Majority
The defendant was accused of the crime of possession of marijuana. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11530.) In a non-jury trial he was found guilty. He has appealed from the judgment (order granting probation).
The sole question presented on this appeal is whether the marijuana was found and seized by the police officers as the result of conduct which constituted an unlawful search and seizure. The pertinent evidence will be stated.
Uluse E. Schubach, a police officer for the City of Los Angeles, arrested the defendant at his place of residence on April 11, 1962. Within a period of approximately two weeks prior to that time, the officer had been at the location of the house several times. He had received information from his superior officer that there was “a narcotic activity” at that address. The superior officer had received the information from Inspector Kerr, but Officer Schubach did not know where Kerr obtained that information. He knew that the telephone was in the name of Rosemary Day. An automobile in the vicinity was registered to “Mildred or Frank Walter Wallace.” The only information which the officer had as to the defendant was that on the 9th day of February a ‘ ‘ Frank Walter” had been arrested “for pills.” But the officer did not lmow whether the person so arrested was the defendant.
Officer Schubach and three other officers, all in civilian clothes, went to the house on the day of the arrest. In response to Officer Schubach’s knock, a small boy came to the door. The boy called his mother. Officer Schubach identified himself and Mrs. Rosemary Day told him to come in. He informed her that he was making an investigation as to narcotics. Mrs. Day gave him the names of the roomers in her house, stating that Walter Frank was in room 5. She further told the officer that she did not know whether she had the right to give him permission to search the rooms. She phoned her “boy friend” and then said, “Well, he said it’s all right, so I ’ll take you upstairs. ’ ’
Officer Schubach went to room 5 with Mrs. Day and Sergeant Loeber. Mrs. Day knocked on the door and informed the defendant that there were men present who wished to see him. The defendant opened the door and, after Officer Sehu
On cross-examination Officer Schubach testified that he did not learn that some of the rooms in the house were rented to roomers until after the search of the premises, pursuant to Mrs. Day’s permission, had commenced. When she told Officer Schubach that Walter Frank “owned the car out there” and that he lived in room 5, the officer went directly to that room. Mrs. Day and Sergeant Loeber accompanied him. Mrs. Day knocked on the door and asked, “Frank, are you in there?” The occupant of the room replied, “Yes.” After the defendant opened the door, the officers identified themselves. Officer Schubach further testified that he “pointed to Mr. Frank, the defendant, and Rosemary [Mrs. Day] nodded her head that it was him.” Then Officer Schubach entered the room. He asked the defendant who he was and thereafter, before a search was commenced, he asked him if he could have permission to search the room.
Rosemary Day, whose name was Mrs. Vail at the time of the trial, testified on behalf of the defendant. She gave the officers permission to search the house. When the defendant opened the door to his room, the officers entered. She heard an officer ask the defendant for permission to search his room. About five or ten minutes after the officers entered the room the defendant made “quite a point of the fact that he wanted a search warrant.” But Mrs. Vail was uncertain as to what occurred when the officers first entered his room. At the time she had three or four roomers, each having a separate room. The rooms were furnished. They were cleaned and maintained by their occupants.
The defendant testified in his own behalf. He was taken into custody in February on an occasion when he was driving an automobile which had “two rolls of Benzedrine tablets in it,” but he was later released. The automobile parked near
The defendant objected to the introduction in evidence of the marijuana found in the search of his room. In the course of the argument made by the defendant’s counsel, the trial judge stated: “It is my opinion there is consent in this case by the landlord. ’[1] The objection was overruled.
Prior to the search of the defendant’s room, the officers did not have reasonable or probable cause to arrest the defendant for possession of marijuana. (See People v. Harvey, 156 Cal.App.2d 516 , 520-521, 523-524 [ 319 P.2d 689 ].) The admissibility of the marijuana must rest upon a determination of the question of whether there was an effective consent to the search of the defendant’s room. The record discloses that the trial judge made no determination as to whether the defendant consented to the search but found that the consent of Rosemary Day was all that was necessary. If that concept of the governing law was erroneous, the judgment must be reversed because there was conflicting evidence as to whether the defendant consented to the search. Where the trier of fact has not considered an issue upon which there is a substantial conflict in the evidence, this court cannot affirm the judgment upon the assumption that consideration thereof would have resulted in a finding in favor of the People. (See Healy v. Brewster, 59 Cal.2d 455 , 464-465 [ 30 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 380 P.2d 817 ]; Kyne v. Kyne, 60 Cal.App.2d 326 , 332 [ 140 P.2d 886 ].)
In People v. Gorg, 45 Cal.2d 776 , the Supreme Court stated, at page 783 [ 291 P.2d 469 ]: “Defendant was living in the Stevens home, and it is clear that whether he was in
1 At an earlier point in the course of the argument, the trial judge stated: “I think the landlady has a right to give a consent there, whether it is a hoarding house or an apartment house. She has an overriding consent. The law is pretty clear on that. ’ ’
Unlike the factual situations existing in the Gorg and Caritativo cases, the defendant in the present case was in his room at the time of the entry and search. Consequently, the problem is not what Mrs. Day’s authority might reasonably have appeared to the officers to be had the defendant been absent from his room. The crucial defect in the reasoning of the trial court was the failure to recognize that the defendant, unlike a mere inanimate object in the room, was possessed of a substantial right of privacy with respect to his place of abode and was entitled to rely upon the constitutional protection against unreasonable search. As aptly stated by Mr. Justice Frankfurter in Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 , at page 266 [ 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 , 705, 78 A.L.R.2d 233 ]: “Distinctions such as those between ‘lessee,’ ‘licensee,’ ‘invitee’ and ‘guest,’ often only of gossamer strength, ought not to be determinative in fashioning procedures ultimately referable to constitutional safeguards.”
There was evidence which, if believed by the trier of fact, would have sustained an inference that the defendant, upon being confronted in his room by the officers, did not consent to the search but insisted that the officers first have a search warrant. His constitutionally protected right of privacy was not so under the control of the person from whom he rented the room that he could not personally assert it under the circumstances of this case. If he did not consent to the search, it was unlawful. (See Tompkins v. Superior
The judgment is reversed.
Shinn, P. J., and Piles, J., concurred.
Cases cited
- People v. Harvey 156 Cal.App.2d 516 at 520-521, 523-524 p. 342
- Healy v. Brewster 59 Cal.2d 455 at 464-465 p. 342
- Kyne v. Kyne 60 Cal.App.2d 326 at 332 p. 342
- People v. Gorg 45 Cal.2d 776 p. 342
- People v. Caritativo 46 Cal.2d 68 p. 343
- Jones v. United States 362 U.S. 257 p. 343
- Tompkins v. Superior Court 59 Cal.2d 65 at 69 p. 344