Majority
Opinion
After the American Trader ran aground off Huntington Beach and released thousands of gallons of crude oil, several state agencies represented by the Attorney General sued the owner of the ship to recover cleanup costs. Then commenced a paper war—or, more precisely, a war by paper. Instead of oil, now it was paper that gushed. Tens of thousands of pages of documents were produced in discovery; numerous motions were fought. The private lawyers for the shipowner deluged their civil servant opponents with successive court proceedings.
One of the state agency plaintiffs, the Department of Fish and Game, sought reinforcements. After receiving written permission from the Attorney General, the department employed an outside law firm to help it counter the shipowner’s oppressive litigation tactics. Eighteen months later, the shipowner launched a strike at the department’s new troops by moving to disqualify them. The shipowner’s legal theory was their involvement violated a provision of the Government Code section 12520,[1] which forbids the Attorney General from employing special counsel. When the attack failed and the trial court denied the motion to disqualify, the shipowner brought this appeal.[2]
We affirm. As explained below, section 12520 does not forbid the Department of Fish and Game from employing outside counsel when it first receives the written permission of the Attorney General.
The shipowner also contends that the employment of the outside law firm violates civil service contracting law, specifically section 19130. Again, the contention has no merit; indeed, and somewhat ironically, section 19130 supplies the very justification for not applying normal civil service hiring
1 All statutory references are to the Government Code.
2 Orders denying motions to disqualify counsel are appealable because they are final orders on collateral matters. (Meehan v. Hopps (1955) 45 Cal.2d 213 , 215-217 [ 288 P.2d 267 ]; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Tracinda Corp. (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 1832 , 1838 [ 43 Cal.Rptr.2d 327 ].)
Facts
On February 7, 1990, while mooring at an oil berth off the coast of Huntington Beach, the steam tanker American Trader ran aground and released some 400,000 gallons of crude oil into state waters. The oil spill was declared a local and state emergency. Various state agencies were mobilized and began cleanup operations.
In 1991, the Department of Fish and Game, the Department of Parks and Recreation, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, the State Coastal Conservancy, and the State Lands Commission, as relators through the Attorney General’s office,[3] together with several local government entities, sued the owner and operator of the American Trader, Attransco, and several other corporations for environmental damages, civil penalties and attorney fees.[4] For the first three years of the litigation, the Attorney General was sole legal counsel for the state and all five of its agencies.
As the lawsuit progressed, the Attorney General’s office recommended to the Department of Fish and Game that it seek special counsel to assist it in representing the department’s interests. In April 1994, the Department of Fish and Game associated the law firm of Hedges & Caldwell as cocounsel.
Eighteen months later, in October 1995, Attransco filed a motion to disqualify Hedges & Caldwell, arguing the Attorney General was prohibited by section 12520 from employing special counsel, and the availability of civil service attorneys precluded the Attorney General from granting authorization under section 11040 to the Department of Fish and Game to hire outside counsel.[5] The issue of section 19130 was not raised. The trial court, characterizing the motion as “obstructionists,” denied the motion. Attransco then initiated this appeal.
3 “A relator is a party in interest who is permitted to institute a proceeding in the name of the People or the attorney general when the right to sue resides solely in that official.” (Brown v. Memorial Nat. Home Foundation (1958) 162 Cal.App.2d 513 , 538 [ 329 P.2d 118 , 75 A.L.R.2d 427 ].)
4 A year and a half after the accident, American Trading Transportation Co., Inc., the owner and operator of the American Trader, changed its name to Attransco.
5 Attransco has asked us to take judicial notice of a brief in another case in which the Attorney General may have taken an inconsistent position. The request is denied. The fact a party takes inconsistent legal positions in different actions proves nothing more than that it may have been right—or wrong—in one of them. (See People v. Webb (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d *1930 401 , 413 [ 230 Cal.Rptr. 755 ] (conc. opn. of Sims, J.) [“The good coming of all this is the knowledge that, having taken all conceivable sides on the issue, I must certainly at some point have been right. Unfortunately, it too obviously follows that at some point I must also have been wrong.”].)
As it did at the trial level, Attransco contends that section 12520 precludes the Department of Fish and Game from being represented by an outside law firm. When examined in detail, Attransco’s argument essentially rests on putting the pieces of statutory jigsaw puzzle together in such a way as to form a circle.
To begin with, the actual text of section 12520 does Attransco no good. The statute provides in its entirety: “The Attorney General shall not employ special counsel in any case except pursuant to either of the following: HD (a) Article 3 (commencing with Section 12540). [f] Article 4 (commencing with Section 12550).”* ***[6] There is no reference to the Department of Fish and Game. Only the Attorney General is precluded from employing special counsel.[7]
Not to be outdone by the text, Attransco reasons that other statutes, in particular sections 11042 and 11043, force the conclusion that the Department of Fish and Game is absolutely obligated to use only the Attorney General. And, because the agency may only use the Attorney General, it follows that any employment of outside counsel by the department is, in essence, the employment of special counsel by the Attorney General, and therefore still in contravention of section 12520.
Section 11043 is part of a small group of five statutes (§§ 11040, 11041, 11042, 11043 & 11044) found in title 2 (government of the State of California), division 3 (executive branch), part 1 (state departments and agencies), chapter 1 (state agencies), article 4 (legal services) of the Government Code. The five statutes are most easily examined in their logical order, not the (somewhat convoluted) order in which they appear in the code.
Section 11042 begins with a basic rule against state agencies using outside counsel: “No State agency shall employ any legal counsel other than the Attorney General, or one of his assistants or deputies, in any matter in which
6 Neither article 3, dealing with escheated property, nor article 4, dealing with the supervision of district attorneys, has any application to the present case.
7 “Special counsel” is a term which, as in the present case, refers to outside “counsel hired from the private sector to perform services for the state who are paid out of public funds.” (California Air Resources Bd. v. Hart (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 289 , 299-300 [ 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 153 ].)
Section 11041 exempts a list of state entities (of which the Department of Fish and Game is not one) from the operation of section 11042 or 11043: “Sections 11042 and 11043 do not apply to the Regents of the University of California [etc.] nor to any other state agency which, by law enacted after Chapter 213 of the Statutes of 1933, is authorized to employ legal counsel. . . .”
Finally, section 11040, subdivision (a), opens up some leeway for state agencies, by specifically allowing them to employ counsel with the prior written permission of the Attorney General: “This article does not affect the right of any state agency or employee to employ counsel in any matter of the state, after first having obtained the written consent of the Attorney General.”
Amendments in 1992 and 1995 (see Stats. 1992, ch. 1287; Stats. 1995, ch. 893) added subdivisions (b) and (c) to section 11040, which tout the importance of using the Attorney General, but set forth no absolute rule forbidding outside counsel from ever being used: “(b) It is the intent of the Legislature that overall efficiency and economy in state government be enhanced by employment of the Attorney General as counsel for the representation of state agencies and employees in judicial and other proceedings. [Ü The Legislature finds that it is in the best interests of the people of the State of California that the Attorney General be provided with the resources needed to develop and maintain the Attorney General’s capability to provide competent legal representation of state agencies and employees in any judicial proceeding. [<fl] (c) Except with respect to employment by the state officers and agencies specified by title or name in Section 11041 or when specifically waived by statute other than Section 11041, the written consent of the Attorney General is required prior to employment of counsel for representation of any state agency or employee in any judicial proceeding.”
It is a tidy argument, but there is a fatal weakness in Attransco’s position. Attransco never confronts the question of precisely what section 11040, subdivision (a) does mean in the light of section 11043. Attransco’s argument would compel an answer on these lines: Under section 11040, subdivision (a), a state agency (not otherwise listed in section 11041) has the right to employ the Attorney General after first obtaining the Attorney General’s written consent.
Which, of course, is ludicrous. In light of section 11042 (flat prohibition against using anyone else other than the Attorney General), section 11040 obviously functions as an exception to a general rule. It makes no sense to first prohibit using counsel other than the Attorney General, then require the Attorney General’s written permission to use the Attorney General! Indeed, subdivision (c) of section 11040 reiterates the possibility of using outside counsel as long as the written consent of the Attorney General is first obtained. The flaw in Attransco’s logic thus becomes plain enough: Attransco reads section 11043 as a virtual repeal of section 11040.
A basic rule of statutory construction is that courts should seek to reconcile two apparently conflicting statutes within a given statutory
8 The argument made at pages 11 and 12 of the appellant’s opening brief that there is no evidence to sustain the trial court’s ruling because the written permission was shown to the trial court in camera and not offered in evidence is nothing less than frivolous. The trial court stated on the record that written permission had been given. By the same token, respondents’ request that the written permission be lodged with this court under seal is denied as moot.
Section 11040 and section 11043 are readily reconcilable. Section 11040 affords state agencies “the right” to employ counsel other than the Attorney General; section 11043 means that whenever they are “authorized” to do so, they are also “authorized” to use the Attorney General’s services. In other words, the section 11043 is permissive, not mandatory. Section 11040 is therefore not mutually exclusive with section 11043. Section 11043 does not use the word “only,” as in “whenever any law authorizes any State agency to employ legal counsel other than the Attorney General, it shall be construed to refer to the Attorney General only." If the Legislature wanted to say that, it certainly knew how to do so.[9]
Ironically, our conclusion is confirmed by the Supreme Court opinion on which Attransco relies for the idea that there is blanket and absolute prohibition against outside counsel representing state agencies. In State Compensation Ins. Fund v. Riley (1937) 9 Cal.2d 126 [ 69 P.2d 985 , 111 A.L.R.
9 Because section 11040 may be reconciled with section 11043 by virtue of simple canons of statutory interpretation, there is no need to take judicial notice, as the Department of Fish and Game requests us to do, of the legislative history behind the addition of subdivisions (b) and (c) to section 11040 in 1992. The department’s request is therefore denied. The request by itself, however, does reveal a certain irony in Attransco’s argument favoring an implied repeal of section 11040, subdivision (a). If section 11043 really is irreconcilable with section 11040, subdivision (a), it is section 11043 that must give way. “When two or more statutes concern the same subject matter and are in irreconcilable conflict the doctrine of implied repeal provides that the most recently enacted statue impliedly repeals the earlier enactment.” (In re Thierry S., supra, 19 Cal.3d at p. 744.) Clearly, section 11040 has been the most recent beneficiary of the Legislature’s scrutiny, and section 11040, subdivision (a) remained intact. As we have already noted, not only do subdivisions (b) and (c) contain nothing which directly affects the operation of subdivision (a), but subdivision (c) reminds the reader of the continued possibility of obtaining outside counsel set out in subdivision (a).
True, as Attransco points out, the ultimate result of the case was that the Supreme Court denied the writ. What Attransco has not pointed out is why. In the first part of the opinion, the Supreme Court established that there was no blanket rule against employment of the private attorney. The court noted, “[t]here is no express prohibition in any statute forbidding the employment of additional or special counsel.” (9 Cal.2d at p. 131.)[10] Indeed, said the Riley court, “it seems clear that the fund has the power to employ special counsel to protect its rights in pending litigation. The law is well settled that a public agency may employ special counsel to protect its rights, unless specifically prohibited from so doing by statutory or charter provision, and that it possesses this power whether or not such public agency has a regularly appointed attorney, if such regularly appointed attorney is not specifically charged with the particular duty involved.” (9 Cal.2d at p. 131, italics added.) Then, after canvassing a number of cases, the court delivered this conclusion: “From these cases, and many others that could be cited, it is clear that the fund has the power to employ special counsel to protect its interests in the Gallagher action.” (Id. at p. 133, italics added.)
The reason the writ was ultimately denied and the tax lawyer not paid was not because the agency lacked the power to employ him, but because the agency had not complied with certain civil service requirements. The fact the agency had the power to hire the counsel was “not decisive of the problem presented” by the petition. The question still remained “as to whether or not the fund must employ such counsel through the state personnel board under civil service.” (9 Cal.2d at p. 133.) And the answer to that question was yes.
Essentially, the court reasoned that there were no exceptions to the civil service requirements, even though there was an “urgent” and “temporary” need for the tax lawyer’s services. (See 9 Cal.2d at pp. 134-135.) “Petitioner
10 Significantly, the predecessor of section 11043, old Political Code section 473a, was in effect at this time (having been enacted in 1933), and set forth language substantially the same as current Government Code section 11043. (See Evans v. Superior Court (1939) 14 Cal.2d 563 , 575 [ 96 P.2d 107 ].)
The civil service law today, however, is not quite so “all-embracing” as it was in the Depression when it was enacted and Riley was decided. In the early 1980’s the Legislature loosened the reins and enacted a provision which, apropos Riley, not only “distinguishes between urgent temporary employment and permanent employment,” but between employees and independent contractors. Specifically, in 1982, the Legislature added section 19130 to the Government Code, which provides for independent contractors to render services to the state under an enumerated set of conditions. (See Stats. 1982, ch. 1057, § 1, p. 3822.)[11]
Section 19130 is structured in a triad of subdivisions, (a), (b) and (c). Subdivision (a) concerns situations when the state seeks to use independent personal service contractors only to achieve cost savings. The statute sets up a gauntlet of 11 conditions, all of which must be braved. The opening words of subdivision (a) stress the need to meet all 11 conditions: “Personal services contracting is permissible to achieve cost savings when all the following conditions are met:” (Italics added.)
Section 19130, subdivision (b), by contrast, allows personal services contracting when any of 10 conditions are met: “Personal services contracting also shall be permissible when any of the following conditions can be met:”
Section 19130, subdivision (c) is short, essentially stating that employees (as distinct from independent contractors) shall “be retained under an appropriate civil service appointment.”
11 In its brief, Attransco makes an ostensibly separate argument that section 19130 independently precludes outside counsel here. Respondents counter that the section 19130 issue was not raised at the trial level. We address the section 19130 issue because, as our exegesis of Riley demonstrates, it is really inseparable from the section 12520 issue.
It is evident from the record, considered as a whole, that the special counsel employed by the Department of Fish and Game was in response to the urgent need generated by the exigencies of battle. Litigation is full of short deadlines which need urgent, often intensive responses, and every lawyer knows that it is a fact of life that a lawsuit can be won or favorably settled if the opposition cannot respond quickly enough to a hefty motion. (Cf. Napoleon’s Art of War (D’Aguilar, trans., Barnes & Noble 1995) p. 19 [“The strength of an army, like the power in mechanics, is estimated by multiplying the mass by the rapidity . . . .”].) Response time can be as important in litigation as it is in war, and response time in litigation is (unfortunately) too often a simple function of the number of lawyers who can be directed to work on a particular matter.
“In tactics,” said von Clausewitz, “as in strategy, superiority in numbers is the most common element in victory.” (von Clausewitz, On War (Howard & Paret, trans., Princeton U. Press 1976) p. 194.) We are not unmindful of the realities of modem litigation, in which parties in complex litigation can be overwhelmed by the sheer volume of what discovery entails. Litigation by its nature is labor intensive, and there will be times when the Attorney General’s office will simply be unable to commit sufficient numbers of lawyers to a given case. It would clearly frustrate the Department of Fish and Game’s very purpose in bringing the case in the first place if civil service rules could be used against it to cut off the agency’s ability to enlist reinforcements in the battle. (See California Air Resources Bd. v. Hart, supra, 21 Cal.App.4th 289 , 299 [“Here, the shortage of staff which prevented the Attorney General from proceeding threatened to extinguish a civil penalty action. Had the Attorney General not delegated the authority to prosecute this action, the Board’s ability to enforce the air pollution control laws would be frustrated . . . .”].)
In sum, section 12520 does not preclude the retention of outside counsel by the Department of Fish and Game because the agency had the power to retain such counsel under section 11040, subdivision (a), having first obtained the written permission of the Attorney General. Normal civil service procedures did not apply (as they did in Riley) because section 19130, subdivision (b)(10), enacted after Riley, authorizes personal service contracts
We need add only one additional consideration. The statutory scheme we have surveyed contains a significant check on the power of state agencies to employ outside counsel, even in urgent situations like the present case, in the form of what is, in effect, the Attorney General’s veto by withholding written consent. The importance of the Attorney General’s veto power should not be minimized. The power gives the Attorney General the means to prevent abuses which might otherwise take place.
But, by the same token, only the Attorney General best knows how thin the personnel and resources in the Attorney General’s office may be stretched. It is inherent in section 11040—particularly with the recent emphasis placed on the importance of providing the Attorney General with the resources needed to “provide competent legal representation of state agencies” (see § 11040, subd. (b))—that he or she can be trusted not to give agencies written permission to employ outside counsel unless there is a real and substantial need for it. That need, we think, is amply demonstrated given the intensive litigation tactics in this case.
Conclusion
The overall theme of Attransco’s appeal is that it is a waste of tax dollars for the Department of Fish and Game to hire a private law firm to help it litigate this action. On that point Attransco’s position is manifestly unpersuasive. We are not fooled by what is going on in this case. Wearing down the enemy by making it cover many fronts is a classic tactic of warfare (see Sun Tzu, The Art of War (Griffin, trans., Oxford U. Press 1963) p. 98) and it is obvious that the lesson has not been lost on the shipowner. We are fully aware that the present appeal simply represents a new tactical theater of operations designed to inflict collateral damage on an enemy through a
The order denying the motion to disqualify is affirmed. Respondents are to recover their costs.
Crosby, J., and Sonenshine, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied February 19, 1997.
12 While we do not reach the question of whether Attransco’s delay in bringing the motion is sufficient by itself to sustain the trial court’s order, the delay does furnish an inference that the real reason for the motion was to increase the costs of litigation to the plaintiffs in terms of both time and money. If Attransco really wanted to save the taxpayers money, it might have tried to settle the case by now.
Cases cited
- King v. Thierry S. 19 Cal.3d 727 at 744 p. 1933
- Warne v. Harkness 60 Cal.2d 579 at 588 p. 1933
- Cannon v. American Hydrocarbon Corp. 4 Cal.App.3d 639 at 648 p. 1933
- State Compensation Insurance Fund v. Riley 9 Cal.2d 126 p. 1933
- California Air Resources Board v. Hart 21 Cal.App.4th 289 at 299 p. 1936
- Mannino v. Superior Court 142 Cal.App.3d 776 at 778 p. 1937