Robertson v. Zolin

Opinion

The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) appeals a judgment granting a petition for a writ of mandate ordering it to revoke its

On April 12, 1993, at 1:20 a.m., Irvine Police Officer J. M. Gunderson stopped Robertson for driving his truck “against a red light.” Gunderson noticed Robertson’s eyes were bloodshot and he smelled of alcohol beverages. After testing his coordination skills, Gunderson arrested Robertson and administered a breath test.

The first test was given at 2:19 a.m. and showed Robertson’s blood-alcohol content (BAG) was .18 percent. However, the second test, given a minute later, registered “.XX.” At 2:22 a.m., a third test was given, producing another reading of .18 percent. At that point, Gunderson confiscated Robertson’s license and issued him a temporary driving permit.

At the administrative review hearing, the DMV submitted, inter alia, Gunderson’s sworn statement, which included the breath test results. In turn, Robertson introduced a computer-generated document entitled “ADAMS Inquiry,” reflecting various information about the tests. The document also contained a signed and dated handwritten notation which read, “OCSD-Lab regards results with .XX (Mouth Ale Flag) invalid tests. This test is not valid.” (Original italics.) Despite this, the hearing officer ordered Robertson’s license suspended for four months.

In his petition for mandamus relief, Robertson argued the ADAMS Inquiry notation undermined the presumed reliability of the test results. After taking the matter under submission, the trial court agreed: “Petitioner challenged the reliability of the blood alcohol test results. The burden then fell to the DMV to establish the validity of the test results in order to uphold the license suspension. The DMV chose to accept the [ADAMS Inquiry] printout into evidence and do nothing to refute Petitioner’s contention. [U The writ is granted. Petitioner’s driver’s license to be reinstated.”

The DMV argues the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to rebut the presumption of reliability attendant to the breath test results. We disagree.

Burden of Proof

The presumption of reliability is based on compliance with the administrative regulations governing alcohol testing procedures. (Burge v.

Legal Limitations on the Use of Hearsay Evidence

Government Code section 11513, subdivision (c) states, “Hearsay evidence may be used for the purpose of supplementing or explaining other evidence but shall not be sufficient in itself to support a finding unless it would be admissible over objection in civil actions.” Since the ADAMS Inquiry notation is legally inadmissible hearsay, the DMV maintains it was insufficient, per se, to support the trial court’s ruling.

Initially, we note Government Code section 11513, subdivision (c) serves as a check on the sufficiency of evidence to warrant a license suspension. (See Daniels v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1983) 33 Cal.3d 532 [ 189 Cal.Rptr. 512 , 658 P.2d 1313 ].) While the statute guards against administrative orders lacking evidence of rational probative force (ibid.), it does not expressly limit the manner in which a licensee’s evidence may be considered. In any event, the ADAMS Inquiry notation was not the only evidence pertaining to the reliability issue. The DMV’s own evidence set forth the manner of testing and results obtained. And while this evidence showed the second breath test was “invalid,” it offered no explanation for this reading. On the other hand, the ADAMS Inquiry notation explained why the test was bad, i.e., the presence of mouth alcohol. Thus, the hearsay notation supplemented the DMV’s evidence consistent with the restrictions set forth in Government Code section 11513, subdivision (c).

Review of Trial Court’s Factual Findings

The DMV alternatively contends the ADAMS Inquiry was pertinent only to the second, “invalid,” breath test and did not affect the reliability of the first and third tests. The trial court’s contrary interpretation of the record is supported by substantial evidence.

“The trial court’s task . . . was to determine, using its independent judgment, whether the weight of the evidence supported the administrative

There was much dispute below as to the meaning of the ADAMS Inquiry notation. Did it simply restate the obvious—that the second breath test was invalid, or did it cast doubt on the accuracy of all the tests? The trial court wrestled with the issue at length, observing the notation was “rather ambiguous.” In the end though, it found the notation signaled the test results were sufficiently suspect to rebut the presumption of reliability. In this regard, we note, “The burden imposed upon the licensee of rebutting the presumption favoring the reliability of . . . alcohol tests does not entail the marshaling of complex scientific evidence. . . . [T]he licensee [need only] show[], through cross-examination of the officer or by the introduction of affirmative evidence, that official standards were in any respect not observed[.]” (Davenport v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at p. 144.)

As we have indicated, the primary significance of the ADAMS Inquiry notation lay not in its conclusions about the validity of the test results but in its explanation of mouth alcohol as the cause of the second test reading. The very form on which Officer Gunderson recorded the test results indicates the presence of mouth alcohol requires the officer to stop the test and recommence a 15-minute observation of the driver. (See generally, Cal. Code Regs. tit. 17, § 1219.3 .) Yet, Gunderson obtained a third sample from Robertson immediately after the second one activated the mouth-alcohol flag. Gunderson also overlooked the form’s directive that a third breath sample should be taken “only if 2 breath results do not agree with 0.02 %.”