Bewley v. Riggs

On this appeal the respondents were apparently so confident of their position that they did not see fit to aid the court even by filing a brief or arguing their side of the litigation. Notice was given to the parties pursuant to rule 17(b) of the California Rules of Court, and the respondents still saw fit to do nothing. The appellant notified the clerk that he did not wish to argue the case. Consequently, the appeal was submitted for decision on the record and appellant’s opening brief pursuant to rule 17(b) of the California Rules of Court.

The action had its origin in a four-car automobile accident which occurred in the County of Sacramento on September 10, 1964. Shortly after midnight, an automobile driven by one Joseph N. Beatty in an easterly direction along 47th Avenue, a two-lane, two-way street, came to a stop in the roadway. Behind the Beatty vehicle and proceeding likewise in an easterly direction was a second car driven by Jerry W. Bewley. Mr. Beatty alighted from his vehicle and walked back to the Bewley car where the two drivers engaged in conversation. Shortly thereafter, another vehicle proceeding in the same direction as the two former ones and driven by Donald Otis Riggs stopped behind the Bewley car. Within a short time, a fourth vehicle driven by Jean Carol Pitts, also going easterly, crashed into the rear of the Riggs vehicle causing it in turn to collide with the Bewley car, which thereafter struck the Beatty automobile. Several suits resulted, but the present appeal deals only with an action brought by Jerry W. Bewley and C. L. Bewley against Donald Otis Riggs and the counterclaim filed therein. After the ease was at issue, the Bewleys moved for a summary judgment, and in turn counsel for Riggs separately asked for a summary judgment in his favor. The court granted each of the motions. The Bewleys did nothing about an appeal, and the judgment in favor of Riggs against the Bewleys has become final. On the other hand, Riggs did appeal from the judgment against him and, as we have seen, his opponent did not even file a brief.

As is stated in Flickinger v. Swedlow Engineering Co., 45 Cal.2d 388 , 392 [ 289 P.2d 214 ]: “A counterclaim 'must tend to diminish or defeat the plaintiff’s recovery and must exist in favor of a defendant and against a plaintiff between whom a several judgment might be had. . . .’ (Code Civ. Proc., § 438; . . . Case v. Kadota Fig Assn., 35 Cal.2d 596 , 603-604 [ 220 P.2d 912 ].” In the same ease, it is also said (at page 393): “The law abhors a multiplicity of actions, and the obvious intent of the Legislature in enacting the counterclaim statutes (Code Civ. Proc., §§438, 439) was to provide for the settlement, in a single action, of all conflicting claims between the parties arising out of the same transaction. (23 Cal.Jur. § 4, pp. 221-222.) Thus, a party cannot by negligence or design withhold issues and litigate them in successive actions; he may not split his demands or defenses; he may not submit his ease in piecemeal fashion. (Brunswick Drug Co. v. Springer, 55 Cal.App.2d 444 , 449-450 [ 130 P.2d 758 ].) If by an attempt at artful pleading, a party could assert his cause in one form in one action and, after an adverse decision on the merits, reassert it in another form in a subsequent action, there would be no end to litigation; and, of course, the mere fact that Flickinger may have seen fit to counterclaim in the prior action in the form of an account stated cannot place him in any better position than if he had omitted to file a counterclaim of any kind in that action. ’ ’

In 20 American Jurisprudence, Second Edition, Counterclaim, Recoupment, etc., section 44, page 265, it is stated: “It is generally permissible, in a negligence action arising from a collision of vehicles, to, counterclaim for negligence involving the same collision. ’ ’

If there had been a complete trial of the complaint and the counterclaim, it is clear that there could have been a judgment in favor of the counterclaimant for anything in excess of an offset of the plaintiffs’ claim. In section 666 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it is provided: “If a counterclaim, established at the trial, exceed the plaintiff’s demand, judgment for the defendant must be given for the excess; or if it appear that the defendant is entitled to any other affirmative relief, judgment must be given accordingly.

“When the amount found due to either party exceeds the sum for which the court is authorized to enter judgment, such party may remit the excess, and judgment may be rendered for the residue. ’ ’

As is said in 80 Corpus Juris Secundum, Set-Off and Counterclaim, section 61(c) : “. . . it is generally held, sometimes by reason of statute, that, where defendant pleads and proves a counterclaim which exceeds plaintiff’s demand, defendant is entitled to a judgment for the excess.” It should be observed in a situation such as is presented by the pleadings, if there had been a complete trial of all of the issues and there had been a nonsuit or a denial of recovery on the complaint, the court would have had to try the issues framed by the counterclaim, and, if the trial court had found that the counterelaimant proved a good cause of action, judgment would have resulted in favor of the counterclaimant.

Tomales Bay etc. Corp. v. Superior Court, 35 Cal.2d 389 [ 217 P.2d 968 ], settles the right of the appellant to consider that his cause of action by way of counterclaim survived the dismissal of the complaint in the action. In that opinion writ

In support of the conclusion contained in the Tomales Bay opinion see also Pacific Finance Corp. v. Superior Court, 219 Cal. 179 [ 25 P.2d 983 , 90 A.L.R. 384 ]; Bayle-Lacoste & Co. v. Superior Court, 46 Cal.App.2d 636 , 641 [ 116 P.2d 458 ]; 48 A.L.R.2d, pp. 755-756.)

In Taliaferro v. Taliaferro, 154 Cal.App.2d 495 [ 316 P.2d 393 ], it is pointed out that where a defendant’s claim as set forth in his pleading is based upon the transaction sued on by plaintiff and tends to defeat plaintiff’s claim and involves only the original parties, defendant’s cause of action may be deemed either a counterclaim or a cross-complaint.

Section 442 of the Code of Civil Procedure points out that a cross-complaint can be filed whenever a defendant seeks affirmative relief relating it to the transaction upon which the action is brought; in such circumstances, he may, in addition to his answer, file at the same time, or by permission of the court subsequently, a cross-complaint. The purpose of this provision is, of course, to secure a complete determination of the controversy among the parties by one action, thus, avoiding circuity of action. (Sattinger v. Newbauer, 123 Cal.App.2d 365 [ 266 P.2d 586 ]; County of Humboldt v. Kay, 57 Cal.App.2d 115 [ 134 P.2d 501 ]; Bracey v. Gray, 65 Cal.App.2d 282 [ 150 P.2d 564 ]; Millar v. Millar, 51 Cal.App. 718 [ 197 P. 811 ].)

It is our conclusion that in a case of this kind where one party- brings an action based on an automobile accident and the defendant in turn files a counterclaim which is of such

On the merits, we must inquire whether the ease as framed calls for a determination of facts and issues so that the ruling of the court on this motion was improper.

The purpose of the judicial inquiry on a summary judgment is to determine whether there are any triable issues óf fact. As has often been indicated, the purpose of a summary judgment inquiry is “issue finding,” rather than “issue determination.” (Wilson v. Bittick, 63 Cal.2d 30 , 35 [ 45 Cal.Rptr. 31 , 403 P.2d 159 ]; Towne Development Co. v. Lee, 63 Cal.2d 147 , 148 [ 45 Cal.Rptr. 316 , 403 P.2d 724 ]; Fugate v. Cook, 236 Cal.App.2d 700 , 702 [ 46 Cal.Rptr. 291 ]; Kramer v. Barnes, 212 Cal.App.2d 440 , 445 [ 27 Cal.Rptr. 895 ]; Stationers Corp. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 62 Cal.2d 412 , 417 [ 42 Cal.Rptr. 449 , 398 P.2d 785 ].)

It follows that if there was one or more triable issues of fact,' it is not within the province of a trial judge to determine such issues on a motion for summary judgment and, in such circumstances, the motion should be denied. (Arnold v. Hibernia S. & L. Soc., 23 Cal.2d 741 , 745 [ 146 P.2d 684 ]; Walsh v. Walsh, 18 Cal.2d 439 , 441 [ 116 P.2d 602 ]; Eagle Oil & Ref. Co. v. Prentice, 19 Cal.2d 553 , 555-556 [ 122 P.2d 264 ]; Gale v. Wood, 112 Cal.App.2d 650 , 653 [ 247 P.2d 57 ].) It is an observable tendency on the part of some trial courts today to grant motions for summary judgment in derogation of such a rule. But it was never the purpose of the Legislature or of the upper courts to give preference to summary judgment procedure over the usual methods of trying cases if there are issues of fact to be determined. Summary judgment provisions of law are extremely limited in scope and should never be extended to a substitution for ordinary methods of trial.

It seems apparent upon a comparison of the law of negligence in the operation of automobiles and the facts in this casé that the inquiry as to whether or not there was negligence by Mr. Bewley is strictly dependent upon what the findings of fact may prove to be and that the trial court had no authority to "make such findings on a motion for summary judgment. This was a case for a jury.

Bewley was under a duty, both by statute and common law, to operate his vehicle without negligence so as to abstain from injuring any other person or his property. (Civ. Code, § 1708; Kramer v. Barnes, supra, 212 Cal.App.2d 440 , 449.) The Vehicle Code itself, by section 22504, subdivision (a), prohibits stopping, parking or leaving any vehicle standing upon any roadway in an unincorporated area when it is practical to stop off the roadway, and further provides that in any event an unobstructed width of the highway shall be left for the free passage of other vehicles. There is no positive showing, that the Bewley vehicle was stopped in an unincorporated area or that it was at that time disabled so as to fall within the exception to the general rule (Veh. Code, § 22504, subd. (b)). In any event, it is a question of fact whether the driver of the Bewley car did all that a reasonably prudent person should have done in order to avoid danger to vehicles approaching from the rear (Squires v. City of Los Angeles, 100 Cal.App.2d 708 , 712 [ 224 P.2d 774 ]).

Could the roadway have been wholly or partially freed of the obstruction caused by the Bewley car before the accident through the exercise of ordinary care by Mr. Bewley? Or, otherwise, could Bewley have taken some proper step to warn on-coming traffic of the existing hazard in time to avoid the collision? It seems that this was peculiarly a case which was subject to inquiry by the trier of fact as to the existence of negligence and that it did riot subject itself to the cutting of the Gordian knot by the expedient of granting a summary judgment.

The judgment against Riggs on his counterclaim is reversed.

Stone, J., and Gargano, J., concurred.