People v. O'Neal

The defendants were jointly charged under the provisions of section 211 of the Penal Code with the crime of robbery committed by feloniously taking an automobile from the possession of the owner thereof by the exercise of force. In the same information O’Neal was charged with three prior convictions of other felonies. Each defendant pleaded not guilty of the present charge of robbery. O’Neal admitted two of the charges of prior convictions of felonies. He denied that he was previously convicted in Montana on a charge of murder of the second degree. The defendants were jointly tried with a jury. Separate verdicts were returned finding O’Neal guilty of robbery of the first degree, and that he had suffered a prior

In pronouncing sentence the court determined from the evidence which was adduced at the trial that O’Neal was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of the commission of the present charge of robbery; that he also suffered the three prior convictions of felonies with which he was charged, for each of which he had served separate terms of imprisonment. Thereupon the court adjudged O ’Neal to be an habitual criminal under the provisions of section 644 of the Penal Code, and sentenced him to imprisonment for life in the state prison at Folsom. His application for parole was denied. The appeal of the defendant O’Neal will be first considered.

The evidence is ample to support the verdict and judgment of conviction of James O’Neal of robbery of the first degree including the necessary element of intent on the part of the defendants to feloniously take the automobile by the exercise of force and fear. The intention with which an act is performed may be manifested by the circumstances of the case. (Sec. 21, Pen. Code.)

The defendants procured Carl Morlath of Sacramento to take them in his taxicab to Stockton. O’Neal sat with the owner of the car in the front seat. Mae Stockdale sat in the rear seat. Immediately after they left Sacramento, O’Neal took out a pocket knife and placing it against Morlath’s stomach ordered him to drive down the highway until they reached Elk Grove, where they stopped for gasoline. While they were at the gas station O’Neal kept his knife ready for action. Mr. Morlath testified that when they left the gas station, O’Neal told Mae Stockdale “to take the gun out of the grip and keep me covered”. He said: “Mrs. Stockdale was in the back seat and she said she had me covered and I was afraid to look around in the back seat and I kept on going.” When they reached Manteca they drove on to a side road, and O’Neal said “drive off the main road and park ... I need the car to make a get-away. ... I am going to take the car, you get out and walk.”

The information sufficiently charges the defendants with the crime of robbery in substantially the language of section 211 of the Penal Code. It was not necessary to designate the specific means by which the alleged force or fear was accomplished. Nor was it necessary to charge that the automobile was seized by means of the use of a knife or that O’Neal was then armed with a deadly weapon. (People v. Covington, 1 Cal. (2d) 316 [ 34 Pac. (2d) 1019 ] ; People v. Tognola, 83 Cal. App. 34 [ 256 Pac. 455 ]; People v. Hayes, 118 Cal. App. 341 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 439 ]; People v. Colford, 68 Cal. App. 308 [ 229 Pac. 63 ]; secs. 950-952, Pen. Code.)

Nor does the form in which the information was filed violate the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States which declares that no person shall be deprived of his liberty without due process of law. (People v. Covington, supra.)

It is not necessary in a charge of robbery for the verdict to name the weapon, if any, which is used in the commission of the offense, nor is it necessary for the jury to find in the verdict that the instrument, if one is used in the perpetration of the crime, is in fact a deadly weapon. (People v. Tognola, supra.) The verdict is sufficient if it finds that the accused is guilty of either robbery of the first degree or robbery of the second degree. (Sec. 1157, Pen. Code; 8 Cal. Jur. 406, sec. 435.)

The record supports the court’s finding that the defendant O’Neal was armed with a deadly weapon at the

The evidence sustains the implied finding of the jury that O’Neal was “armed with a dangerous or deadly weapon”, as that term is used in section 211a of the Penal Code in defining robbery of the first degree. (People v. Seaman, 101 Cal. App. 302 [ 281 Pac. 660 ].) An open pocket knife held at the stomach of an assailed person with a threat to stab him may constitute a deadly weapon even though the blade of the knife is less than five inches in length. (People v. Caberera, 104 Cal. App. 414 [ 286 Pac. 176 ].) A dangerous or deadly weapon has been frequently described in our authorities as any weapon or instrument which, from the manner that it is used or attempted to be used, is likely to produce death or cause great bodily injury. The jury was so instructed in this case. The term “deadly weapon” as it is employed in section 1168 of the Penal Code, which includes “any knife having a blade longer than five inches”, is confined exclusively to the application of that section for the purpose

The appellant O’Neal is mistaken in asserting that the court was guilty of prejudicial error in permitting the clerk to call the attention of the jury to the fact that he had suffered conviction of two prior charges of other felonies to which he had pleaded guilty. The record shows that in reading the information to the jury the clerk merely read the main charge and the one charge of a prior conviction of murder of the second degree committed in Montana, to which he had pleaded not guilty. The other two charges of prior convictions were omitted by the clerk in that procedure. This was in exact accordance with the procedure in that regard which is required by the provisions of sections 1025 and 1093 of the Penal Code.

The district attorney is charged with prejudicial misconduct in asserting in his opening statement to the jury that he expected to prove that immediately before the defendant O’Neal procured the taxicab which he is charged with stealing, he visited the maintenance yard of the state highway division in Sacramento and demanded the use of a car from Mr. Schaffer, the watchman, who refused to deliver it to him, saying that those machines belonged to the state and could not be rented or used by others, and that O’Neal then “seized an iron bar and hit this man Schaffer over the head, inflicting a severe injury”. Upon objection to this statement, the court instructed the jury to disregard it, saying: “The statements of counsel constitute no evidence . . . and the jury is so instructed.” We are satisfied the preceding statement of the district attorney does not constitute reversible error under the circumstances of this case, since the court instructed the jury that it was not to be considered as evidence, and they were subsequently instructed that their verdict must be based solely upon the evidence adduced at the trial, and that all statements of counsel are to be disregarded. (People v. Garcia, 83 Cal. App. 463 , 469 [ 256 Pac. 876 ] ; People v. Davis, 26 Cal. App. 647 [ 147 Pac. 1184 ]; People v. Sing Yow, 145 Cal. 1 [ 78 Pac. 235 ] ; People v. Pantages, 212 Cal. 237 , 244 [ 297 Pac. 890 ]; People v. Wolcott, 137 Cal. App. 355 , 365 [ 30 Pac. (2d) 601 ].)

The evidence is sufficient to identify O’Neal as the individual who was convicted of murder of the second

The court did not err in refusing to give to the jury defendants’ proposed instruction number 6, which stated that if the jury found that the defendants did not take the automobile with the intention of stealing it, but took it only for .temporary use without the owner’s consent, it was the duty of the jury to acquit the defendants of robbery, but that, under such circumstances, they might be found guilty of the lesser offense prohibited by section 499b

“To constitute robbery therefore there must be an intent to steal, or permanently to deprive the prosecuting witness of his property in addition to the use of force or fear in the taking.”

We are of the opinion that the crime of robbery does not include as a lesser offense contained therein the misdemeanor of taking a vehicle for temporary use without the permission of the owner, contrary to the provisions of section 499b of the Penal Code. The character of these offenses is entirely different. They do not contain the same elements. Robbery contemplates the stealing of property from the possession of the owner by means of violence, force or fear, with the intention of permanently depriving the owner of his property. The misdemeanor merely prohibits the taking of a vehicle for temporary use without the permission of the owner.

Moreover, the rejected instruction is defective and misleading. It fails to inform the jury that they might find the defendants guilty of a violation of section 499b only in the absence of satisfactory evidence that they were guilty of robbery. The proposed instruction merely states that if the jury finds from the evidence that the defendants had no intention of stealing the machine, they might find them guilty of the lesser offense. They were not charged with larceny of the car. The proposed instruction omitted any reference to the necessary elements of force or fear in the taking of the automobile. It was therefore properly refused.. But assuming, without so deciding, that the instruction should have been given, its refusal does not constitute reversible error for the reason that there was no miscarriage of justice in finding the defendants guilty of robbery. The evidence is very convincing that they appropriated the car by means of force, with the intention of permanently depriving the owner of his property.

It was not prejudicial error, nor a violation of the provisions of section 1025 of the Penal Code, to permit the

There is no merit in the other contentions of the appellant O’Neal.

In the separate appeal of the defendant Mae Stoekdale she contends that the verdict finding her guilty of robbery of the second degree is not supported by the evidence for the reason that there is an absence of any showing that the defendants intended to permanently deprive the owner of his automobile, and that the separate verdicts which were returned against the defendants are inconsistent.

There is no merit in either of these contentions. For the reasons heretofore assigned with relation to the appeal of James O’Neal, the evidence is sufficient to show that the defendants took the car intending to steal it, by means of a threat to stab the owner with a pocket knife and because they created fear on the part of the owner that Mae Stoekdale might shoot him from her position in the back seat, if he failed to obey their orders. There is evidence that in response to O’Neal’s request for her “to take the gun out of the grip and keep me covered”, she replied that she had Morlath covered with the weapon. The evidence is sufficient to show that Mae Stoekdale, being present, aided, abetted and encouraged the commission of the offense, which renders her guilty as a principal. (Sec. 31, Pen. Code.)

Since the evidence is ample to have sustained a conviction of the defendant Stoekdale of the crime of robbery of the first degree, she may not complain that she was found guilty of the lesser offense of robbery of the second degree. The verdict was not prejudicial to the appellant

The judgments and the orders against both appellants are affirmed.

Pullen, P. J., and Plummer, J., concurred.

A petition by appellants to have the cause heard in the Supreme Court, after judgment in the District Court of Appeal, was denied by the Supreme Court on December 28, 1934.