Majority
Petitioner Finley appeals from a judgment denying his petition for a writ of mandate compelling the respondent Director of the Department of Motor Vehicles to set aside the department’s decision suspending petitioner’s driving privilege for six months.
Appellant contends that (1) his privilege against self-incrimination was violated, at the department hearing, by receiving evidence of his refusal to submit to a chemical test of his blood, breath, or urine (Veh. Code, §13353); (2) he "was denied his right to have counsel present when he was called upon, while in custody of the police, to decide whether he would submit, or refuse to submit, to one of the tests; (3) he was denied due process of law in that the judicial function of determining reasonable cause for his arrest was delegated (by provision of Veh. Code, § 13353) to the department; (4) the procedure followed by the department denied him due process of law in that he did not have a fair hearing before an
On February 4, 1967, about 10:25 p.m., Officer Bwen saw petitioner driving an automobile near an intersection in Lakewood. The automobile stopped at a red traffic light, started into the intersection while the light was red, and then stopped at a place which was about five feet within the intersection. When the light changed to green, the automobile remained stationary for approximately 10 seconds, and then “took off suddenly” and weaved back and forth from lane to lane. The officer, after causing the driver to stop the automobile, noticed that the driver (petitioner) had a strong odor of alcohol on his breath. Petitioner failed a “simple balance test” and was arrested for violating section 23102, subdivision (a), of the Vehicle Code (driving vehicle while under influence of intoxicating liquor).
At the police station, petitioner was advised that he had a right to remain silent and a right to have an attorney present during the questioning; that if he could not afford an attorney, the public defender would be appointed to represent him; and that anything he said could be used against him in court. He said that he understood those rights, and that he wanted to remain silent and wanted an attorney.
The officer read the following statement to petitioner: “You are requested to submit to a chemical test to determine the alcoholic content of your blood. You have a choice of whether the test is to be of your blood, breath or urine. A refusal will result in the suspension of your driving privilege for a period of six (6) months.” He replied: “Sure I refuse. If I lose my license, I don’t care. I can afford a driver. I have plenty of money. ’ ’
The officer again asked him to take the test and told him that the Department of Motor Vehicles required that he submit to one of the three types of test, and that the test could be used in evidence for him or against him. He replied that he “would do it,” and the officer explained the procedure for giving a breathalyzer test. Petitioner placed the mouthpiece in his mouth, “but refused to blow.” He was given “four or five opportunities to blow, and he refused to do so each time.” The officer told him that they were not going to waste any more time, and asked him to sign a “refusal statement” —a statement that he had refused to take any test. He replied that he would not sign the statement unless his lawyer was present. He did not take a test or sign the statement.
Petitioner then filed a petition in the superior court for a writ of mandamus compelling the director of the department to set aside the decision suspending his driving privilege. The court found that all of the findings of the department are supported by the weight of the evidence, and denied the petition.
• - Appellant contends, as above stated, that his privilege against self-incrimination was violated, at the department hearing, by receiving evidence of his refusal to submit to a chemical test of his blood, breath, or urine (Veh. Code, §13353).
1 Petitioner testified in substance that when he was arrested he was advised of his right to an attorney; he told the officers that he would not say anything unless Ms attorney was present; lie is the president of a corporation and has to protect his insurance and Ms driving privilege; the officers took an hour and a half to book him; he kept asking them to call his attorney; they called the attorney, but they did not let Mm call the attorney; they "kept” Mm all night and "rousted” him around; they asked him to take a breathalyzer test, and he said he would take it if they would get Ms attorney; and the second time they asked him to take the test, he said he would take it if Ms attorney was there, or if they would ' ‘ call a doctor. ’ ’
In Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757 [ 16 L.Ed.2d 908 , 86 S.Ct. 1826 ], a report of the chemical analysis of a blood sample taken from the petitioner (driver) even though he refused to submit to the blood test was received in evidence in a criminal prosecution of petitioner for driving a vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (Veh. Code, § 23102, subd. (a)). It was held therein that the admission of
2 Idaho (see State v. Bock, 80 Idaho 296 [ 328 P.2d 1065 , 1067]); Missouri (see Blydenburg v. David (Mo.) 413 S.W.2d 284 , 285); Kansas (see Lee v. State, 187 Kan. 566 [ 358 P.2d 765 , 766]); New York (see Finocchairo v. Kelly, 11 N.Y.2d 58 [ 181 N.E.2d 427 , 428]); Virginia (see Walton v. City of Roanoke, 204 Va. 678 [ 133 S.E.2d 315 , 316]; South Dakota (see Beare v. Smith, 82 S.D. 20 [ 140 N.W.2d 603 , 604-605]); Iowa (see Gottschalk v. Sueppel, 258 Iowa 1173 [ 140 N.W.2d 866 , 868]); and Nebraska (see Prucha v. Department of Motor Vehicles, 172 Neb. 415 [ 110 N.W.2d 75 , 80, 88 A.L.R.2d 1055 ]).
In Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 , 266-267 [ 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 , 1182, 87 S.Ct. 1951 ], it was held that the taking of exemplars of petitioner’s handwriting did not violate his privilege against self-incrimination, and it was said: “The privilege reaches only compulsion of an accused’s communications . . . , and not compulsion which makes a suspect or accused the source of ‘real or physical evidence’. . . . [citing Schmerber v. California, supra], ... A mere handwriting exemplar . . . , like the voice or body itself, is an identifying physical characteristic outside its protection.” It has also been held that the privilege against self-incrimination offers no protection against compulsion to submit to fingerprints, photography, or measurements, or to speak or write for identification. (United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 , 223 [ 18 L.Ed. 2d 1149 , 1155, 87 S.Ct. 1926 ].)
In People v. Sudduth, 65 Cal.2d 543 [ 55 Cal.Rptr. 393 , 421 P.2d 401 ], the defendant was found guilty of driving a vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (Veh. Code, § 23102), and he contended on appeal that his privilege against self-incrimination was violated by the admission of evidence of his refusal to take a breathalyzer test to determine the percentage of alcohol in his blood. The court rejected the contention and held (p. 546) that suspects have no constitutional right to refuse a test designed to produce physical evidence in the form of a breath sample. The court noted (p. 547) that other states, which recognize a right to refuse to take such tests, exclude evidence of a refusal. (See note 87 A.L.R.2d 370 ; cf. State v. Bock, 80 Idaho 296 [ 328 P.2d 1065 ], admission of evidence of defendant’s refusal to take blood test held not a violation of defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination.)
In People v. Bustos, 247 Cal.App.2d 422 , 424 [ 55 Cal.Rptr. 603 ], defendant asserted on appeal that the admission of evidence of a blood sample taken from him violated his privilege against self-incrimination. The court held (p. 424) that the decision in Schmerber v. California (supra) “squarely negates defendant’s assertion.”
In other states which have implied consent laws similar to section 13353 of the California Vehicle Code, it has been held, in civil proceedings for suspension of a person’s driving privilege, that admission of evidence of the person’s refusal to take the required tests, does not violate his privilege against
It thus appears that petitioner herein did not have a constitutional right to refuse to submit to the test, and that the admission of evidence of his refusal[3] did not violate his privilege against self-incrimination. He argues, however, that although the Schmerber ease permits the compulsion of “physical evidence,” it does not permit the compulsion of “testimony”; that in the present ease, when petitioner was asked to submit to the test, he said, “I refuse”; and that thereby he was compelled to give testimony against himself.
In the Sudduth ease, supra, the opinion does not state in what manner the defendant expressed his refusal to submit to the breathalyzer test—i.e., whether he expressed his refusal verbally or by non-verbal conduct. Also, the opinions in the Blydenburg, Lee, and Prucha cases (supra) do not state whether the refusals therein were expressed verbally or non-verbally. Presumably, the refusals were verbal. In view of the holding in Sudduth that there is no constitutional right (in California) to refuse to take the tests, it would appear that evidence of the refusal would be admissible whether the refusal was verbal or non-verbal. In any event, in the present case, after the petitioner had said, “I refuse,” he was given further advice regarding the requirement that he submit to the tests. He then said that he “would do it,” and he was subjected to a breathalyzer test; however, he would not blow into the mouthpiece although he was given four or five opportunities to do so. After that conduct by petitioner, the officer concluded that petitioner had refused to submit to the test. It thus appears that ultimately the refusal was non-verbal. The evidence of petitioner’s refusal to submit to the test did not violate his privilege against self-incrimination.
Appellant further contends, as above stated, that he was denied his right to have counsel present when he was called upon, while in custody of the police, to decide whether he would submit, or refuse to submit, to one of the tests. In this connection he cites Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 [ 16 L.Ed.2d 694 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 10 A.L.R.3d 974 ], and Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 [ 12 L.Ed.2d 977 , 84 S.Ct. 1758 ]).
3 It is to be noted further that the evidence of petitioner’s refusal was received without objection at a formal hearing, which was requested by him and wherein he was represented by counsel.
The ease of People v. Ellis, 65 Cal.2d 529 [ 55 Cal.Rptr. 385 , 421 P.2d 393 ], which was a criminal case decided on the same day the Sudduth case was decided, is distinguishable from the present ease.[5]
In civil proceedings concerning the suspension of a person’s driving privilege, it has been held, in other states which have implied consent laws similar to section 13353 of the California Vehicle Code, that such person does not have a right to counsel when he is requested to submit to a required test. (See
4 In United States v. Wade, supra, 388 U.S. 218 , it was held that an accused has a right to have counsel present at a lineup. It was also held that he does not have a right to have counsel present at analyses of his fingertips, blood sample, clothing, and hair.
5 In the Ellis case the trial court received evidence that defendant refused to submit to a voice-identification test. Prior to the time he was asked whether he would submit to the test, he was advised of his right to counsel and of his right to remain silent. He 11 refused to cooperate and remained silent. ’ ’ It was held therein that voice-identification tests are not protected by the privilege against self-incrimination, and it was also said that since defendant had been advised that he had a right to remain silent and such warning advice did not distinguish between speech in terms of conversation and speech for voice identification, “defendant’s refusal to speak might well have been the direct result of the police warning and cannot be used against him. ’ ’ In the present case, where evidence of petitioner’s refusal to submit to tests was received in a civil proceeding, the officer advised petitioner that he had a right to remain silent, and the officer also gave him detailed advice concerning the requirements of the "Vehicle Code that he submit to one of the tests. Petitioner herein did not remain silent and, after indicating that he would take the breathalyzer test, refused to cooperate when the test was administered. It could be reasonably inferred, in the present case, that petitioner’s refusal to submit to the test was not a direct result of the warning to remain silent, but that his refusal was made because 1 ‘ he knew the nature of the test, and what it was designed to show. ’ ’ (See People v. Conterno, 170 Cal.App.2d Supp. 817 , 835 [ 339 P.2d 968 ].)
In the present civil proceeding relating to the suspension of petitioner’s driving privilege, there was a formal hearing at which petitioner was represented by counsel, and no objection was made to the introduction of evidence of petitioner’s refusal to take the test. The refusal was made shortly after the arrest and prior to the filing of any charges against him. There is no merit to appellant’s contention regarding the absence of counsel when he was called upon to decide whether to take the test.
Appellant also contends that he was denied due process of law in that the judicial function of determining reasonable cause for his arrest was delegated (by Veh. Code, § 13353) to the department. He argues that California law is replete with cases since People v. Cahan ( 44 Cal.2d 434 [ 282 P.2d 905 , 50 A.L.R.2d 513 ]), wherein courts have reviewed the facts surrounding the arrest to determine the issue of reasonable cause, and that such determination is therefore “a judicial function which due process of law requires be exercised by a court and not by administrative bodies. ’ ’
As previously stated, section 13353 of the Vehicle Code provides that the test shall be incidental to a lawful arrest and administered at the direction of a peace officer having reasonable cause to believe such person was driving a motor vehicle upon a highway while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.[6] Said section also provides that the department, upon receipt of the officer’s sworn statement that he had reasonable cause to believe such person had been driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor and that the person refused to submit to the test, shall suspend his driving privilege for six months. The Legislature has also provided for an informal hearing (Veh. Code, § 14104) or a formal hearing (Veh. Code, § 14107) with reference to suspension of the driving privilege, and has provided for the presentation of evidence (Veh. Code, § 14108) and for findings by the referee (Veh. Code, § 14109) at the formal hearing. “While the Legislature cannot delegate the power to make a law, it is established beyond dispute that it may delegate to an administrative agency the authority to determine the facts upon which the law makes its own action depend, or upon which the enactment becomes operative.” (2 Cal.Jur.2d, Administrative
6 Similar provisions with reference to reasonable cause are included in implied consent laws in other states.
Appellant further contends that he was denied a fair hearing before an impartial tribunal. He argues that the department acted as “both the accuser and the judge.” A similar contention was rejected in Hohreiter v. Garrison, supra, pp. 392-393. No purpose would be served by a further review of the administrative procedures which the Legislature has prescribed (discussed in part above). Such procedures make ample provision for a fair trial before an impartial tribunal, and a review of the record herein shows that petitioner was afforded a fair trial before an impartial tribunal.
Appellant further contends that the findings (by department and by superior court) are not supported by substantial evidence, particularly the findings (1) that the officer had reasonable cause to believe petitioner had been driving a motor vehicle upon a highway while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, (2) that petitioner was told that his driving privilege would be suspended for six months if he refused to submit to a chemical test, and (3) that petitioner refused to submit to any chemical test after having been requested to do so.
Prior to arresting petitioner, the officer saw petitioner drive an automobile which stopped at an intersection where the traffic signal was red, proceeded about five feet into the intersection while the signal was red, stopped again, remained stopped approximately 10 seconds after the light changed to green, then “took off suddenly” and weaved back and forth from lane to lane. The officer, after causing the driver to stop the automobile, and prior to arresting petitioner, noticed that there was a strong odor of alcohol on petitioner’s breath, and the officer observed that petitioner failed “a simple balance
There is also substantial evidence to support the finding that petitioner was told that his driving privilege would be suspended if he refused to submit to a chemical test. There was evidence that the officer read to petitioner a statement to the effect that he was requested to submit to a chemical test to determine the alcoholic content of his blood, that he had a choice whether the test would be of his blood, breath, or urine, and that his refusal to take a test would result in suspension of his driving privilege for six months. There was also evidence that the officer told him that the Department of Motor Vehicles required that he submit to one of the three tests.
With reference to the finding that defendant refused to take the test, appellant asserts that there was evidence that he “conditionally consented” to take the test if his attorney or a doctor was present. There was evidence herein that after petitioner had been told that his driving privilege would be suspended if he did not take the test, he said that he would take it. After the breathalyzer test was explained to him, he placed the mouthpiece in his mouth, but he refused to blow into it. He was given four or five opportunities to blow into the mouthpiece, and refused each time to blow. He was then asked to sign a statement that he refused to take any test, and he refused to sign it. It has been held, in proceedings to suspend driving privileges pursuant to implied consent laws similar to section 13353 of the Vehicle Code, that a driver, when requested to take the required tests, cannot impose a condition that a doctor of his choice be present during the tests. (See Beare v. Smith, supra; Breslin v. Hults, 20 App.Div.2d 790 [ 248 N.Y.S.2d 70 ].) The evidence supports the finding that petitioner refused to take the test.
The judgment is affirmed.
Fourt, J., and Lillie, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied July 31, 1968. Peters, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
Cases cited
- Schmerber v. California 384 U.S. 757 p. 661
- Gilbert v. California 388 U.S. 263 at 266-267 p. 662, p. 664
- United States v. Wade 388 U.S. 218 at 223 p. 662
- People v. Sudduth 65 Cal.2d 543 p. 662
- People v. Bustos 247 Cal.App.2d 422 at 424 p. 662
- Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 p. 663
- Escobedo v. Illinois 378 U.S. 478 p. 663
- People v. Gilbert 63 Cal.2d 690 at 709 p. 664
- People v. Ellis 65 Cal.2d 529 p. 664
- Finocchairo v. Kelly 11 N.Y.2d 58 p. 665
- People v. Cahan 44 Cal.2d 434 p. 665
- Escobedo v. State 35 Cal.2d 870 at 877 p. 666
- Hohreiter v. Garrison 81 Cal.App.2d 384 at 401-402 p. 666