Majority
Introduction
This is an appeal from the judgment of the superior court granting a writ of prohibition preventing further proceedings in the Municipal Court of Los Angeles Judicial District against certain defendants charged with the publication of a criminal libel in violation of section 249 of the Penal Code.
The Case
Defendants-petitioners-respondents Paul Eberle, Shirley Eberle and Mickey Leblovic (hereinafter referred to collectively as defendants) were charged by misdemeanor complaint (case No. 31-496273) with the publication of a criminal libel in violation of Penal Code section 249. The complaint charged that on or about October 15, 1974, the defendants did wilfully and unlawfully, “and with a malicious intent to injure another, publish and procure to be published a libel, expressed by a writing, printing and picture which tends to" impeach the integrity, virtue and reputation of a living person, to wit: Angie Dickinson, and thereby expose her to public hatred, contempt and ridicule.”
Defendants’ demurrer to the complaint was overruled. They thereupon sought a writ of prohibition from the superior court on grounds that the California criminal libel statutes under which they were charged were unconstitutional per se and as construed and applied by the complaint. More explicitly, defendants' contended that these laws violated their constitutional rights of freedom of speech and press, and the due process and equal protection provisions of the California Constitution (art. I, §§ 1,9, 11, 13 and 21)[1] and the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
The parties conceded that Angie Dickson was at all relevant times a public figure.[2]
1 Since November 5. 1974. the substance of these former sections is found in article I. sections 1.2. 7 and 15. and article IV. section 16.
2 Although the substance of the alleged libel has not been submitted to this court for consideration at this stage in the proceedings, we note that with respect to well known performers, such as the individual herein named, a broad range of material might be considered harmful or damaging to her professional career. (See. e.g., Correia v. Santos. *427 191 Cal.App.2d 844 [ 13 Cal.Rptr. 132 ].) While not a public official, she is clearly a notable and well known public figure, as the trial court and both parties concede.
Issues
On appeal the People contend that California criminal libel statutes are not unconstitutional per se; that Penal Code section 249 can be isolated from other sections and preserved from unconstitutional contamination; and that this court should make a judicial interpretation of “malice” which would support constitutionality, just as California appellate courts have incorporated the constitutional definition of “malice” from New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) 376 U.S. 254 [ 11 L.Ed.2d 686 , 84 S.Ct. 710 , 95 A.L.R.2d 1412 ] into civil cases.
Discussion
Background:
A paramount public interest which is protected by the First Amendment, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, is to insure a free exchange of ideas and the discussion of public affairs.
In 1940 the United States Supreme Court in Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 [ 84 L.Ed. 1093 , 60 S.Ct. 736 ], said at page 101 [84 L.Ed. at page 1102]: “The freedom of speech and of the press guaranteed by the Constitution embraces at the least the liberty to discuss publicly and truthfully all matters of public concern without previous restraint or fear of subsequent punishment.”
In 1945 the high court stressed that the First Amendment attempts to secure “the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources.” (Associated Press v. United States, 326 U.S. 1 , 20 [ 89 L.Ed. 2013 , 2030, 65 S.Ct. 1416 ].)
In 1964 the United States Supreme Court addressed itself to freedom of speech and press, as guaranteed by the federal Constitution relative to
The United States Supreme Court examined the constitutional issues in depth, and concluded that the rule of law applied by the Alabama courts was “constitutionally deficient for failure to provide the safeguards for freedom of speech and of the press that are required by the First and Fourteenth Amendments in a libel action brought by a public official against critics of his official conduct.” (376 U.S. at pp. 264-265 [11 L.Ed.2d at p. 697].) As the court observed thereafter; “[W]e consider this case against the background of a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open, and that it may well include vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials.” (376 U.S. at p. 270 [11 L.Ed.2d at p. 701].)
The court determined that neither factual error nor defamatory content, either separately or in combination, suffices to remove the constitutional shield from criticism of official conduct. “The constitutional guarantees require, we think, a federal rule that prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the statement was made with ‘actual malice’—that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not." (Italics added.) (376 U.S. at pp. 279-280 [11 L.Ed.2d at p. 706].) In effect, the court declared that it was unconscionably unfair to compel the critic of official conduct to be the guarantor of the truth of all his factual assertions. An allowance of the defense of truth, with the burden of proving it on the defendant, would be inhibitory not simply of falsehood but of other legitimate public comment.
Also in 1964, the same year as the New York Times case, the United States Supreme Court was called upon in the case of Garrison v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U.S. 64 , to clarify the free speech and press guarantees relative to the field of criminal libel.
In Garrison, an appeal was taken by the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from his conviction for criminal defamation under the Louisiana Criminal Defamation Statute.[3] The charges arose as a result of statements made by Garrison at a press conference and related to the conduct of the Criminal District Court judges in refusing to approve funds for Garrison’s staff to investigate commercial vice on Bourbon and Canal Streets. The United States Supreme Court held that the New York Times rule limits state power to impose criminal (as well as civil) sanctions for criticism of the official condúct of public officials.
The court, among other things, rejected the limitation of the defense of truth in criminal libel to utterances published “with good motives and justifiable ends.” By footnote, reference was made to a number of states, including California, which incorporate such a limitation. The court observed that where criticism is made of public officials and their
3 This statute provides, in relevant part, as follows: “La. Rev. Slat.. 1950. Tit. 14: ‘§ 47. Defamation ‘Defamation is the malicious publication or expression in any manner, to anyone other than the party defamed, of anything which tends: ‘(1) To expose any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule, or to deprive him of the benefit of public confidence or social intercourse: or ‘(2) To expose the memory of one deceased to hatred, contempt, or ridicule: or ‘(3) To injure any person, corporation, or association of persons in his or their business or occupation. ‘Whoever commits the crime of defamation shall be lined not more than three thousand dollars, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. ‘§ 48. Presumption of malice ‘Where a non-privileged defamatory publication or expression is false it is presumed to be malicious unless a justifiable motive for making it is shown. ‘Where such a publication or expression is true, actual malice must be proved in order to convict the offender.’ ” (Italics added.) (Garrison v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U.S. at p. 65, fn. 1 [13 L.Ed.2d at p. 127].)
The New York Times rule absolutely prohibits punishment of truthful criticism. The court noted that the Louisiana statute imposed punishment for true statements made with “actual malice” and the decisions defined that term as “ ‘hatred, ill will or enmity or a wanton desire to injure.’ ” (379 U.S. at p. 78 [13 L.Ed.2d at p. 135].) It also punished false statements made with ill will or if not made with a reasonable belief in truth. A reasonable belief was defined as that which “ ‘an ordinarily prudent man might be able to assign a just and fair reason for.’ ” (379 U.S. at p. 79 [13 L.Ed.2d at p. 135].) The vice in that definition, the court pointed out, was that it permitted punishment for mere negligence or want of ordinary care, while the test laid down in New York Times was conditioned on reckless disregard of truth.
The criminal libel statutes of the various states were historically justified in theory as means to prevent breaches of the peace by defamed and outraged citizens. The United States Supreme Court in Garrison observed that today this constitutes a doubtful rationale.[4] Thus, statutes dealing with criminal libel are required to be narrowly drawn to reach speech calculated to evoke a clear and present danger of public or social disorder.
The Case at Bench:
The California criminal libel statutes were enacted over 100 years ago (1872) and apparently were infrequently employed, as evidenced by the paucity of cases listed in the annotated code. These statutes are found in “Chapter 10, Libel” (Pen. Code, §§ 248-257).
4 “‘Usually we reserve the criminal law for harmful behavior which exceptionally disturbs the community’s sense of security. ... It seems evident that personal calumnv falls in neither of these classes in the U.S.A., that it is therefor inappropriate for penal control, and that this probably accounts for the paucity of prosecutions and the near desuetude of private criminal libel legislation in this country. . . .’ Model Penal Code. Tent. Draft No. 13, 1961. § 250.7. Comments at 44.” (Garrison v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U.S. at p. 70[13 L.Ed.2d at p. 130].)
Ҥ 248. A libel is a malicious defamation, expressed either by writing, printing or by signs or pictures, or the like, tending to blacken the memory of one who is dead, or to impeach the honesty, integrity, virtue, or reputation, or publish the natural or alleged defects of one who is alive, and thereby to expose him to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule.
Ҥ 249. Every person who willfully and with a malicious intent to injure another, publishes or procures to be published any libel, is punishable by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year.
Ҥ 250. An injurious publication is presumed to have been malicious if no justifiable motive for making it is shown.
“§ 251. In all criminal prosecutions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it appears to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. The jury have the right to determine the law and the fact.”
The word “malicious” appears in sections 248, 249 and 250 and is incorporated in the word “libel” appearing in section 251. Penal Code section 7, subdivision 4 states the significance to be attached to the words “malice” and “maliciously” appearing in the Penal Code is to “import a wish to vex, annoy, or injure another person, or an intent to do a wrongful act, established either by proof or presumption of law.”
Although, as previously noted, the complaint in the instant case charges violation of section 249, we necessarily must consider other salient sections of the California statute, specifically sections 248, 250 and 251, because an unconstitutional enactment will be upheld in part only if it can be said that that part is complete in itself and would have been adopted by the Legislature had the latter foreseen the partial invalidation of the statute. It cannot be upheld where the void provisions taint the remainder, and where it cannot be said that the Legislature would
Applying the constitutional guidelines enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in the New York Times and Garrison cases and acknowledging the limitations on partial validation or invalidation of statutes, we conclude, as did the court below, as follows:
I. That section 250 is unconstitutional because the presumption of “malice” contained therein constitutes one of the elements of the crime and is not constitutionally permissible. (See New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, supra, 376 U.S. 254 ; Speiser v. Randall (1958) 357 U.S. 513 [ 2 L.Ed.2d 1460 , 78 S.Ct. 1332 ].)
II. That section 251 is unconstitutional because it places the limitations upon the defense of truthfulness to publications “with good motives and for justifiable ends.” First Amendment principles require, with regard to publications involving public officials or public figures, that state criminal libel statutes guarantee that truth shall be a complete defense and that even where a publication is false, there may be no conviction for criminal libel except upon proof that the publication was made with knowledge of falsity or disregard of the truth or falsity. (See Garrison v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U.S. 64 .)
III. Section 248 defines “libel” as a “malicious defamation,” and section 249 imposes a penalty for the publication of a “libel” with a “malicious” intent to injure another. These two sections (248 and 249) cannot meet the test of constitutionality, standing alone, as the principal supports of the California criminal libel scheme because (a) Penal Code section 7, subdivision 4 defines “malice” for purposes of these statutes as “a wish to vex, annoy, or injure another person, or an intent to do a wrongful act,” which is prohibited by the Garrison and New York Times rule holding that it is the intent to injure another through falsehood which is constitutional; and (b) once sections 250 and 251 are deleted, there are no guidelines whatsoever to assist the interpretation of the statute in respect to truth or falsity.
The excision of the objectionable portions of the California criminal libel statutes as mandated by New York Times and Garrison, as hereinbefore discussed, requires a wholesale rewriting, and any attempt at draftsmanship on our part would transgress both the legislative intent and the judicial function. It would constitute a flagrant breach of the doctrine of separation of powers. (See In re King, 3 Cal.3d 226 , 237 [ 90 Cal.Rptr. 15 , 474 P.2d 983 ].) This we refuse to do.
The judgment of the superior court granting the writ of prohibition is affirmed.
Wood, P. J„ and Lillie, J„ concurred.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied April 15, 1976. Mosk, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
Cases cited
- Garrison v. Louisiana 379 U.S. 64 p. 427, p. 429, p. 432
- New York Times Co. v. Sullivan 376 U.S. 254 p. 427, p. 428, p. 432
- Thornhill v. Alabama 310 U.S. 88 p. 427
- Associated Press v. United States 326 U.S. 1 at 20 p. 427
- People v. Navarro 7 Cal.3d 248 at 260 p. 432
- O'Kane v. Catuira 212 Cal.App.2d 131 at 141 p. 432
- In re Berry 68 Cal.2d 137 at 155-157 p. 432
- Speiser v. Randall 357 U.S. 513 p. 432
- In re King 3 Cal.3d 226 at 237 p. 433