Majority
Opinion
Derick E. Lovings (appellant) was charged with the murder of his sister, Regina Lovings (Pen. Code, § 187),[1] in an information that alleged use of a dangerous weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)), intentional infliction of great bodily injury (§ 1203.075), and a strike conviction of attempted voluntary
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
I
Appellant’s first appointed attorney, referred to herein as Jane Doe in view of the record of unproven sexual allegations by appellant against her, was succeeded as appointed counsel by Howard Harpham, who represented appellant at the preliminary hearing in June 2000. According to evidence at the hearing, Regina Lovings disappeared in November 1998. In December 1998, appellant told police where they could find her body; it was wrapped in plastic under - her house, exactly where he said it would be. Appellant confessed that he had punched Regina, hit her with a skillet, and strangled her; an autopsy showed that the death was caused by multiple blunt injuries and strangulation.
In September 2000, the court granted appellant’s Faretta (Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806 [ 45 L.Ed.2d 562 , 95 S.Ct. 2525 ]) motion to represent himself. In November 2000, the court granted his request for counsel, and appointed Theodore Johnson to represent him. In February 2001, a section 1538.5 motion was set for March 16, 2001, and trial was set for April 2, 2001. Appellant appeared in court for the March 16 hearing but Johnson did not. The court stated that it had received a call from Johnson the day before advising that he would not be proceeding with the motion as scheduled, and no motion papers were filed. On March 28, 2001, Johnson moved to continue the April 2 trial date. The motion stated: “Counsel is currently in trial and has been in trial since 2/13/01. Thus, Counsel has not had adequate time to prepare for trial. Also there has been a break down in the attorney-client relationship between attorney and defendant. On 3/14/01 attorney received a letter from Defendant asking attorney to step down from his case.”
Appellant filed one of the Marsden motions at issue in this appeal on April 2, 2001. In it, he put check marks in boxes next to the following statements: “Counsel has failed and/or refused to confer with declarent concerning the preparation of the defense”; “Counsel has failed and/or refused to communicate with declarent”; and “Counsel has failed and/or refused to declare
At the hearing on April 2, 2001, after listening to appellant’s grievances, and responses from Johnson that the court treated as a motion to withdraw as counsel, the court denied the Marsden and withdrawal motions,[2] and continued the trial date to April 30, 2001. The court noted that “this is not the first time that [appellant] has made a motion to have his counsel relieved . . . there [were] a considerable number of letters to the judge concerning the representation of [Jane Doe], then there were considerable complaints about the representation of Mr. Harpham. At one point in September you made a motion to have Mr. Harpham relieved as counsel of record, [f] . . . That was granted. You represented yourself. You were ready to go to trial and then you asked to have an attorney appointed and Mr. Johnson was appointed to represent you. [f] Now that was a full four or five months ago. This case is now ready for trial. It is going to trial. I don’t play games and this is playing games.”
Johnson moved again to withdraw as counsel on April 10, 2001; the motion was heard and denied on that date. Appellant filed the other Marsden motion at issue in this appeal on April 23, 2001. He checked the same boxes he had checked in the prior motion, and additional boxes stating: “Counsel did fail and/or refused to subpoena witnesses favorable to the defense and deprived declarent of the testimony critical to the defense”; “Counsel has failed and/or refused to perform and/or to have performed investigations(s) critical and necessary to the defense”; “Counsel has failed and/or refused to secure and present expert witness(es) critical to the defense”; “Counsel has failed and/or refused to prepare and file motion(s) critical to the defense.”
On April 30, 2001, Johnson again moved to withdraw and the motion was denied. Later that day, appellant asked the court whether it had “got[ten] anything through the mail,” and the court said it “saw no new grounds on which the Marsden should be reraised.” On May 2, the court reiterated that it had received appellant’s renewed Marsden motion and that it “did not see new factors there”; the motion was thus denied without a hearing.
2 We denied appellant’s writ petition to overturn the Marsden ruling.
Johnson refused to concur in the plea. Johnson indicated that he had “spent a lot of time on [appellant’s] case,” and stated: “[Appellant] may find this hard to believe, but I care about what happens to him. I have encouraged him to at least read the opening argument [Johnson had prepared] . . . once I got involved in this case and really started reviewing the situation I know at the very least that there are mitigating circumstances to this case at the very least and maybe even justification at the top and a very good chance for manslaughter somewhere in the middle. This plea, I will not take part in it and I have advised him strongly not to do it.” Appellant confirmed that he had discussed the case and all possible defenses with Johnson. Appellant said that Johnson had “been very good” and had advised him “that I shouldn’t do this.” The prosecutor asked appellant, “Also, sir, you are not playing games with anyone, you’re not going to come back tomorrow or in the future and say you changed your mind, that you have been railroaded. You’re in essence today waiving all your appellate rights concerning this voluntary plea, correct?” Appellant answered, “Yes.”
About a week later, on May 15, 2001, appellant wrote a letter to the court asking to withdraw his plea on the grounds that “I wasn’t in my right frame of mind nor did I have legal representation at that time. . . . [f] . . . [][] P.S. My apologies to the court for any inconvenience.” When appellant’s motion to withdraw the plea was heard on June 5, 2001, the court granted Johnson’s request to initiate competency proceedings for appellant under section 1368, but stated “for the record that having observed Mr. Lovings throughout . . . all the pretrial motions, having read all the paperwork that Mr. Lovings has submitted, having reviewed all the motions that he’s submitted to me in writing, having reviewed all the matters that were presented to this court before the matter was assigned to me for trial and having reviewed also all the paperwork that was submitted to the Court of Appeal, I personally do not have a doubt as to Mr. Lovings’s competence to stand trial and his knowledge of what was happening, his awareness of the proceedings, his knowledge of the court proceedings and his ability to cooperate with counsel.” Criminal proceedings were suspended for appointment of experts to determine whether appellant was competent “to understand the proceedings before him ... at the time of his entry of the plea.”
II
On December 10, 2001, the court denied appellant’s motion to withdraw his plea. The court told appellant it found “that at the time that you made your entry of the plea that you were informed fully of your rights. I find also that you were competent, you were coherent, you were adamant, you were fully knowing of the consequences of your plea and the ramifications of your plea, and I found absolutely no sign in you of any wavers of your resolve to enter this plea or as to any confusion or inability to understand precisely the proceedings that were before you.” The court sentenced appellant on January 16, 2002, to the maximum term permitted by the plea.
On February 26, 2002, appellant filed an amended notice of appeal and application for certificate of probable cause, which identified “ineffective counsel—inadequate representation” among the grounds for review. In an attached “certificate statement,” appellant complained among other things about the court’s treatment of his request to fire Johnson as his attorney. On the bottom of the first page of the notice and application the court wrote, “Grant cert.”
On September 22, 2002, after counsel had been appointed for appellant on appeal, appellant wrote a letter to this court saying, “From this point forward I will be handling my own appeal.” On October 28, 2002, we filed an order allowing appellant to proceed in pro. per. On November 1, 2002, we received a letter from appellant saying, “I do not wish to appeal.” On November 4, 2002, we received a letter from appellant withdrawing his requests to proceed in pro. per. and to dismiss the appeal; new appellate counsel for him was appointed on November 13, 2002.
I
n People v. Lobaugh (1987) 188 Cal.App.3d 780 [ 233 Cal.Rptr. 683 ], the defendant made an unsuccessful Marsden motion, pled guilty, and sought
Appellant’s attempts to avoid the application of Lobaugh are unavailing. He submits that Lobaugh is distinguishable because, unlike the defendant there, he obtained a certificate of probable cause that permits him to raise the Marsden issues. He reasons that because failure to obtain a certificate of probable cause prevented any appeal on the Marsden issue in Lobaugh, the court’s conclusion that the issue was waived by the defendant’s plea was merely dicta. However, the lack of a certificate of probable cause played no part in Lobaugh’s resolution of the Marsden issue. Waiver by the plea was the “rule” the court used to decide that issue {People v. Lobaugh, supra, 188 Cal.App.3d at p. 786) and was the holding of the case on that issue. Further, a certificate of probable cause only perfects an appeal; it does not expand or limit the cognizable issues. (People v. Hoffard (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1170 , 1178 [ 43 Cal.Rptr.2d 827 , 899 P.2d 896 ].) If, as Lobaugh holds, the Marsden issues appellant seeks to raise were waived by his no contest plea, then it is irrelevant whether he obtained a certificate of probable cause as to those issues.
Appellant argues that Lobaugh is distinguishable because there was no suggestion that the guilty plea there “was entered against counsel’s advice and without the defendant obtaining one iota of benefit from the plea.” As previously noted, counsel’s objection to the plea in this case is a fact that hurts rather than helps appellant. As for benefit from the plea, appellant was at least spared the ordeal of a trial that showed that he committed “the shocking murder of Regina Lovings,” as the prosecutor was putting it when appellant interrupted him to say that he did “not want to hear this” and
3 It is apparent from Lobaugh’s discussion of another alleged error—denial of a motion for a continuance—that the Marsden motion preceded the entry of the guilty plea. (See People v. Lobaugh, supra, 188 Cal.App.3d at p. 786.)
To the extent that appellant may be taken to argue that he felt coerced to enter his no contest plea because of the denial of his Marsden motions (see People v. Robinson (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 363 , 376, fn. 1 [ 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 406 ] (dis. opn. of Callahan, J.)), the argument fails on this record. A guilty plea represents a “ ‘ “break in the chain of events” ’ ” in a criminal case that may preclude claims as to pre-plea rights (People v. Turner (1985) 171 Cal.App.3d 116 , 126 [ 214 Cal.Rptr. 572 ]), and appellant’s no contest plea was a very pronounced “break in the chain of events” involving the attorney-client relationship in this case. The animosity and poor communications previously suggested or alleged were not in evidence at the plea hearing, where Johnson made it clear what he thought of the plea, and appellant confirmed that Johnson had “been very good” and tried to dissuade him. Johnson appears to have been prepared for trial when it began, and appellant’s previous concerns with Johnson’s trial preparation and attention to the case were in any event obviated by the no contest plea eliminating guilt as an issue. Under the circumstances presented here, the Lobaugh test for waiver— whether the plea itself was involuntary or the product of poor legal advice—is especially persuasive.
Appellant argues that the record does not negate a causal connection between his plea and the alleged breakdown of his relationship with Johnson because he wrote the court a letter a week after the plea stating that he did not “have legal representation” when the plea was entered. This, he submits, shows that he “viewed representation by Johnson as being no representation at all,” and that their relationship was “so poor by the time the trial started that he opted to reject Johnson’s advice and just plead nolo contendere to everything.” It was predictable given appellant’s behavior throughout the case that he would have second thoughts about the plea, but contrary to his post-plea ipse dixit, he was in fact represented when he entered the plea, and the record establishes that advice of counsel had no bearing on his decision to do so. Accordingly, the prior Marsden rulings cannot be deemed to have had any abiding impact that tainted the plea, and the plea waived any error in connection with those rulings.[4]
4 In view of this conclusion, we need not determine the effect of appellant’s express waiver of appellate rights at the plea hearing.
The judgment is affirmed.
Reardon, J., and Rivera, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied August 25, 2004.
Cases cited
- People v. Marsden 2 Cal.3d 118 p. 1307
- Faretta v. California 422 U.S. 806 p. 1307
- People v. Lobaugh 188 Cal.App.3d 780 p. 1310
- People v. Hoffard 10 Cal.4th 1170 at 1178 p. 1311
- People v. Robinson 56 Cal.App.4th 363 at 376 p. 1312
- People v. Turner 171 Cal.App.3d 116 at 126 p. 1312