Majority
Opinion
In this case, we hold that a prevailing defendant on a special motion to strike brought pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure[1] section 425.16 is entitled to recover attorney fees and costs only for the motion to strike, not for the entire action.
I. Factual And Procedural Background
This case is the follow-up to Lafayette Morehouse, Inc. v. Chronicle Publishing Co. (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 855 [ 44 Cal.Rptr.2d 46 ] (More I), a case we decided recently. In More I, we ruled that section 425.16, which provides a mechanism for evaluating complaints against a person arising out of that person’s exercise of the right of free speech, can, under certain circumstances, be applied to a defamation action which has been filed against news media defendants. In so ruling, we affirmed a trial court’s decision to dismiss a libel complaint filed by More University and several affiliated persons and entities against the San Francisco Chronicle and several of its reporters[2] based on a series of articles that described the social and legal consequences of More’s decision to open its property to the homeless.
While the prior appeal was pending, the Chronicle filed a motion under section 425.16, subdivision (c)[3] to recover the attorney fees and costs it had incurred defending More’s suit. More opposed the motion arguing, among other things, that the Chronicle was only entitled to recover its fees and costs
1 All subsequent statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2 The complaint names as plaintiffs Lafayette Morehouse, Inc., which does business as More University; Dr. Victor Baranco; Dr. Cynthia Baranco; and three additional corporate entities, Humore Inc., the Private Sector, and Turn On To America. The named defendants are the Chronicle Publishing Company, the entity which publishes the Chronicle; and the reporters who wrote the articles, Dan Reed, April Lynch, and Alice Kahn. As with the prior appeal, we will refer to the plaintiffs collectively as More and to the defendants as the Chronicle.
3 Section 425.16, subdivision (c) states, “In any action subject to subdivision (b), a prevailing defendant on a special motion to strike shall be entitled to recover his or her attorney’s fees and costs. If the court finds that a special motion to strike is frivolous or is solely intended to cause unnecessary delay, the court shall award costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to a plaintiff prevailing on the motion, pursuant to Section 128.5.”
II. Discussion
More challenges the award of fees on three grounds. It first argues the entire award must be reversed because section 425.16 does not apply to libel suits brought against news media defendants based on their reporting activities. We rejected this argument in More I, and we reject it again here. The present libel suit came within the scope of section 425.16 and was subject to a special motion to strike.
Second, More contends that its due process rights were violated because the billing statements submitted by the Chronicle in support of its request for fees contained redactions to conceal information protected by the attorney-client privilege. More has not cited any authority suggesting it had a due process right to information protected by the attorney-client privilege, or that the Chronicle was required to waive the privilege to obtain fees. We deem the argument waived for purposes of the present appeal. (See Downey Savings & Loan Assn. v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co. (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1072 , 1090 [ 234 Cal.Rptr. 835 ].)
Third, More raises the issue which troubled the trial court. More contends that even if section 425.16, subdivision (c) were applicable here, the Chronicle is only entitled to recover costs and fees for the motion to strike, not the entire suit.
We begin by recognizing that our primary duty when interpreting a statute is to determine and effectuate the Legislature’s intent. (Lennane v. Franchise Tax Bd. (1994) 9 Cal.4th 263 , 268 [ 36 Cal.Rptr.2d 563 , 885 P.2d 976 ]; Taxpayers to Limit Campaign Spending v. Fair Pol. Practices Com. (1990) 51 Cal.3d 744 , 764 [ 274 Cal.Rptr. 787 , 799 P.2d 1220 ].) When the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no need for interpretation and we must apply the statute as written. (Rojo v. Kliger (1990) 52 Cal.3d 65 , 73 [ 276 Cal.Rptr. 130 , 801 P.2d 373 ]; see also Ornelas v. Randolph (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1095 , 1105, fn. 8 [ 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 594 , 847 P.2d 560 ].) When the language of a statute is ambiguous, however, we can turn to other sources of intent, including reports prepared by various legislative committees during the legislative process. (DuBois v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 382 , 393-394 [ 20 Cal.Rptr.2d 523 , 853 P.2d 978 ]; Perez v. Smith (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1595 , 1598 [ 24 Cal.Rptr.2d 186 ].)
These reports clearly show the Legislature intended that a prevailing defendant on a motion to strike be allowed to recover attorney fees and costs only on the motion to strike, not the entire suit. We conclude the trial court erred when it awarded the Chronicle fees for the entire suit.
The result we reach here is consistent with the remaining language of section 425.16, subdivision (c) which states, “If the court finds that a special motion to strike is frivolous or is solely intended to cause unnecessary delay, the court shall award costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to a plaintiff prevailing on the motion, pursuant to Section 128.5.” As we read this language, a plaintiff who prevails on a motion to strike is limited to the costs and fees incurred defending the motion. The Legislature could, and we believe did, impose a similar limitation on prevailing defendants and, thus, establish a procedure whereby all parties who litigate motions to strike are treated equally.
4 At oral argument, counsel for the Chronicle said he had never before seen this legislative report. We note, however, that More cited the report in its brief in this case, and that a copy of the report was attached as an exhibit to More’s opening brief in the prior case. In an abundance of caution, we allowed both parties to submit additional briefing to discuss the report. We have reviewed that briefing and incorporate our response in the text of the opinion.
Finally, relying on the rule that an appellate court must indulge in all presumptions that are necessary to support the trial court’s ruling (Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557 , 564 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 65 , 468 P.2d 193 ]), the Chronicle argues that even if a prevailing defendant is limited to recovering the costs and fees spent on the motion to strike, the fee order here should not be reversed because More failed to carry its appellate burden of proving the court awarded costs and fees for anything other than the motion to strike. This is simply incorrect. The transcript of the fee hearing leaves no doubt that the court awarded costs and fees for the entire case and not just the motion to strike. When the record clearly demonstrates what the trial court did, we will not presume it did something different. (Steuri v. Junkin (1938) 27 Cal.App.2d 758 , 760 [ 82 P.2d 34 ].)
III. Disposition
The order awarding fees is reversed.
King, J., and Haning, J., concurred.
Respondents’ petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied February 15, 1996.
Cases cited
- Lafayette Morehouse, Inc. v. Chronicle Publishing Co. 37 Cal.App.4th 855 p. 1381
- Downey Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Ohio Casualty Insurance 189 Cal.App.3d 1072 at 1090 p. 1382
- Lennane v. Franchise Tax Board 9 Cal.4th 263 at 268 p. 1382
- Taxpayers to Limit Campaign Spending v. Fair Political Practices Commission 51 Cal.3d 744 at 764 p. 1382
- Rojo v. Kliger 52 Cal.3d 65 at 73 p. 1382
- Ornelas v. Randolph 4 Cal.4th 1095 at 1105 p. 1382
- DuBois v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Board 5 Cal.4th 382 at 393-394 p. 1382
- Perez v. Smith 19 Cal.App.4th 1595 at 1598 p. 1382
- Denham v. Superior Court 2 Cal.3d 557 at 564 p. 1384
- Steuri v. Junkin 27 Cal.App.2d 758 at 760 p. 1384