Leon v. Family Fitness Center (#107), Inc.

Opinion

— Carlos A. Leon appeals a summary judgment entered in favor of Family Fitness Center (#107), Inc. (Family Fitness) in his negligence action for personal injuries sustained when a bench collapsed beneath him while using the sauna at Family Fitness. Leon contends the trial court erroneously concluded there were no triable issues of material fact regarding whether the liability release contained in the retail installment contract he signed was legally adequate to exculpate Family Fitness from its own negligence and whether the release was obtained by fraud or overreaching in its inception. On de novo review, we conclude the purported release is neither sufficiently conspicuous nor unambiguous to insulate Family Fitness from liability to Leon for injuries received when its sauna bench collapsed. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand the matter for further proceedings.

Factual and Procedural Background

Carlos Leon signed a “Club Membership Agreement (Retail Installment Contract)” on June 1993 and thereafter became a member of Family Fitness.

In January 1994, Leon sustained head injuries when a sauna bench on which he was lying collapsed beneath him at Family Fitness. After Leon filed an action for personal injuries against Family Fitness, the trial court granted summary judgment for Family Fitness based on its defense of release.

Discussion

Summary judgment is proper only where there is no triable issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) “On review of a summary judgment in favor of the defendant, we review the record de novo to determine whether the defendant has conclusively negated a necessary element of the plaintiff’s case or demonstrated that under no hypothesis is there a material issue of fact that requires the process of trial.” (Ann M. v. Pacific Plaza Shopping Center (1993) 6 Cal.4th 666 , 673-674 [ 25 Cal.Rptr.2d 137 , 863 P.2d 207 ].) Although we must strictly construe the moving party’s papers and liberally construe those of the opposing party, the latter bears the burden of showing that triable issues of fact exist. (Pearl v. General Motors

“An express release is not enforceable if it is not easily readable.” (Conservatorship of Estate of Link (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 138 , 141 [ 205 Cal.Rptr. 513 ].) “Furthermore, the important operative language should be placed in a position which compels notice and must be distinguished from other sections of the document. A [layperson] should not be required to muddle through complex language to know that valuable, legal rights are being relinquished.” (Id. at p. 142.) An exculpatory clause is unenforceable if not distinguished from other sections, if printed in the same typeface as the remainder of the document, and if not likely to attract attention because it is placed in the middle of a document. (Ibid.) In other words, a release must not be buried in a lengthy document, hidden among other verbiage, or so encumbered with other provisions as to be difficult to find. (Bennett v. United States Cycling Federation (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 1485 , 1489 [ 239 Cal.Rptr. 55 ].)

A.

The trial court found the exculpatory clause was sufficiently conspicuous, citing only that it is written in 8-point type as required for retail installment contracts by Civil Code section 1803.1 and stated in plain and simple language. Although print size is an important factor, it is not the only one to be considered in assessing the adequacy of a document as a release. (Bennett v. United States Cycling Federation, supra, 193 Cal.App.3d at p. 1489.) The court failed to address specifically other relevant characteristics of the exculpatory clause-its size, form and location within the undifferentiated paragraph in which it appears. In fact, Civil Code section 1803.2 requires warnings to protect consumers’ financial interests from potential hazards in retail installment contracts by providing notice in larger, boldface type (14-, 12- or 10-point). Clearly, Civil Code section 1803.1’s perfunctory mandate that all retail installment sales contracts be at least in 8-point type, is not legislative acknowledgement that 8-point type alone is per se evidence of adequate conspicuousness so as to universally relieve a party of liability for its general negligence. Indeed, Civil Code section

The Restatement Second of Torts states: “In order for the agreement to assume the risk to be effective, it must also appear that its terms were intended by both parties to apply to the particular conduct of the defendant which has caused the harm. Again, where the agreement is drawn by the defendant and the plaintiff passively accepts it, its terms will ordinarily be construed strictly against the defendant.” (Rest.2d Torts, § 496B, com. d, p. 566.) In its most basic sense, assumption of risk means that one person, in advance, has given his express consent to relieve another of obligations toward himself, and to assume the chance of injury from a known risk arising from what the other is to do or leave undone. The result is the other person is relieved of a legal duty to the plaintiff; and being under no duty, he cannot be charged with negligence solely based on the occurrence of the event anticipated. (Madison v. Superior Court, supra, 203 Cal.App.3d at p. 597.)

Here, an individual who understanding^ entered into the membership agreement at issue can be deemed to have waived any hazard known to relate to the use of the health club facilities. These hazards typically include the risk of a sprained ankle due to improper exercise or overexertion, a broken toe from a dropped weight, injuries due to malfunctioning exercise or sports equipment, or from slipping in the locker-room shower. On the other hand, no Family Fitness patron can be charged with realistically appreciating the risk of injury from simply reclining on a sauna bench. Because the collapse of a sauna bench when properly utilized is not a “known risk,” we conclude Leon cannot be deemed to have assumed the risk of this incident as a matter of law.

C.

The Family Fitness membership agreement contained a general release or hold harmless provision as well. “[W]here a participant in an activity has expressly released the defendant from responsibility for the consequences of any act of negligence, ‘the law imposes no requirement that [the participant] have had a specific knowledge of the particular risk which resulted in his death [or injury.]’ . . . Not every possible specific act of negligence by the defendant must be spelled out in the agreement or

The objective purpose of the release Leon signed was to allow him to engage in fitness activities within the Family Fitness facilities. However, it was not this type of activity which led to his injury. Leon allegedly was lying on a fixed, nonmovable, permanent bench in the sauna room. Injuries resulting during the proper use of the bench would no more be expected to be covered by the clause than those caused by the ceiling falling on his head or from a pratfall caused by a collapsing office chair. These incidents have no relation to an individual’s participation in a health club’s fitness regimen.

Further, the release is ineffective because, read as a whole, it does not clearly notify a customer of the effect of signing the agreement-it was not clear, unambiguous and explicit. (Allabach v. Santa Clara County Fair Assn., supra, 46 Cal.App.4th 1007 , 1015.) The release begins with language that participation in a sport or physical exercise may result in accidents or injury, and buyer assumes the risk connected with the participation in such. The release is followed by a statement in large print and bold, capital letters: “Moderation Is the Key to a Successful Fitness Program and Also the Key to Preventing Injuries.” Family Fitness placed the general waiver between these two statements which deal strictly with the risks inherent in an exercise or sports program without any mention that it was intended to insulate the proprietor from liability for injuries caused by its own negligence.

Reading the entire document leads to the inescapable conclusion the release does not clearly, explicitly and comprehensibly set forth to an ordinary person untrained in the law, such as Leon, that the intent and effect Of the document is to release claims for his own personal injuries resulting from the enterprise’s own negligent acts, regardless whether related to the sports or exercise activities it marketed.

The judgment is reversed. Leon is entitled to costs on appeal.

McDonald, J., concurred. Haller, J., concurred in the result.