De May v. Interinsurance Exchange of Automobile Club

suit claiming damages for bodily injury ... if covered by your policy”; “In the use of an insured automobile, the following are insured: [<][]... you;” “ ‘[Y]ou’ and ‘your’ mean the insured named in Item 1 in the declarations, and if the insured named is one person, the spouse if a resident of the same household”; and — under exclusions — “[W]e will not defend suit[s] alleging liability for, nor does the policy apply to liability for: ...(f) bodily injury to you or a relative." There are two persons “named in Item 1 in the declarations” — De May and Davenport.

The insurer rejected De May’s tender and later turned down Davenport’s offer to settle for policy limits of $100,000. De May allowed a default to be entered against him. Following Davenport’s prove-up hearing, the court entered a default judgment in excess of $485,000.^[1] De May and Davenport then sued Auto Club, alleging the insurer’s wrongful refusal to defend and indemnify De May and its wrongful denial of policy benefits to Davenport. On June 28, 1993, the court granted De May’s motion for summary adjudication of the first cause of action for breach of contract; it found Auto Club was obligated to pay De May $528,614.49, representing the amount of the default judgment plus interest accruing from the date of its entry. To facilitate Auto Club’s appeal, the parties entered into a release and settlement agreement stipulating to dismiss the remaining cause of action for bad faith. Judgment was entered in favor of De May.

Discussion

Auto Club concedes De May’s claim for defense and indemnification comes within the basic coverage of the liability policy. The question is whether the claim falls within the clause excluding coverage for “bodily injury to you," defined as “the insured.” The issue on appeal involves interpretation of the singular term “the insured” in the context of more than one insured person. Auto Club insists the only reasonable interpretation is that “the insured” refers to everyone “named in Item 1 in the declarations.” De May offers another interpretation: The policy’s exclusion of “bodily injury to you [the insured]” may reasonably be construed as referring only to the party facing liability for negligent use of the vehicle.

Where, as here, a claim falls within the insuring clause, the insurer has the burden of showing an exclusion applies. (American Star Ins. Co. v.

all five categories defining “insured”; all persons defined as “named insured.” {Id. at p. 202.) In light of these alternative interpretations, the court found the exclusion “is by no means phrased ‘in clear and unmistakable language’ [citation] and can hardly be characterized as ‘conspicuous, plain and clear.’ [Citation.]” {Id. at p. 207.) It reiterated a well-established principle: “If an insurer intends to exclude coverage for injuries to the owner of the insured vehicle, even though incurred while some other insured is driving, it must draft its policy to avoid any misinterpretation by the average lay [person].” (State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Jacober, supra, 10 Cal.3d at p. 207.) The Jacober court concluded, “[T]he policy’s exclusion of ‘bodily injury to the insured' may reasonably be interpreted as referring only to injuries sustained by the party facing liability for an alleged misuse of the vehicle, that is, the party who seeks a legal defense and indemnity from the insurer. . . . Because under this interpretation coverage would not be excluded for the injuries in the instant case, we hold that the trial courts correctly declared that the insurer was bound to its duty to defend and indemnify.” {Id. at p. 203, italics added.)^[2]

Here, as in Jacober, the policy uses the term “the insured,” albeit by a more circuitous route. It provides, “In the use of an insured automobile, the following are insured: [H . . . you.” It then defines “you” as “the insured named in Item 1 in the declarations” and covers damages “for which any person insured is legally liable because of bodily injury . . . arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use" of the insured vehicle. But it excludes coverage for “bodily injury to you . . . .”

Here, as in Jacober, there is a problem with interpretation of the singular term “the insured.” For at least three reasons, De May’s construction of the term as referring only to the party against whom the claim is made is reasonable. First, in a decision subsequent to Jacober, the Supreme Court noted there is a significant difference between “the insured” and “any insured.” In California State Auto. Assn. Inter-Ins. Bureau v. Warwick (1976) 17 Cal.3d 190 [ 130 Cal.Rptr. 520 , 550 P.2d 1056 ], the court stated: “In our view, Jacober is distinguishable because its exclusion clause refers to injuries to ‘‘the insured’ while the present policy refers to injuries sustained by

‘any insured.’ The term ‘any insured’ has a plural connotation, unlike ‘the insured.’ ” (Id. at p. 195, fn. omitted.)^[3]

Second, as noted in Warwick, Insurance Code section 11580.1^[4] “supports] this semantic distinction.” (California State Auto. Assn. Inter-Ins. Bureau v. Warwick, supra, 17 Cal.3d at p. 195, fin. 3.) Indeed, section 11580.1, subdivision (c)(8) authorizes insurers to write appropriately worded exclusion clauses into liability policies, but cautions as follows: “The term ‘the insured’ as used in [pertinent] paragraphs . . . shall mean only that insured under the policy against whom the particular claim is made or suit brought. The term ‘an insured’ as used in [pertinent] paragraphs . . . shall mean any insured under the policy including those persons who would have otherwise been included within the policy’s definition of an insured but, by agreement, are subject to” statutory limitations. (Italics added).

And finally, words used in an insurance policy are construed in their ordinary and popular sense and the policy “should be read as a lay[person] would read it and not as it might be analyzed by an attorney or an insurance expert.” (Crane v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. (1971) 5 Cal.3d 112 , 115 [ 95 Cal.Rptr. 513 , 485 P.2d 1129 , 48 A.L.R.3d 1089 ].) As noted by the Jacober court, “A layfperson] attempting to interpret an insurance policy ... is not likely to have the legal sophistication to deduce what an insurance company is attempting to accomplish by an ambiguous exclusionary clause; it is on just such grounds that our cases have uniformly required that exclusions be ‘conspicuous, plain and clear.’ [Citation.] If an insurer intends to exclude coverage for injuries to the owner of the insured vehicle, even though incurred while some other insured is driving, it must draft its policy to avoid any misinterpretation by the average lay [person].” (State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Jacober, supra, 10 Cal.3d at p. 207.)

Thus, decisional law, statutory law and the commonsense view of the layperson support the reasonableness of De May’s interpretation of the term “the insured” as referring to one person, namely the insured “named in Item 1 of the declarations” against whom the bodily injury claim is made.

Auto Club argues Jacober was limited to its facts in Schwalbe v. Jones (1976) 16 Cal.3d 514 [ 128 Cal.Rptr. 321 , 546 P.2d 1033 ], in which the Supreme Court held enforceable policy exclusions for bodily injury of a named insured caused by an additional-insured permissive user. But the Schwalbe issue was not the clarity or ambiguity of the exclusionary clause; it was the constitutionality of a provision of former section 17158 of the Vehicle Code “dealing with injury to, or death of, an owner riding as a passenger in his [or her] own vehicle." (16 Cal.3d at p. 516.) And, quite ironically, Schwalbe does not advance Auto Club’s position, but adds fuel to De May’s fire. It states, “We may judicially notice as a matter of generalized knowledge [citation] that substantially all [automobile liability] policies presently contain exclusions of this nature — which exclusions, if stated in unambiguous terms clearly operate to preclude an owner from recovering under his [or her] own liability policy under any circumstances, including those here at issue. The [Jacober] case . . . simply held that the particular exclusion there in question was ambiguous with respect to whether the named insured was to be excluded from recovery when a second ‘insured,’ the permissive user-driver, negligently injured him. It is to be assumed that insurance companies will be studious to avoid such ambiguity in the future by modelling their exclusion upon that which was approved in the Geyer and Brown cases, a course which we clearly invited in Jacober [citation]. In so doing they will merely avail themselves of an exclusion expressly permitted by section 11580.1 of the Insurance Code.” (Schwalbe v. Jones, supra, 16 Cal.3d at pp. 521-522, fn. 9, italics added.)^[5]

Despite Jacober, Warwick and Schwalbe and other decisions dealing with the issue,^[6] and the enactment of section 11580.1, with its explicit reference to the meaning of “the insured” (§ 11580.1, subd. (c)(8)), Auto Club has chosen, for whatever reason, to define the excluded “you” as “the insured named in Item 1 of the declarations,” rather than “any insured . . . ,” “all insureds . . . ,” or “a person named as an insured ....’’ Even assuming the insurer’s interpretation of the term “the insured” as a collective reference

to De May and Davenport is reasonable, De May’s interpretation — excluding coverage for bodily injury only to the insured against whom the claim has been made — is also reasonable. Ambiguous exclusions are construed in favor of the insured; we must affirm the trial court’s finding of coverage. (See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Jacober, supra, 10 Cal.3d at p. 203.)^[7]

The judgment is affirmed. De May shall recover his costs on appeal.

Sills, P. J., and Wallin, J., concurred.

Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied May 18, 1995.