Majority
Opinion
Found to have committed murder and assault with a firearm, appellant asks us to reverse the judgment. We reject his claim of error and affirm the trial court’s resolution of the matter.
Facts
Appellant belongs to a street gang known as the “Alley Boys.” The “Crazy Riders” are a rival gang. On the night Susan Maldonado died, she was with appellant (her boyfriend) and several other companions when they decided to get something to eat. They got into a pickup truck shortly before midnight and headed for a restaurant in Crazy Riders’ territory. Appellant and Maldonado rode in the bed of the truck. Their four companions were
The crucial issue at trial was who fired first. The case was tried on the theory that if the first shot came from the crowd, appellant was defending himself. But if appellant fired the first shot, he precipitated the incident and was thus vicariously liable for Maldonado’s death.
Appellant told the police he had shouted the epithet but fired only after being fired upon by someone in the crowd. One of appellant’s companions in the cab of the pickup, Zully Maranon, was twice interviewed by the police. In the first interview, she said the first shot came from the crowd. In the second interview, taped two days later, she said she heard the first shot emanate from the bed of the pickup right behind her. She said appellant fired the first shot. At trial, Maranon admitted making the statements in the second interview, but disavowed them claiming she made them under pressure from the police.
Jesus Alvarenga is a member of the Crazy Riders. He testified he was in the crowd and the first shot was fired by a male in the bed of the pickup. Alvarenga had drunk 10 to 12 beers.
.Appellant’s Claims of Error
(I) The trial court erroneously denied appellant’s motion for acquittal made at the close of the prosecution’s case. (II) A two-year sentence enhancement for personal use of a firearm was improperly imposed.
Discussion
I[1]
* See footnote, ante, page 476.
II
Walker and Allen stand for the proposition that one who does not personally use a firearm may not suffer a section 12022.5 enhancement. Those cases did not consider whether the enhancement applies to one who personally uses a firearm but is only vicariously liable for the underlying crime. Cole interpreted section 12022.7, which provides a sentence enhancement for one who, with the intent to do so, inflicts great bodily injury during the commission or attempted commission of a crime. The court held this enhancement “applies only to a person who himself inflicts the injury.” (People v. Cole, supra, 31 Cal.3d at p. 572.) Again, the court did not consider the point raised by appellant. Nor did the court in Ramirez, which dealt with section 12022.8’s enhancement for one who personally inflicts great bodily injury during the commission of a sex crime.
We reject appellant’s notion. The obvious purpose of section 12022.5 is to discourage the use of firearms in criminal activity. Had the Legislature meant to exclude from its provisions one who is only vicariously liable, it could easily have done so. The instant matter graphically demonstrates why it did not. Had appellant not used his firearm to precipitate the incident, Maldonado likely would not have died that night. As we read the statute, one who commits an act which renders him criminally liable, whether directly or vicariously, is subject to the section 12022.5 enhancement if he personally uses a firearm during that act.
2 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
The judgment is affirmed.
Devich, Acting P. J., and Vogel, J., concurred.
Cases cited
- People v. Walker 18 Cal.3d 232 p. 479
- People v. Polk 131 Cal.App.3d 764 at 778 p. 479
- In re Neal 114 Cal.App.3d 141 at 144 p. 479
- People v. Cole 31 Cal.3d 568 p. 479
- People v. Allen 165 Cal.App.3d 616 p. 479
- People v. Ramirez 189 Cal.App.3d 603 p. 479