People v. Donaldson

This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction after jury verdict, of a violation of subdivision 6 of section 337a of the Penal Code. Motion for new trial was denied. Probation having been likewise denied, defendant was sentenced to nine months in the county jail.

Defendant and appellant Donaldson was arrested in San Francisco on July 30, 1953, on Cedar Street which runs from east to west between Post and Geary, parallel to those streets, and connects Larkin with Polk Street. Inspector Overstreet of the Bureau of Special Services, San Francisco Police Department, who made the arrest, had appellant under observation in this area for some time before he approached him. He observed appellant get into a Buick sedan parked at the corner of Cedar and Larkin Streets on the north side of Cedar. He saw him looking at a newspaper later found to have been the San Francisco Examiner of the same date as appellant’s arrest. Two men approached the car at different times and talked with appellant. Although Officer Over-street was in a car .with Officer Siegfried parked on the south side of Cedar Street about midway in the block facing Larkin, he was aided in his observation by a pair of binoculars.

After the man had left the car, appellant got out and entered a small enclosed area behind a tavern which is known as the Jay Room. A couple of moments later he returned to the street and walked to the corner of Cedar and Larkin. He paused a moment, then went across Larkin Street and entered a small doughnut shop. After a short time he re

When appellant left this area and returned to Larkin Street, Inspector Overstreet went the other way around to Post Street. By going through an apartment house, he gained access to the tradesman’s entrance on Cedar Street which adjoined the small area behind the tavern. A board fence approximately 6% feet in height separated the tradesman’s entrance from the area behind the tavern, but the inspector was able to observe appellant through a crack in the fence when he arrived on the scene about 8 or 10 minutes later. Appellant removed some papers from his pocket, walked over to a wooden cabinet built around the gas and electric meters and which formed a kind of open shelf on the wall of the building in which the Jay Room tavern is located. Appellant looked at some papers, walked toward the fence and turned his back to it. Officer Overstreet then stepped upon a box, looked over appellant’s shoulder at the papers which he was reading, and could see the particular piece of paper appellant was then looking at. Overstreet then walked out of the tradesman’s entrance into the area to confront appellant. This took him about 10 seconds.

When appellant saw the officer, with whom he had had earlier contacts in the previous eight or nine years, he crumpled the papers with both hands, dropped them to the street, and walked toward Overstreet. The officer picked up the crumpled papers and examined them, having told appellant to remain where he was. These papers, 11 in all, two of which were cardboard matchbook covers, were introduced in evidence at the trial as People’s Exhibit 1, and were identified by Officer Overstreet who had been qualified as an expert on bookmaking activities in San Francisco, as a record of bets on horse races. One of the papers, a matchbook cover from Walton’s Bar had three bets recorded on the inside of it.

Appellant remained silent when Overstreet questioned him in regard to bookmaking activities. He asked the officer for a break this time and told Overstreet that he would never be bothered by him again.

Two pencils and a blank pad of paper were found in appellant’s pockets. The San Francisco Examiner for July 30, 1953, page 4a from the sports section was found on the seat of the car in which appellant had been seated. Four

On cross-examination Inspector Overstreet testified that he had not seen appellant write, nor had he asked him if the handwriting on the papers was his, nor was any scratch sheet or Turf Digest found upon appellant’s person nor in any of the places where he was observed that day. Overstreet was questioned in regard to prior occasions when he had arrested and searched appellant, and over objection, attributed his reason for doing so to the fact that appellant was a known bookmaker, that he considered him a suspect when he saw him walking around that area talking to various persons, and had not known him to be engaged in any legitimate employment.

Officer Siegfried, who accompanied Overstreet on the day of appellant’s arrest, testified that on July 19, 1953, he had observed appellant in the Jay Room talking to several men, that he then went to a telephone booth to place a call, and had in his hand a Daily Bulletin and a piece of paper. He heard the appellant talking on the phone, but as he was 15 feet away, he could not distinguish what was said. Similar testimony was given as to appellant’s conduct on July 15.

Sergeant Marino of the San Francisco police was allowed to testify as to records of bets found on appellant’s person when he was arrested on August 16, 1950, among which records were some recorded on match books from Walton’s Bar, as were some of those in the present case. The official minutes of the superior court were then read into evidence showing that appellant had pleaded guilty to violation of subdivision 2, section 337a, Penal Code, bookmaking.

Appellant contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the introduction of evidence of acts by appellant at times and places other than that for

The question of relevancy is of course primarily a question to be determined by the trial court. That the trial court correctly determined that the evidence of appellant’s arrest in 1950 was relevant to the issues in the present case cannot be doubted when it is noted that in the 1950 incident, appellant operated in the same area and in much the same manner as he was alleged to have done herein. On the earlier occasion he was observed coming out of Walton’s Bar near Larkin and Geary. He had on his person several matchbook covers advertising that bar and on which bets were recorded. In the instant case appellant also was discovered in possession of matchbook covers from the same bar with bets similarly recorded thereon, and was again making his contacts in the same locale. Therefore such evidence clearly demonstrates a pattern or method of operation used by appellant, and explains the nature of his activities on July 30, 1953. The evidence also is relevant to show that the possession of the bookmaking paraphernalia on the person of appellant most probably was not an innocent possession, and therefore tends to prove the element of intent. (People v. Alexander, 123 Cal.App.2d 918 [ 267 P.2d 883 ]; People v. Burns, 109 Cal.App.2d 524 [ 241 P.2d 308 , 242 P.2d 9 ]; People v. Coppla, 100 Cal.App.2d 766 [ 224 P.2d 828 ].) The evidence of appellant’s actions a few weeks prior to his arrest was also relevant to prove the nature of appellant’s operations. (People v. Woods, 35 Cal.2d 504 , 511 [ 218 P.2d 981 ]; People v. Grayson, 83 Cal.App.2d 516 , 520 [ 189 P.2d 285 ]; People v. Hart, 46 Cal.App.2d 230 [ 115 P.2d 546 ].)

The question of remoteness is also primarily to be determined by the trial court. In People v. Peete, 28 Cal.2d 306 [ 169 P.2d 924 ], evidence of a murder committed by defendant and for which she had been convicted was admitted to show design or scheme although it had been committed

In People v. Burns, 109 Cal.App.2d 524 [ 241 P.2d 308 , 242 P.2d 9 ], and People v. Cassandras, 83 Cal.App.2d 272 , 279 [ 188 P.2d 546 ], the rule as to admission in evidence of other criminal acts is discussed at length. It is well settled in this state that such evidence may be admitted to show a general system or plan used by a defendant and from which the inference can be drawn that he committed the offense charged, and that he also had a particular state of mind. The cases note that when admitted such evidence must be restricted to other acts with a sufficiently high degree of common features to justify an inference that the defendant committed the offense for which he is then on trial.

Appellant discusses People v. Grayson, 83 Cal.App.2d 516 [ 189 P.2d 285 ], at some length and argues that it stands for the limited proposition that the commission of other crimes by defendant may be shown as part of the res gestae of defendant’s arrest. The fact that in the cited case the evidence of other crimes was of crimes contemporaneous with the one for which defendant was being charged, does not in any way cast doubt upon the rule stated in People v. Peete, supra, and followed in People v. Cassandras, supra, and People v. Burns, supra.

It is claimed that prejudicial error was committed by the trial court in refusing to instruct at appellant’s request that possession of paraphernalia used by bookies is insufficient to sustain a conviction. Appellant contends that no evidence other than inference deducible from possession of bookmaking paraphernalia indicates that appellant had laid, made, offered or accepted a horse racing wager, and cites People v. Coppla, 100 Cal.App.2d 766 [ 224 P.2d 828 ]. In the Coppla case, the defendant handed sealed envelopes to another person. In the sealed envelopes were found betting markers and owe sheets, but the court stated that there was no evidence that defendant knew what was contained in the envelopes, and the prosecution had put in evidence defendant’s statement that he did not know the contents of the sealed envelopes. It was held that the prosecution was bound by that evidence in the absence of contrary proof. The

In view of the foregoing, the judgment finds ample support in the record before us and there being no prejudicial error it must be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

Nourse, P. J., and Dooling, J., concurred.