People v. Mosley

verdicts on July 26,1996, 36 days after the filing of the Romero opinion. The sentencing in the present case occurred on August 12,1996, 53 days after the filing of the Romero decision. Therefore, we conclude based upon the analysis in the decision In re Cortez (1971) 6 Cal.3d 78 , 83-85 [ 98 Cal.Rptr. 307 , 490 P.2d 819 ] that footnote 13 of the Romero opinion is inapplicable to the present case.

On June 20, 1996, the California Supreme Court issued its opinion in People v. Superior Court {Romero), supra, 13 Cal.4th at pages 504-532 holding that a convicted felon subject to the enhanced recidivist sentencing provisions of sections 667, subdivisions (b) through (i) and 1170.12 was entitled to have the trial judge exercise discretion pursuant to section 1385, subdivision (a) and determine whether to strike a prior serious felony conviction in the interests of justice. The Supreme Court addressed the issue of the retroactivity of its decision in footnote 13 of its opinion and held: “Our holding, which relates only to sentencing, is fully retroactive. (See People v. Belmontes (1983) 34 Cal.3d 335 , 348, fn. 8 [ 193 Cal.Rptr. 882 , 667 P.2d 686 ]; People v. Tenorio [(1970)] 3 Cal.3d [89,] 95, fn. 2 [ 89 Cal.Rptr. 249 , 473 P.2d 993 ].) A defendant serving a sentence under the Three Strikes law (§ 667, subds. (b)-(i); § 1170.12) imposed by a court that misunderstood the scope of its discretion to strike prior felony conviction allegations in furtherance of justice pursuant to section 1385(a), [may raise the issue on appeal, or if relief on appeal is no longer available,] may file a petition for habeas corpus to secure reconsideration of the sentence. Such a petition should be filed in the sentencing court. (People v. Tenorio, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 95, fn. 2.) Such a petition may be summarily denied if the record shows that the sentencing court was aware that it possessed the discretion to strike prior felony conviction allegations without the concurrence of the prosecuting attorney and did not strike the allegations, or if the record shows that the sentencing court clearly indicated that it would not, in any event, have exercised its discretion to strike the allegations. (People v. Belmontes, supra, 34 Cal.3d at p. 348, fn. 8.)” (People v. Superior Court (Romero), supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 530, fn. 13.) Filed on June 20, 1996, the Romero opinion became final when the rehearing petition was denied on August 21, 1996. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 24(a).)

Before proceeding to an analysis of the application of the Romero opinion to the present case, it is appropriate to review the genesis of the procedure set forth in footnote 13 of that decision which allows for postjudgment attacks on sentences where the record fails to reflect a trial court was aware of its authority to impose a particular disposition over the prosecutor’s objection. As will be noted, in footnote 13, the Supreme Court adopted its long-standing practice of allowing postjudgment attacks on sentences when

it established a retroactive rule invalidating a statute which prohibited a trial judge from granting leniency to a criminal defendant without prosecutorial concurrence. In numerous other situations, the California Supreme Court has defined the retroactive application of its opinions invalidating mandatory sentence provisions in certain sentencing statutes and set forth a process to allow previously sentenced defendants to challenge their sentences or other dispositions in postjudgment motions or habeas corpus petitions. (E.g. People v. Craft (1986) 41 Cal.3d 554 , 562 [ 224 Cal.Rptr. 626 , 715 P.2d 585 ] [sex offender sentenced under section 667, subdivision (d) entitled to challenge trial judge’s unawareness of availability of more lenient section 667, subdivision (c) sentencing format by means of postjudgment habeas corpus petition]; People v. Belmontes (1983) 34 Cal.3d 335 , 348, fn. 8 [ 193 Cal.Rptr. 882 , 667 P.2d 686 ] [habeas corpus procedure as described in the decision of In re Cortez, supra, 6 Cal.3d 78 may be used to challenge sentences prior to issuance of Belmontes opinion where record was unclear as to whether trial judge was aware of section 664, subdivision (c) sentencing discretion in certain sex cases]; In re Navarro (1972) 7 Cal.3d 248 , 264 [ 102 Cal.Rptr. 137 , 497 P.2d 481 ] [narcotics addicts who were denied a commitment to the California Rehabilitation Center by invalidated prosecutorial concurrence requirement could challenge sentences under specified circumstances]; People v. Hannon (1971) 5 Cal.3d 330 , 340, fn. 7 [ 96 Cal.Rptr. 35 , 486 P.2d 1235 ] [minors tried as adults who were returned from youth authority could not be sentenced to prison and such sentences could be challenged by means of a postjudgment habeas corpus petition]; People v. Tenorio (1970) 3 Cal.3d 89 , 95, fn. 2 [ 89 Cal.Rptr. 249 , 473 P.2d 993 ] [habeas corpus may be used to challenge a sentence if the trial judge was unaware of the power to strike a prior narcotics conviction].) Footnote 13 is consistent with the well-established California Supreme Court practice to provide an ordered process by which defendants may secure the benefit of its retroactive sentencing decisions.

Tenorio, which is cited twice in footnote 13 of Romero, was the first time the Supreme Court overturned on separation of powers grounds a statute requiring prosecutorial concurrence before a prior conviction finding could be stricken. The opinion was filed on September 1, 1970. (People v. Tenorio (1970) 3 Cal.3d 89 .) In Tenorio, the Supreme Court disapproved its prior decision in People v. Sidener (1962) 58 Cal.2d 645 , 648-651 [ 25 Cal.Rptr. 697 , 375 P.2d 641 ] which held that there was no violation of the separation of powers doctrine when former Health and Safety Code section 11718 precluded a trial judge from striking a prior narcotics conviction pursuant to section 1385 without prosecutorial concurrence. In footnote 2 of its opinion, the Tenorio court set forth the process by which defendants sentenced prior to that decision could challenge their sentences as follows:

“Inasmuch as today’s decision relates only to sentencing and will not require any retrials, we have concluded that it should enjoy fully retroactive effect. (Cf. In re Dabney [(1969)] 71 Cal.2d 1 , 9-10 [ 76 Cal.Rptr. 636 , 452 P.2d 924 ].) Any prisoner suffering a sentence imposed after the effective date of Health and Safety Code section 11718 (Sept. 18, 1959) and augmented by virtue of a prior narcotics conviction may file a habeas corpus petition with the superior court inviting the exercise of discretion to dismiss the prior conviction. Petitions should be filed in the court with territorial jurisdiction in the first instance, and transferred by that court to the sentencing court in the event the court with territorial jurisdiction was not the sentencing court. (In re Caffey [(1968)] 68 Cal.2d 762 , 765, fn. 3 [ 69 Cal.Rptr. 93 , 441 P.2d 933 ].) Petitions should not be filed with this court or the Court of Appeal. Upon receipt of such a petition, the sentencing court should follow normal sentencing procedures and grant appropriate relief whenever deemed warranted in its discretion.” (People v. Tenorio, supra, 3 Cal.3d at pp. 95-96, fn. 2.) It bears considerable emphasis that footnote 13 of Romero twice cites to Tenorio.

In 1971, the Supreme Court detailed the procedures that were to be followed in reviewing challenges under footnote 2 of the Tenorio opinion to the sentences where the trial judge had operated under the misapprehension she or he could not strike a prior narcotics conviction because of the provisions of former Health and Safety Code section 11718 in the decision of In re Cortez, supra, 6 Cal.3d at pages 82-83 and 88-89. In Cortez, the Supreme Court held; “We are now called upon to further detail these implementing procedures and specifically to determine whether a prisoner seeking relief under Tenorio is entitled to a hearing at which he is present and represented by counsel. We have concluded that a petitioning prisoner who has established that he was sentenced pursuant to a narcotics conviction sustained between September 18, 1959 and September 1, 1970, and that his sentence was increased due to a prior narcotics conviction, must be accorded a hearing before the sentencing court at which he is personally present and represented by counsel.” (Id. at pp. 82-83, fns. omitted.) As noted previously, September 1, 1970, was the date the Tenorio opinion was filed. (People v. Tenorio, supra, 3 Cal.3d 89 .) Footnote 2 of the Cortez opinion, which was omitted from the immediately preceding quotation, referred again to the date of the Tenorio opinion as the operative date upon which procedures for postjudgment challenges to sentences could be implemented as follows: “The period of time from September 18, 1959, the effective date of section 11718, to September 1, 1970, the date of our decision in People v. Tenorio, supra, declaring said section unconstitutional, represents the interval during which section 11718 unconstitutionally restricted a trial judge’s discretion to strike prior convictions.” (People v. Cortez, supra, 6 Cal.3d at

p. 82, fn. 2.) Later in the Cortez opinion, the Supreme Court set forth more precisely the parameters of postjudgment relief available because of the Tenorio decision in the following fashion: “For the guidance of court and counsel in this case and in similar cases we outline the procedure to be followed in the future where a petition seeking Tenorio relief is filed: First, every prisoner who has been convicted of a narcotics offense between September 18, 1959, and September 1, 1970, (see fh. 2, ante), whose sentence was increased because of one or more prior narcotics convictions (see fh. 3, ante) and who desires an opportunity to invoke the discretion of the court to dismiss the prior convictions, may file a petition for writ of habeas corpus with the superior court of territorial jurisdiction. Second, that court should transfer the petition to the original sentencing court. Third, upon receiving the petition, the sentencing court should ascertain from its own records whether petitioner has established a prima facie case by showing that he was convicted of a narcotics offense between September 18, 1959, and September 1, 1970, and that his sentence was augmented by virtue of one or more prior narcotics convictions. If not, the petition should be summarily denied.” (Id. at pp. 88-89, fns. omitted.) The Supreme Court made it crystal clear: the postjudgment procedure referred to in Tenorio applied only to defendants convicted and sentenced through the September 1, 1970, filing date of the decision. If the record indicated that the defendant was sentenced after September 1, 1970, the Supreme Court directed that the postjudgment petition be summarily denied. (Id. at p. 89.)

On the same day as the Cortez decision, the California Supreme Court issued its opinion in the case of In re Banks (1971) 6 Cal.3d 91 , 92 [ 98 Cal.Rptr. 314 , 490 P.2d 826 ]. In Banks, the defendant was sentenced prior to the September 1, 1970, filing date of Tenorio. The Banks court held: “Since the record clearly indicates that petitioner was convicted and sentenced for a narcotics felony conviction between September 19, 1959, and September 1, 1970, and that said sentence was augmented due to a prior narcotics felony conviction, by virtue of our holding today in In re Cortez, petitioner is entitled to a hearing before the sentencing court at which he shall be present and represented by counsel and the sentencing court shall determine in its discretion whether or not, for purposes of sentencing, to strike the 1955 prior conviction.” (Id. at pp. 92-93.) Later, both the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal indicated that the postjudgment procedure set forth in Tenorio was only to apply to cases where the defendant was sentenced through the date of the September 1, 1970, filing of that opinion. (People v. Navarro, supra, 7 Cal.3d at p. 256; In re Gomez (1973) 31 Cal.App.3d 728 , 733 [ 107 Cal.Rptr. 609 ].)

We now apply Romero and the body of law of which it is a part to the present case. The jury returned its verdicts on July 26, 1996. Defendant

was sentenced on August 12, 1996, 53 days after the Romero decision was filed. (People v. Superior Court (Romero), supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 497.) In the present case, the transcript of the proceedings when judgment was imposed on August 12, 1996, does not indicate in the words of footnote 13 of Romero, the “sentencing court was aware that it possessed the discretion to strike prior felony conviction allegations without the concurrence of the prosecuting attorney and did not strike the allegations or if the record shows that the sentencing court clearly indicated that it would not, in any event, have exercised its discretion to strike the allegations.” (Id. at p. 530, fn. 13.) Hence, defendant argues that since the sentencing record reflects neither an awareness by the trial court of the right to strike the prior serious felony conviction pursuant to section 1385, subdivision (a) nor a stated indication of an unwillingness to do so, he is entitled to resentencing under the authority of footnote 13 of Romero. (People v. Howard (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1526 , 1540 [ 55 Cal.Rptr.2d 520 ]; People v. Sotomayor (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 382 , 390-391 [ 54 Cal.Rptr.2d 871 ]; People v. Metcalf (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 248 , 252 [ 55 Cal.Rptr.2d 164 ].) The Attorney General argues that since the sentencing occurred 53 days after the filing of the Romero opinion, it is presumed that the trial court was aware of its sentencing discretion. We agree and conclude footnote 13 is inapplicable to a sentencing occurring 53 days after the filing of the Romero opinion where the verdicts were also returned after the issuance of that decision.

The general rule is that a trial court is presumed to have been aware of and followed the applicable law. (Howard v. Thrifty Drug & Discount Stores (1995) 10 Cal.4th 424 , 443 [ 41 Cal.Rptr.2d 362 , 895 P.2d 469 ] [“[A]n appellate court must presume that the decision of the trial court is correct.”]; Corenevsky v. Superior Court (1984) 36 Cal.3d 307 , 321 [ 204 Cal.Rptr. 165 , 682 P.2d 360 ] [“An order is presumed correct; all intendments are indulged in to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and error must be affirmatively shown.”]; In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637 , 645 [ 183 Cal.Rptr. 508 , 646 P.2d 179 ] [“Neither party requested findings of fact from the trial court. In the absence of such findings, an appellate court must presume that the facts would support the trial court’s judgment.”]; Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557 , 564 [ 86 Cal.Rptr. 65 , 468 P.2d 193 ] [“ ‘A judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct. All intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and error must be affirmatively shown.’ ” (Original italics.)]; Evid. Code, § 664.) These general rules concerning the presumption of regularity of judicial exercises of discretion apply to sentencing issues. (People v. Moran (1970) 1 Cal.3d 755 , 762 [ 83 Cal.Rptr. 411 , 463 P.2d 763 ] [decision to decline to commit adult to the youth authority]; People v. Quiche (1964) 61 Cal.2d 155 ,159-160 [ 37 Cal.Rptr. 617 , 390 P.2d 393 ] [decision to

footnote 13 would be applicable to a sentencing hearing occurring after June 24, 1996, is where the trial judge refuses to strike the prior serious felony conviction because the Romero decision is not yet final. In those cases, footnote 13 would be applicable. However, in a case such as this where the conviction and sentencing occurred 53 days after the Romero opinion was filed and there is a complete absence of any evidence the trial judge was unaware of the scope of his discretion, remand for resentencing is not mandated by footnote 13.

To sum up, 53 days after the Romero decision was filed the normal presumption concerning regularity of sentencing decisions would be applicable to circumstances such as those in the present case where the verdicts were returned and sentence imposed after that opinion was issued. The powers of a sentencing judge are now clear. The right of a judge to strike a prior serious felony conviction without securing prosecutorial agreement was articulated with unmistakable clarity in Romero. The present case involved an attempt to kill with a knife an unarmed victim of carjacking (§§ 187, 215, 664,12022, subd. (b)) by a remorseless gang member who was on parole for robbery. It can be presumed that the experienced trial judge was aware of his power to strike the prior serious felony conviction and intelligently chose not to do so.

The judgment is affirmed.

Grignon, J., and Godoy Perez, J., concurred.

Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied May 21, 1997.