Majority
Opinion
A jury convicted Thomas Franklin Wheelock of first degree murder with personal use of a firearm, and with the special circumstance that the murder was committed during a robbery. The jury rejected a special circumstance allegation that the murder was committed while Wheelock was lying in wait. After a penalty trial, the jury chose a sentence of life without the possibility of parole. The court imposed that sentence, and stayed a four-year term for the firearm use. Wheelock raises a series of claims on appeal. There was no reversible error, and therefore we affirm.
BACKGROUND
On November 24, 1997, Armored Transport, Inc. informed the Oakland police that one of its armored trucks was missing. Wheelock and Rod Cortez were the employees who had been on duty in that truck. The next day, the
On November 27, a Utah highway patrol officer stopped Wheelock as he drove a Ford Bronco without a rear license plate, which was a violation of Utah law. Wheelock gave the officer his driver’s license and a bill of sale for the Bronco. A computer check revealed a warrant for Wheelock’s arrest. As he took him into custody, the officer asked Wheelock if he knew why he was being held at gunpoint. Wheelock replied “because I robbed my work.” The officer asked if he had hurt anyone, and Wheelock said “yeah, I did.” Wheelock nodded his head when asked if he had shot “him.” The officer asked what happened, and Wheelock said “I just flipped out. I was going to lose my job soon and I just—.” Wheelock stopped responding at that point.
That night, Wheelock was interviewed by Oakland police officers in a Utah jail. He was cooperative, and did not deny the shooting. Parts of the interview were taped, but no details of this interrogation were entered into evidence.
The next day, Wheelock gave another interview in the Utah jail to an Alameda County prosecutor. A tape of this interrogation was played for the jury. Wheelock waived his Miranda rights and gave the following account. He had returned from a Caribbean cruise with his friend Peter York the day before the shooting. Just before the cruise, Wheelock learned the state had denied his application for a card authorizing him to be a security guard. This meant he would not be able to continue working for Armored Transport. He started thinking about robbing an armored car and going to Canada to “try to start over.” On the second or third day of the cruise, he began making notes on his plan. Shooting his partner in the armored car was always a part of the plan.
Wheelock’s goal was to try to become an assassin after the robbery. He had considered doing the robbery on the Wednesday before Thanksgiving, but was concerned he might be sent home when he reported on Monday of that week because of the problem with the guard card. He had lunch with York before going to work on Monday, and told him he was “going to do it.” Wheelock asked York to leave a backpack with a change of clothes and an extra gun by the side of York’s house. York complied with this request.
Wheelock planned to commit the robbery as he and Cortez were on the way to Union Bank, but could not bring himself to do it then. Wheelock failed to correctly account for some bags of checks at Union Bank, which threw them off schedule. Wheelock said Cortez was “a little upset with me.” They were due at Brinks by 7:30, but showed up “very late.” The Brinks
Wheelock said the fact he had “screwed up” that day made him worry that his job would be further jeopardized. When they loaded up the money at Brinks, he “just flipped.” Cortez was driving the truck as they pulled away from Brinks at around 8:00. Cortez told Wheelock again that he shouldn’t have apologized, and said Wheelock was going to have to “figure out the paperwork.” Wheelock drew his gun and shot Cortez three times. He thought the second shot missed. The truck was “barely moving,” and Wheelock managed to push Cortez away from the wheel and get himself into the driver’s seat.
Wheelock drove the truck to San Ramon and parked it in an out-of-the way place behind the parts store. He was covered with blood when he got out, and washed himself at a faucet behind the store. He ran to York’s house, three or four blocks away. He took the backpack York had left for him, as well as a duffel bag he found in York’s garage, and returned to the truck. Wheelock loaded the money into the duffel bag, but found it too heavy to carry. He put some money in the backpack, left the duffel bag in some bushes, and returned to York’s house. There he left some money for York, as he had promised to do.
Wheelock then walked to a restaurant and called a taxi. After an abortive attempt to take a train to Portland, he took another taxi to Walnut Creek, where he found York in a video arcade. York worked at the arcade but was off duty. He agreed to drive Wheelock to Sacramento. First they went back to San Ramon and picked up the duffel bag with the money. York then took Wheelock to a motel in Sacramento. The next morning, Wheelock bought the Bronco at a used car lot. When he returned to the motel, he saw a police car and decided not to get the money he had left in his room. He got on the freeway with the money he had with him, around $28,000.
Wheelock took Interstate 5 north through Redding, then turned east because he wanted to stay off major highways. After getting lost, and spending a sleepless night in Idaho, he decided he “didn’t want to do it anymore.” He had always wanted to see Colorado, so he was on his way there, intending ultimately to return to California, when he was arrested.
We will discuss further facts as they are relevant to Wheelock’s contentions on appeal.
1.-3.[6]
4. The Motion to Suppress the Utah Statement
Wheelock moved to suppress the statement he made at the Utah jail where he was held pending extradition to California. His principal argument was that, because he was represented by Utah counsel for purposes of the extradition proceedings, the prosecutor’s questioning in the absence of Wheelock’s attorney violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel under Massiah v. United States (1964) 377 U.S. 201 [ 12 L.Ed.2d 246 , 84 S.Ct. 1199 ] (Massiah). The court denied the motion, ruling that since Wheelock had not yet been charged, his Sixth Amendment right to counsel had not attached and thus there was no Massiah violation.
On appeal, Wheelock acknowledges that “a person’s Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to counsel attaches only at or after the time that adversary judicial proceedings have been initiated against him.” (United States v. Gouveia (1984) 467 U.S. 180 , 187 [ 81 L.Ed.2d 146 , 104 S.Ct. 2292 ]; see also Texas v. Cobb (2001) 532 U.S. 162 , 172 [ 149 L.Ed.2d 321 , 121 S.Ct. 1335 ] [“the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches only to charged offenses”]; Fellers v. United States (2004) 540 U.S. 519 [ 157 L.Ed.2d 1016 , 124 S.Ct. 1019 , 1022].) However, Wheelock notes that state law determines when a prosecution commences for proposes of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. (Moore v. Illinois (1977) 434 U.S. 220 , 228 [ 54 L.Ed.2d 424 , 98 5. Ct. 458 ].) He claims that under Penal Code section 804, subdivision (d), his right to counsel attached upon the issuance of an arrest warrant.*[2] He also contends the right to counsel attaches at the commencement of extradition proceedings under California law. Neither of these arguments is sound.
By its terms, Penal Code section 804 governs commencement of prosecution “for purposes of this chapter [chapter 2, title 3, part 2 of the Penal Code].” It was drafted with the statutes of limitation in mind. (See Cal. Law Rev. Com. com., 50 West’s Ann. Pen. Code, (2004 supp.) § 804, pp. 56-57; People v. Le (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1352 , 1357-1358 [ 98 Cal.Rptr.2d 874 ].)
5 Penal Code, section 804, subdivision (d) states: “For the purpose of this chapter, prosecution for an offense is commenced when any of the following occurs: [ft] ... [ft] (d) An arrest warrant or bench warrant is issued, provided the warrant names or describes the defendant with the same degree of particularity required for an indictment, information, or complaint.”
As further explained in Moran v. Burbine (1986) 475 U.S. 412 , 430 [ 89 L.Ed.2d 410 , 106 S.Ct. 1135 ]: “The Sixth Amendment’s intended function is not to wrap a protective cloak around the attorney-client relationship for its own sake any more than it is to protect a suspect from the consequences of his own candor. Its purpose, rather, is to assure that in any ‘criminal prosecutio[n],’ U.S. Const., Amend. 6, the accused shall not be left to his own devices in facing the ‘ “ ‘prosecutorial forces of organized society.’ ” ’ [Citations], By its very terms, it becomes applicable only when the government’s role shifts from investigation to accusation. For it is only then that the assistance of one versed in the ‘intricacies ... of law,’ ibid., is needed to assure that the prosecution’s case encounters ‘the crucible of meaningful adversarial testing.’ [Citation.]”
Here, the prosecution was still in the investigatory stage when Wheelock was questioned. “For an interrogation, no more or less than for any other ‘critical’ pretrial event, the possibility that the encounter may have important consequences at trial, standing alone, is insufficient to trigger the Sixth
6 Wheelock suggests People v. Webb (1993) 6 Cal.4th 494 , 527 [ 24 Cal.Rptr.2d 779 , 862 P.2d 779 ] supports the view that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel may attach at the time of arrest. Not so. Webb was already in custody on unrelated charges when information was elicited from him. The court’s statement that his Sixth Amendment rights had not attached because “he was not arrested on capital charges until the day after” his statements were taped was directed toward the charges, not the “arrest.” This is clear from the Webb court’s citation of Gouveia, supra, 467 U.S. 180 , and its reliance on the rule that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel “attaches only to those offenses for which adversary criminal proceedings have begun.” (Webb, supra, at pp. 527 and 528, quoting McNeil v. Wisconsin (1991) 501 U.S. 171 , 175 [ 115 L.Ed.2d 158 , 111 S.Ct. 2204 ].)
To support his alternate claim that the right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment arose with the commencement of extradition proceedings, Wheelock cites People v. Boyd (1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 54 [ 150 Cal.Rptr. 34 ] (disapproved on another point in People v. Clair, supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 658), and People v. Booker (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 654 [ 138 Cal.Rptr. 347 ]. These cases do not help him.
Booker was questioned by California police officers in a New Mexico jail, where he was under arrest for a robbery in New Mexico. (People v. Booker, supra, 69 Cal.App.3d at p. 660.) After stating the rule that Massiah applies only after “adversary proceedings have commenced,” the court observed: “[I]n this case, however, no adversary proceedings had commenced against defendant concerning the crime about which he was being interrogated. No arrest warrant had issued on the murder charges and no extradition proceedings were underway.” (People v. Booker, supra, 69 Cal.App.3d at p. 663.) However, the court’s reference to an arrest warrant and extradition proceedings was merely descriptive of the early stage of the investigation. The holding of Booker conforms to the usual rule: “No charges had been filed against appellant regarding [the California crimes], nor had counsel been appoint to defend him regarding them. Accordingly although counsel had been appointed on the New Mexico charges, the interrogations investigating the California crimes were permissible.” (Id. at p. 664.) The Boyd case merely recites the context of the Booker holding. (People v. Boyd, supra, 86 Cal.App.3d at pp. 60-61.)
There is no case law from the United States Supreme Court or any California state court on whether extradition proceedings might be considered “adversary judicial proceedings” at which the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches. The question has been settled in the federal Circuit Courts of Appeals, however. (E.g., United States v. Yousef (2nd Cir. 2003) 327 F.3d 56 , 142, fn. 66 [extradition proceedings are not criminal proceedings, but civil proceedings related to criminal proceedings in another jurisdiction, and thus do not trigger any Sixth Amendment protections]; DeSilva v. DiLeonardi (7th Cir. 1999) 181 F.3d 865 , 868-869 [“the Sixth Amendment does not apply to extradition”]; Chewning v. Rogerson (8th Cir. 1994) 29 F.3d 418 , 420 [“It is well settled that extradition proceedings are not considered
Wheelock relies on Roper v. State (1989) 258 Ga. 847 [ 375 S.E.2d 600 ], in which the Georgia Supreme Court held that interrogation of a suspect who had requested appointed counsel, and was represented by counsel at an extradition hearing, violated “the rule of Edwards v. Arizona 451 U.S. 477 [ 68 L.Ed.2d 378 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 ] [] (1981) and Michigan v. Jackson 475 U.S. 625 [ 89 L.Ed.2d 631 , 106 S.Ct. 1404 ] [] (1986).” (Roper v. State, supra, 375 S.E.2d at p. 601.) However, we believe the Roper court misconstrued the holdings of Edwards and Jackson. Edwards was not a Sixth Amendment case. (Edwards v. Arizona, supra, 451 U.S. at p. 480, fn. 7.) It involved the propriety of interrogating a suspect after he has invoked his right to counsel during questioning, under Miranda and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. (Edwards, at p. 482.) Neither Roper nor Wheelock asserted their right to counsel during questioning. (Roper v. State, supra, 375 S.E.2d at p. 602.) Jackson involved the right to counsel during postarraignment custodial interrogation. (Michigan v. Jackson, supra, 475 U.S. at p. 629.) The court noted that the arraignment “signal[led] ‘the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings’ and thus the attachment of the Sixth Amendment.” (Ibid.) Neither Roper nor Wheelock was charged or arraigned before the interrogations in question. (Roper v. State, supra, 375 S.E.2d at pp. 601-602.)
We note also that the Roper court assumed custodial interrogation was a “critical stage” of the proceedings for purposes of determining the right to counsel. (Roper v. State, supra, 375 S.E.2d at p. 603.) The United States Supreme Court has made it clear that such an assumption is unwarranted in the Sixth Amendment context. (Moran v. Burbine, supra, 475 U.S at p. 432 [interrogation alone is insufficient to trigger Sixth Amendment right to counsel; government must have committed itself to prosecute].) We find Roper unpersuasive.[4]
7 Wheelock also relies on United States v. Harrison (9th Cir. 2000) 213 F.3d 1206 , for the proposition that the existence of an “ongoing relationship with counsel concerning the offense about which the defendant was interrogated” establishes a Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Harrison cannot be read so broadly. The court framed its holding thus: “[I]n limited and well-defined circumstances, a defendant’s ongoing representation by an attorney, although that representation began before indictment, invokes the right to counsel once that right attaches at the time of indictment.” (Harrison, at p. 1207.) Wheelock is in no position to take advantage of this rule. He was not under indictment, and it is difficult to characterize his relationship with Utah counsel as “ongoing” for purposes of a “pending criminal investigation,” in the absence of any indication the relationship was expected to continue beyond the extradition proceedings. (Id. at p. 1213.)
5.-8.[6] *
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
McGuiness, P. J., and Corrigan, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied April 30, 2004, and appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied June 30, 2004. Kennard, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
8 We emphasize, as did the Cobb court, that restricting the right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment before the filing of charges does not diminish a suspect’s “rights against compulsory self-incrimination and to consult with an attorney before authorities may conduct custodial interrogation.” (Texas v. Cobb, supra, 532 U.S. at p. 171.) Wheelock does not contest the validity of his Miranda waiver.
* See footnote, ante, page 796.
Footnotes
- * See footnote, ante, page 796.
Cases cited
- Massiah v. United States 377 U.S. 201 p. 565
- United States v. Gouveia 467 U.S. 180 at 187 p. 565
- Texas v. Cobb 532 U.S. 162 at 172 p. 565
- Fellers v. United States 540 U.S. 519 at 1022 p. 565
- Moore v. Illinois 434 U.S. 220 at 228 p. 565
- People v. Cam Thach Thi Le 82 Cal.App.4th 1352 at 1357-1358 p. 565
- People v. Martinez 22 Cal.4th 750 at 758-765 p. 566
- People v. Slayton 26 Cal.4th 1076 at 1081-1083 p. 566
- People v. Clair 2 Cal.4th 629 at 657 p. 566
- Moran v. Burbine 475 U.S. 412 at 430 p. 566
- People v. Boyd 86 Cal.App.3d 54 p. 567
- People v. Booker 69 Cal.App.3d 654 p. 567
- Edwards v. Arizona 451 U.S. 477 p. 568
- Michigan v. Jackson 475 U.S. 625 p. 568
- Maine v. Moulton 474 U.S. 159 at 179-180 p. 569