Bess v. County of Humboldt

known as the “Odd Fellows Park Road,” runs from the nearby Highway 36, across the Besses’ land to the river, and then, more or less, along the river and to a parcel of property purchased by the Lodges of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in 1928. From that time forward the road was used both by members of the lodge to gain access to the Odd Fellows property, and by the public, generally, to gain access to the river. The Besses’ escrow instructions specified that their purchases of the parcels of property were subject to the rights of the State of California in the Van Duzen River, and of the public to use the Odd Fellows Road. Humboldt County recognized the Odd Fellows Park Road as a part of the county road system, certified to the state that it had an obligation to maintain the road and, in fact, performed routine maintenance on it over the years. After flooding washed part of the riverbank away in the mid-1960’s, the county built a ramp from the road to the riverside to ensure that public access to the river was maintained. Persons owning property crossed by the Odd Fellows Park Road expected the county to maintain the road.

The Van Duzen River changed course from time to time — apparently from both natural and man-created causes.^[1] It appears that the river in fact covered the Odd Fellows property for some period of time, causing the lodge to abandon the property forever. By the time of trial, however, the river had receded. Notwithstanding the changes in the river course, the public continued to use the road as a means of access to the river, either parking on the road itself, or driving off the road (apparently by means of the county-constructed ramp) onto a gravel river bar and along and across that bar to the water. A few persons sought the Besses’ permission to use the road. Many others, however, did not, believing that the public had the right to use the road.

No objection was made to the public’s presence for nearly 60 years. In the mid-1980’s, however, the Besses began to restrict the public’s use of the road, telling people that it was not a public road and posting “No Trespassing” signs. The Besses finally filed a complaint against several specific individuals and also against Humboldt County, seeking to prevent any further “trespass” on their land. The County of Humboldt and the State of California cross-complained to establish the rights of the public in the road, river and riverbank. The court, as noted, found in favor of the public.

Discussion

The Public Has the Right to Use the Van Duzen River and Abutting Land up to the High-water Mark for Navigation, Fishing and Recreation

It is well settled that the state has fee title to such portion of any navigational river within its boundaries as lies beneath the low-water mark. It is equally well established that although abutting landowners own the land between the high- and low-water marks, their ownership is subject to a public trust for purposes such as navigation, fishing, and recreation. (Civ. Code, § 830; State of California v. Superior Court {Lyon) (1981) 29 Cal.3d 210 , 226-233 [ 172 Cal.Rptr. 696 , 625 P.2d 239 ].) There was substantial evidence that the Van Duzen River was navigable, and the Besses, in fact, so conceded. The public, therefore, has the right to use the river, and the riverbed up to the high-water mark, for navigational, fishing, recreational, and other permitted purposes. It is unclear if the Besses claim otherwise, but to the extent that they argue that the public may not use the riverbed — up to the high-water mark — for such purposes, such argument lacks merit.^[2]

n.

The Public Has the Right to Use the Odd Fellows Park Road as a Means of Access to the Van Duzen River

The Besses, arguing that there had been an insufficient showing that the public’s use of the Odd Fellows Park Road was hostile and adverse to

their own rights, contend that the state failed to establish that the public had obtained a “prescriptive easement” over their property and to the high-water mark of the Van Duzen River. The contention is misleading because the state was not required to prove the existence of a prescriptive easement. Rather, it needed to prove only that the road had been dedicated for public use. As relevant here, a finding of public dedication required a showing that the public had used the land for a period of more than five years with full knowledge of the owner, without asking or receiving permission to do so and without objection being made by anyone. (Gion v. City of Santa Cruz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 29 , 38 [ 84 Cal.Rptr. 162 , 465 P.2d 50 ]; Union Transp. Co. v. Sacramento County (1954) 42 Cal.2d 235 , 240 [ 267 P.2d 10 ]; Hare v. Craig (1929) 206 Cal. 753 , 757 [ 276 P. 336 ].)^[3] “[T]he question is whether the public has engaged in ‘long-continued adverse use’ of the land sufficient to raise the ‘conclusive and undisputable presumption of knowledge and acquiescence, while at the same time it negatives the idea of a mere license.’ [Citations.]” (Gion v. City of Santa Cruz, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 38.) As emphasized by the court in Gion, the showing necessary for a finding of dedication is not the same as that required for a finding of adverse possession or prescription: “What must be shown is that persons used the property believing the public had a right to such use. This public use may not be ‘adverse’ to the interests of the owner in the sense that the word is used in adverse possession cases. If a trial court finds that the public has used land without objection or interference for more than five years, it need not make a separate finding of ‘adversity’ to support a decision of implied dedication, [¶] Litigants, therefore, seeking to show that land has been dedicated to the public need only produce evidence that persons have used the land as they would have used public land. If the land involved is a beach or shoreline area, they should show that the land was used as if it were a public recreation area. If a road is involved, the litigants must show that it was used as if it were a public road. Evidence that the users looked to a governmental agency for maintenance of the land is significant in establishing an implied dedication to the public.” (Id. at p. 39.)

The evidence in the present case established that various members of the public had used Odd Fellows Park Road as a means of access to the Van Duzen River since the 1920’s, that there had been no objection to that use until the 1980’s, and that many of those using the road believed it to be a public road. Humboldt County, a public agency, performed routine

or stream, navigable or not navigable, either by accumulation of material or by the recession of the stream, such land belongs to the owner of the bank, subject to any existing right of way over the bank.” (Italics added.) The logic of this rule is obvious and was recognized by the court in the only California case to consider the subject. In Humboldt County v. Van Duzer (1920) 48 Cal.App. 640 , 643 [ 192 P. 192 ], the court, finding that the rights of the public in a dedicated road leading to a ferry landing followed the landing as it moved with the changing course of the river: “The law of accretion would apply to the county’s property [i.e., to the road] as well as to the defendants.” As file state here points out, such a rule has been recognized in other jurisdictions. (E.g., Elliot v. Atlantic City (Cir.Ct, D.N.J. 1907) 149 Fed.Rptr. 849, 853; Matcha v. Mattox on Behalf of People (1986) 711 S.W.2d 95 , 99-100.) We expressly adopt it here. A right-of-way to a river extends to the river throughout any changes in the river’s course. The alluvial rights of any landowner are subject to that right-of-way.

Naylor v. Cox (1892) 114 Mo. 232 [ 21 S.W. 589 ], cited by the Besses, is not on point. The court in that case simply recognized the same basic rule codified in California by Civil Code section 1014; i.e., that a person owning the bank of a river acquires land gradually added to that bank through alluvion. It is irrelevant that, prior to the change in the river’s course, that same land belonged to someone else. Where a river moves gradually in one direction, covering land as it moves and later uncovering it, the owner of one bank of the river may end up owning what once was the other bank of the river. We fail to see how that case has any bearing on the issue here. Rather, the public right of way, like the alluvial rights of a landowner, extends to the river irrespective of the historical ownership of the land covered by the right-of-way.

IV.

The Court Properly Dismissed the Action Against the Individual Ralph Franceschi^[4]