expense thereof shall be paid out of the general fund of the county treasury, or such other fund as the board of supervisors may designate, or which shall otherwise be provided, of the county to which the use is granted. The board of supervisors of any counties proceeding under the provisions of this act may acquire real property adjacent to such public highway in an adjoining county for county purposes, and may expend thereon such funds as said board of supervisors shall deem necessary for county purposes. The board of supervisors of any counties proceeding under the provisions of this act may by mutual consent, expressed through ordinances of the respective boards, retransfer the use, control, maintenance and jurisdiction of any highway or boulevard constructed under the provisions hereof to the county originally granting the use.”

The facts as stated in the petition are as follows: That Bear River, a torrential stream, at all times in every year

“On or about twenty years prior to the date of the commencement of this action, the exact date whereof petitioner cannot state, said Bear River, due to large deposits of detritus, sand and other material in its channel carried there from the operation of hydraulic mines near the headwaters of said stream, changed its course and wandered from its original channel which formed said boundary line of said two counties, southerly and formed a new channel in said County of Sutter approximately one mile south of said former channel and said boundary line and which said new channel said river has ever since followed and now does follow excepting only that said new channel aforesaid did return to the old site of the old channel a comparatively short distance east of the easterly bank of said Feather River.

“That said change of channel by said Bear River ever since its change has interfered with and still does interfere with convenient and proper communication by and between the residents and inhabitants of said County of Yuba and said County of Sutter, and for that matter of all persons seeking to traverse the territory lying in said County of Sutter south of said old channel of said Bear River and rendering the joint bridge heretofore referred to as utterly useless.

“That for a period of more than one year prior and np to the date of the commencement of this action, there has existed and still does exist in said County of Sutter, a certain road or highway which is particularly described and referred to in the, Resolution of the Board of Supervisors of the respective counties of Yuba and Sutter hereinafter in this petition set forth, which said highway crosses the said changed channel of said Bear River in Paragraph IV of this petition set forth and referred to, and which said highway not only extends in a southerly direction south from said changed channel of said Bear River down through said County of Sacramento and on into the City of Sacramento, but it also extends northerly from where it crosses said changed channel of said Bear River to the dividing line between said Counties of Yuba and,Sutter and in its course northerly from said changed channel of said Bear River during all of said times said highway did and still does connect with a main public highway of said County of Yuba.

“That in order to cause said highway extending across said changed channel of said Bear River aforesaid to be and remain passable and of use to the traveling public, including the residents of said Counties of Yuba and Sutter, it is necessary that said highway be placed and maintained in good repair and that a good and sufficient bridge be constructed and maintained as a part of said highway across said changed channel of said Bear River.”

On the fifth day of November, 1923, the board of supervisors of Sutter County, at a regular meeting thereof, passed and adopted an ordinance granting to the board of supervisors of the county of Yuba permission to use a certain described portion of said public highway in the said county of Sutter, connecting with a main public highway of the county of Yuba, for the purpose of constructing and maintaining thereon a highway or boulevard or both, “serving the needs of the residents of both the counties of Yuba and Sutter, ’ ’ upon the following conditions:

“ (a) That all bridges that are constructed upon said highway be constructed jointly by said two counties in the manner prescribed by law for the construction of joint bridges across streams and rivers upon the boundary line between counties, and that the cost thereof be borne equally by said counties.

“(b) That notwithstanding anything in this ordinance contained, the Board of Supervisors of the County of Sutter may enter and do any work upon said highway for the maintenance or construction thereof, so long as such work does not interfere or conflict with any work then being done or contracted to be done by the Board of Supervisors of the said County of Tuba; and also, that the Board of Supervisors of the County of Sutter in case of mutual agreement with the said Board of Supervisors of the County of Tuba, may join with said Board of Supervisors of the County of Tuba, in the doing of any maintenance or construction work upon said highway.”

The ordinance further provides that the permission therein and thereby granted is upon the express condition that the board of supervisors of the county of Tuba shall accept the provisions of said ordinance within a reasonable time, otherwise said ordinance shall cease to be effective, etc.

On the eleventh day of December, 1923, the board of supervisors of Tuba County, at a regular meeting of said board, duly passed and adopted a resolution embodying the above-mentioned ordinance passed and adopted by the board of supervisors of Sutter County and thereby accepted said ordinance, “and all and singular the terms, conditions and provisions thereof.”

Proceeding thereafter to carry out the provisions of the said resolution of the board of supervisors of Tuba County, the said board, on the seventeenth day of December, 1923, having employed him for that purpose, authorized and directed the petitioner “to go upon and clear from brush and material deposited thereon a portion of said highway in said resolution described, and thereupon petitioner did proceed and did perform said work and labor in accordance with said order or resolution of said Board of Supervisors aforesaid, and did, in connection therewith, perform labor of the reasonable value of seventy dollars.”

It is further alleged in the petition that the petitioner regularly and according to law presented his claim for said work to the board of supervisors and that the same was subsequently duly approved and allowed by said board, but that, on his presentation of said claim to the respondent, as auditor of the county of Tuba, on the eighth day of January, 1924, accompanied by a demand that said re

The respondent has filed herein a motion to strike from the petition certain specified portions of its averments, a demurrer to the petition on the general and certain special grounds and an answer denying certain of the allegations of the petition.

By the answer certain material issties of fact are tendered, but the parties at the hearing of the arguments heréin stipulated that .the questions of law might first be determined and, if in favor of the petitioner, then the issues of fact should be referred to the superior court of Tuba County for trial and determination.

The petition contains no averment of fact which is not essential to a statement of a case for the relief herein demanded. And the facts therein stated are well pleaded, if the law under which the proceedings had by the respective boards of supervisors of Tuba and Sutter Counties involves a valid legislative enactment. This is the important question raised by the motion to strike. The same question is presented by the demurrer to the petition.

The respondent contends that section 2639 of the Political Code, in so far as is concerned subdivision 12 thereof, is unconstitutional, in that it is in conflict with so much of section 24 pf article IV. of the constitution as reads as follows: “Every act shall embrace but one subject, which subject shall be expressed in its title.”

It is further likewise contended that subdivision 12 of section 2639 is void because it is violative of article I, section 11, and article XI, section 4, of the constitution. The first-named section provides: “All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation.” The last-named section reads as follows: “The legislature shall establish a system of county governments, which shall be uniform throughout the state; and by general laws shall provide for township organizations, under which any county may organize whenever a majority of the qualified electors of such county, voting at a general election, shall so determine; and whenever a county

[1] Before proceeding to the consideration of the specific points urged by the respondent involving a challenge of the constitutional validity of subdivision 12 of section 2639 of the Political Code, it is deemed proper to have before us the legal status of county government organizations and their legal relation to the state government, and, as to this, these propositions may be' set down as fundamental or at least ’ so thoroughly established as to be entirely removed from the field of speculation or the realms of legitimate disputation: 1. That counties, as political entities or subdivisions of the state, are governmental agencies, all the powers and functions of which “have a direct and exclusive reference to the general policy of the state, and are, in fact, but a branch of the general administration of that policy.” (1 Dillon on Municipal Corporations, 5th ed., sec. 35; County of Sacramento v. Chambers, 33 Cal. App. 142 , 146 [ 164 Pac. 613 ]; County of San Mateo v. Coburn, 130 Cal. 636 [ 63 Pac. 78 ]; Reclamation Dist. No. 1500 v. Superior Court, 171 Cal. 672 , 679 [ 154 Pac. 845 ]; Dillwood v., Reicks, 42 Cal. App. 602 , 607 [ 184 Pac. 35 ].) [2] 2; That, as a corollary of the foregoing proposition, “the state may, through its legislature, and in the exercise of its sovereign power and will, in all cases where the people themselves have not restricted or qualified such exercise of that power, apportion and delegate to 'the counties any of the functions which belong to it,” and, “on the other hand, the state may take back and itself resume the exercise of certain functions which it had delegated to those local agencies.” (County of Sacramento v. Chambers, 33 Cal. App. 149 [ 164 Pac. 613 ].)

We know of no reason, constitutional or otherwise, why the state and the counties may not act jointly in carrying out certain of the policies of the former. There are several instances in which this has been done and is now being done. Formerly the counties were required to assess all taxable property within their respective territorial limits for state purposes and to collect and pay the same into the treasury of the state. At the present time, the state and the counties

[3] There is nothing in the constitution which would prevent the state itself from taking over the exclusive control of the matter of the construction and maintenance of all public highways in the state, whether they be trunk or main highways or so-called county roads. The power and corresponding right tó do so have always resided in the state through its legislature. But to leave free from all possible doubt the right of the state to control the construction of main or trunk highways therein, the people in the year 1902, added to article IV of the constitution, section 36, which reads as follows: “The legislature shall have power to establish a system of state highways or to declare any road a state highway, and to pass all laws necessary or proper to construct and maintain the same, and to extend aid. for the construction and maintenance in whole or in part of any county highway.”

Under that section the legislature is empowered, through the appropriate branch of its administrative machinery, to declare any county road a state highway, and thus take sole supervisory control over it. No exception is made as to the character of the county road which the state may translate into a state highway; it may be a road connecting with

[5] Nor is there any provision of the constitution which prohibits the legislature from authorizing two or more counties, contiguously situated to each other, to jointly build and maintain highways through their respective counties, or, indeed, from authorizing one county to extend, when public convenience demanded it, and at its own expense, any of its own county roads into and over certain limited portions of an adjoining county and thus connect with a road in the latter county. Obviously, such authority, as a matter of fairness, should be conferred and made exercisable, as the statute in question provides, only upon the condition that the county into which such road is to be extended consents to such extension and upon such terms as shall be fair and just, according to the judgment of the legislature. There is to be found in section 4 of article XI of the constitution hereinabove reproduced, no implied, much less an express, inhibition against legislation authorizing such an arrangement between two counties. [6] That section is, of course, mandatory in its terms and the legislature is thereby imperatively required to establish, as an essential part of the machinery of the state government and as in aid of the administration thereof, a system of county governments, which shall be uniform throughout the state, which last clause means “an organized plan or scheme in keeping with which the constituent parts thereof are rendered similar and are connected and combined into one complete, harmonious whole, and it necessarily imports both a unity cf purpose and entirety of operation.” (Coulter v. Pool, 187 Cal. 181 , 192 [ 201 Pac. 120 ]; Board v. State, 26 Okl. 366 [ 109 Pac. 563 ]; State v. Riordan, 24 Wis. 484„) This is all that is required of the legislature by that section of the constitution in the organization of county governments, but, of course, from t'he uniformity thus required no departure is permitted except in such cases only as such departure is specifically authorized by the constitution itself. (Coulter v. Pool, supra.) [7] There is nothing in said sec

It is not necessary to present herein illustrations of the many conceivable instances in whieh the scheme authorized by subdivision 12 of section 2639 of the Political Code would not only be of immeasurable benefit to the county desiring to extend one of its roads into an adjoining county so as to connect with a road in the latter county but would be necessary in order to secure that convenient connection with other parts of the state so essential to the full development and maintenance of prosperous business conditions. A road in a particular county with its terminus at a distance of several miles from a line dividing such county from another may serve in full measure all the purposes of the county in which it is situated, and, therefore, there might not exist in such case any reason or motive or desire in the latter county to extend the road to the county line so that it would connect with a road in the adjoining county. What good reason may be suggested why the legislature should not authorize the one county, with the consent of the other, to extend, at its own expense, one of its roads so as to connect with the road in the adjoining county at the terminus of the latter’s road? But, as stated, it is needless to introduce further illustration of the fairness, reasonableness and the efficacy of such a plan as is contemplated by subdivision 12 of section 2639 of the Political Code. It is suffi

We now approach the consideration of the specific points upon which respondent contends this court must rest the conclusion that subdivision 12 of the section under consideration is in conflict with the terms of section 24 of article IV of the constitution and of section 11 of article I of the constitution. The contention that said subdivision is in conflict with section 4 of article XI of the constitution has already been sufficiently considered. [8] The provisions of the constitution with which it is claimed the act in question is in conflict are mandatory and must be followed with substantial strictness. (Sec. 22, art. I, Const.; Ex parte Liddell, 93 Cal. 633 [ 29 Pac. 251 ]; Law v. San Francisco et al., 144 Cal. 384 [ 77 Pac. 1014 ].) Both sections, however, have often been considered and their meaning and scope construed by the supreme and appellate courts of this state. Their meaning and scope have thus been made perfectly clear, and the only difficulty, if difficulty there be, which can present itself in any case where it is charged that the legislature, in the enactment of some statute, has failed to observe the mandates thereof, is in determining whether the charge may or may not be sustained. There is perhaps no other case, among the many, where the question of the validity of a statute was made determinable by the test prescribed by section 24 of article IV of the constitution, in which the purpose, the meaning and the scope of said section were expounded in language of greater perspicacity than in that of Ex parte Liddell, supra. In that case the title of the act assailed read: “An act to establish a state reform school for juvenile offenders, and to make an appropriation therefor.” The act provided, among other things, that any boy or girl between the ages of ten and sixteen years, who has been convicted of an offense, the penalty for which was imprisonment in the county jail or the state penitentiary, may be committed to the state reform school for a term of not less than one nor more than five years; “provided, however, that if the crime be one punishable by imprisonment in the county jail, the court may, in its discretion, commit the offender to the county jail for the time authorized by law,” in such a case. The claim was, as is

“The object of the provision is to prevent legislative abuse,—to prevent the passage of acts bearing deceitful and misleading titles. It is intended to protect the members of the legislature, as well as the public, against fraud; to guard against the passage of bills the titles of which give no intimation to the members of the legislature or to the people of the matters contained therein. (Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations, 6th ed., 169.) . . .

“In Abeel v. Clark, 84 Cal. 229 [ 24 Pac. 383 ], we held it was not necessary that the title of the act should embrace an abstract of its contents. The cases cited therein show that such is the view taken by the courts of other states; and on reflection, it must appear that this conclusion is based upon the soundest principles of constitutional construction. It certainly was not intended that the title should be a repetition of the provisions found in the body of the bill; the object was to prevent deception by the inclusion of matters incongruous with the subject specified in the title. If the title contains a reasonable intimation of the matters under legislative consideration, the public cannot complain. It has always been the custom to state the subject of a bill in general terms and with the fewest words, and the framers of the constitution doubtless intended the legislature to conform to that custom. (Mills v. Carleton, 29 Wis. 409 ; Bright v. McCullough, 27 Ind. 226 ; People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich. 494 .) ... So an act to incorporate a fireman’s benevolent association may include provisions for levying a tax upon the income of a foreign insurance company for the benefit of the corporation (Fireman’s Benevolent Assn. v. Lounsbury, 21 Ill. 511 [ 74 Am. Dec. 115 ]); and it is held in many cases that an act entitled in general terms an act to incorporate a certain town may lawfully provide all means necessary for the government of the town, including taxation, courts, definition of misdemeanors, punishment of offenders, municipal improvements, etc. (State v. Town

of Union, 33 N. J. L. 350 ; Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations, 172, note 1.) ”

In the case of Law v. San Francisco, supra, the supreme court quoted approvingly the following cogently expressed views of a constitutional provision of another state precisely the same as section 24 of article IV of our constitution by the United States circuit court in Geer v. Commissioners of Ouray County, 97 Fed. 435 [ 38 C. C. A. 250 ]: “The object of this constitutional provision was twofold; it was to prevent surreptitious legislation, the insertion of enactments in bills that were not indicated by their titles, and to forbid a treatment of incongruous subjects in the same act- It was never intended to prevent the legislature from treating all the various branches of the same general subject in one law, or from inserting in a single act all the legislation germane to its general subject.”

Many other eases to the same effect as the above might be cited, but it is not necessary to do so here.

[9] Tested by the principles enunciated in the cases referred to above, it cannot justly be said that the act in question involves legislation upon any subject not indicated by its title or the “treatment of incongruous subjects.” It is clear that there is no subject treated in the act which is not germane to its general subject, to wit: “The powers and duties of boards of supervisors over the roads and highways of the county.” Every provision in the act—every subject thereof—relates solely to county roads or highways and the powers which may be exercised over them by the boards of supervisors in the several counties throughout the state. It follows, therefore, that there is nothing deceptive in the title, or, in other words, there is no subject treated in the act which is not reasonably and fairly indicated by the title thereof.

But it is argued that the title, to- the average mind, would indicate that the phrase, “roads and highways of the county,” has reference to roads and highways wholly situated and maintained within the territorial limits of each of the counties of the state. The title does not expressly so declare, nor, in view of the constitutional provision expressly authorizing the state, through the board or body to which it has committed such duties to establish a system of “state highways,” may it reasonably be held that it so im

[10] Subdivision 12 of section 2639 of the Political Code does not offend section 11 of article I of the constitution. ’Said subdivision applies without discrimination in any respect to each and every county of the state. Any county, when the public convenience or the exigencies of the situation may justify or demand it, may invoke and act upon the provision of said subdivision. The fact, should it be a fact, that there may be many or some of the counties which may never find occasion to apply the provisions of said subdivision to their own purposes does not render it any the less uniform in its operation, within the meaning or intent of section 11 of article I of the constitution. [11] What is meant by that mandate of the constitution is that any law of a general nature shall not discriminate as between persons who or things which stand in the same relation to such law “in respect to the privileges and immunities conferred upon it or the acts which it prohibits.” [12] The word “uniform” in the section does not mean universal, .and even where a general law applies to all of a class, the 'classification being a legally proper one, the requirement of uni

It is clear that, as to “uniformity of operation,” subdivision 12 of section 2639 fully squares with the requirement of section 11 of article I of the constitution, as that mandate of our organic law has been uniformly construed by the cases.

[13] There is not, as counsel for the respondent claim is true, any incongruity between said subdivision 12 and those sections of the county government act defining the powers and duties of boards of supervisors with respect to the maintenance of roads and bridges “within their respective counties, ’ ’ nor with certain sections of the Political Code relating to the same subjects. Subdivision 12 of section 2639 merely invests such boards with more extensive powers with respect to the construction and maintenance of county roads and highways than they possessed prior to the passage of the act in question.

It follows from the foregoing views that the motion to strike from the petition certain averments must be denied and the demurrer to the petition overruled, and such is the order. As stated at the outset of this opinion, however, the facts as stated in the petition are controverted by the answer, and by the stipulation of the parties those questions of fact are to be submitted to the determination of the superior court of Tuba County, until which determination and the report of the court of its findings no conclusion upon the question whether the writ shall or shall not issue from this court can be announced.

Accordingly, it is ordered that the issues of fact raised by the answer to the petition herein he referred to the superior court of the state of California, in and for the county of Tuba, for trial, and said court is hereby directed to hear and determine the same, and to report and return to this court its findings thereon within sixty days after the date of the filing of this opinion.

Plummer, J., and Finch, P. J., concurred.