People v. Herrera

Herrera drove to his parents' apartment 11 miles away in Eagle Rock. He told his parents, "Help me. I killed somebody." He was shaking and crying and appeared "really scared." He said he had been attacked and raped and that he killed in self-defense. He showed his parents a wound on the right side of his stomach. He told his parents that "he wanted to get away" and asked for the address of their relatives in San Diego. He asked his father to help him remove the license plate on the car. He did not want to call the police.

After taking off his bloody clothes, Herrera told his parents to take them outside and burn them. While he took a shower, his father called 911. The police arrived and took Herrera into custody.

Herrera purchased the knife both to cook with and "just in case [he] had to defend [him]self." He purchased the scissors because the pair he already had was rusting. He used the scissors to open the knife packaging to make sure that the knife was sharp enough to chop steak. When he got back into the car, he placed the bag in the center console. The knife handle was sticking out.

As Herrera was driving to Khamvongsa's house, Khamvongsa pulled down his own shorts and placed his hand inside Herrera's pants on his penis. Herrera stopped the car and asked him, "What are you doing?" Khamvongsa said, "I thought you liked me." Herrera responded, "Yeah, maybe in high school. But, you know, I'm dating somebody now." Khamvongsa "kind of snapped" and started hitting himself on the head, saying, "What's wrong with me? Why doesn't anybody want to be with me[?]"

Herrera was about to respond when Khamvongsa grabbed the knife and lunged at him, grazing his right abdomen. The two struggled, and Herrera got ahold of the knife. He drove off in a panic. He "was reliving everything" and it was "like [Khamvongsa] became the three men who sexually abused [him] as a child." Herrera "went nuts" and started stabbing him.

When the car skidded to a stop, Khamvongsa punched Herrera, got out of the car, and ran. Herrera was in an "irrational state" and thought that Khamvongsa was trying to kill him. He ran after Khamvongsa. When he caught up to Khamvongsa, he "kept stabbing him." Herrera "was in a rage" and thought he was stabbing Mahoe and "everybody else." Khamvongsa fell down and Herrera continued to stab him. After a while, Herrera "woke up" and "the levity [ sic ] of what [he] had just done ... [sunk] in."

At first Herrera thought he would take Khamvongsa to a nearby hospital. He tried to put Khamvongsa in the back passenger seat but could not lift him. He performed CPR. In his panic, all he could think of was to go to his parents.

Sections 28 and 29 limit the type of testimony experts may provide in criminal cases. Section 28 prohibits "[e]vidence of mental disease, mental defect, or mental disorder ... to show or negate the capacity to form any mental state, including, but not limited to, purpose, intent, knowledge, premeditation, deliberation, or malice aforethought, with which the accused committed the act." (Italics added.) Such evidence "is admissible solely on the issue of whether or not the accused actually formed a required specific intent, premeditated, deliberated, or harbored malice aforethought, when a specific intent crime is charged." (Ibid. italics added.) Section 29 prohibits

The Supreme Court held that "[t]he trial court acted within its discretion in finding that the question ... essentially asked the expert to provide an opinion about the required mental state (premeditation and deliberation) and thus was improper under section 29." ( Pearson, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 444, 154 Cal.Rptr.3d 541 , 297 P.3d 793 .) We see no contradiction between this holding and Cortes. In Pearson, as in Nunn, defense counsel improperly attempted to procure an expert's opinion couched "in words which are or would be taken as synonyms for the mental states involved." ( People v. Nunn, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at p. 1364, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 294 .) Pearson's expert, however, was allowed to "testif[y] about his mental state at the time of the [killings]" and opined that he was suffering from, among other things, "chronic [PTSD]." ( Pearson, supra, at p. 407, 154 Cal.Rptr.3d 541 , 297 P.3d 793 .) Herrera's expert should have had the same opportunity.

The error was prejudicial. ( People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818 , 836, 299 P.2d 243 .) Since Herrera admitted killing Khamvongsa, the only issue was his mental state at the time of the killing. "[T]he trial court's ruling effectively eviscerated any defense [he] had to premeditated and deliberated murder. By prohibiting any testimony about [his] mental condition, the court's ruling robbed Dr. [Kaser-Boyd's] testimony of any relevance it might otherwise have had, since it left the jury no basis to infer that [Herrera] had lapsed into a dissociated state in which he might not have deliberately premeditated the infliction of [21] wounds on the victim. The court's ruling also prevented the jury from properly evaluating evidence that would have been relevant to its consideration of the self-defense, imperfect self-defense and heat of passion instructions given here." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 912, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .)

"The prosecutor took full advantage of the court's ruling in closing argument." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 912, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .) He stressed that premeditation and deliberation should be inferred from the number of stab wounds on Khamvongsa and the fact that Herrera chased after Khamvongsa. "In response to the defense argument that a dissociative state explained why

The majority opinion seizes on the phrase " how that diagnosis or condition affected him at the time of the offense " to mean that Dr. Kaser-Boyd could opine on whether appellant was so psychiatrically impaired that appellant was unable to form the intent to kill. This violates section 29. Expert testimony that appellant was psychiatrically impaired "at the time of the killing" could reasonably be construed by the jury to mean that appellant did not harbor malice, premeditate, or intend to kill. (See e.g., People v. Halvorsen (2007) 42 Cal.4th 379 , 408, 64 Cal.Rptr.3d 721 , 165 P.3d 512 [prosecution asked defense mental health expert whether the evidence supported a psychiatric defense; jury could have understood the

The majority opinion speculates that, but for the order limiting Dr. Kaser-Boyd's expert testimony, the jury could have inferred that appellant did not harbor malice or intend to kill when he stabbed the victim 21 times. The jury saw it differently and was instructed that an expert opinion is only as good as the facts and reasons on which it is based. (CALJIC 2.80.) Had the "day of the killing" question been asked, it is not reasonably likely that appellant would have received a more favorable verdict. I would affirm the judgment.

Around one hour later, Herrera walked into a CVS store near the clubs. He purchased a steak knife, scissors, and a chocolate bar. The knife was in a security package that required a sharp tool to open. As Herrera spoke with the cashier, he had "a big smile on his face" and was "maybe even laughing." He got into the car he had borrowed from his parents and drove away.

Shortly afterward, Herrera's car skidded to a stop at the corner of Orlando Avenue and Oakwood Avenue. Witness Christie Samani saw Herrera chasing Khamvongsa south along Orlando but lost sight of them. Herrera was about 5'>10? tall and weighed about 210 pounds. Khamvongsa was about 5'>6? tall and weighed about 140 pounds. Herrera returned to the car alone and drove to a location about 280 feet south of the intersection.

Witness Christiano Covino was a passenger in a car heading north along Orlando when he saw Herrera's car parked in the middle of the street. There was a pool of blood underneath the car. At first Covino thought Herrera was putting Khamvongsa into the car but then realized Herrera was pulling Khamvongsa out of the car. Khamvongsa appeared unconscious. Herrera placed him on the ground. He kneeled over Khamvongsa and appeared to be performing CPR. Herrera then got back in his car and drove off.

Khamvongsa died from blood loss after being stabbed 21 times. He was stabbed six times in the chest, abdomen, and armpit area and eight times in the back. He had defensive wounds on both hands. The non-fatal stab wounds to his armpit and

The police found Khamvongsa's bloody shorts in Herrera's parents' apartment. When the police searched Herrera's apartment, his computer was open to a search about rape and the "disciplines" of rape.

Defense Evidence

Herrera was born in the Philippines. He moved to Hawaii with his father when he was five years old and lived there until he was 20. His father was very strict. Sometimes, when his father used to drink, they would argue and his father would hit him.

When Herrera was eight years old, he joined a dance group led by Howell Mahoe. Before every concert, Mahoe would go into the boys' dressing room and massage Herrera's penis until he became erect. Mahoe molested Herrera more than 200 times over a three-year period. Herrera did not tell his parents about the sexual abuse at the time because he did not understand what was happening.

When Herrera was 15 years old, he met Santos Rosario, who was 10 years older, on a public bus he was taking to school. One evening Rosario took him to a gay bar in Waikiki and bought him a few drinks. After Herrera was drunk, Rosario took him to his (Rosario's) house and started undressing him. Herrera, who "was a virgin," repeatedly told Rosario, "no," but Rosario forced him to have anal sex. He did not "realize the gravity" of what Rosario had done to him until years later when he was an adult.

Herrera next saw Rosario four years later when he was attending community college. Herrera and his father had been having "bad" arguments and Herrera was "looking to get out." When he ran into Rosario at a gay bar, Rosario offered to rent him a room in his house. After Herrera moved in, Rosario and his friends convinced him to smoke "crystal meth" by telling him it was marijuana. He stayed awake for three days. He fell asleep after taking a pill Rosario gave him. He regained consciousness for a few seconds, realizing he was naked and his hand was on Rosario's penis, but then "passed out again." When he awoke the next morning, his anus felt painful and there was blood and feces around it. He immediately moved back in with his parents.

Herrera tried to "put [what had happened] out of his mind" as they walked back to the car. He thought about a FASA luau that he planned to attend the next day. He wanted to bring "Salisbury steak tips." In preparation, he thought that he should go to CVS to buy a kitchen knife and to Ralph's to buy some steak.

Defense counsel asked Dr. Kaser-Boyd if she had an opinion "as to whether [Herrera] was suffering from [peritraumatic dissociative state]," "whether he was psychiatrically impaired," and "whether he suffered from [PTSD]" on the date of the murder. The prosecutor objected to all three questions. The trial court sustained the objections "based on what we talked about earlier."

Herrera contends that the trial court erred by excluding Kaser-Boyd from testifying about Herrera's psychiatric impairments at the time of the murder, denying him his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to a fair trial and to present a defense. In general, we review the trial court's exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion. ( People v. Cortes (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 873 , 908, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 ( Cortes ).) "But the court's discretion is not unlimited, especially when, as here, its exercise implicates a party's ability to present its case." ( Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. University of Southern California (2012) 55 Cal.4th 747 , 773, 149 Cal.Rptr.3d 614 , 288 P.3d 1237 ; see People v. Marshall (1996) 13 Cal.4th 799 , 836, 55 Cal.Rptr.2d 347 , 919 P.2d 1280 ["[A] criminal defendant is constitutionally entitled to present all relevant evidence of significant probative value in his favor"].) We apply independent review to "mixed question determinations affecting constitutional rights." ( People v. Seijas (2005) 36 Cal.4th 291 , 304, 30 Cal.Rptr.3d 493 , 114 P.3d 742 .) To the extent the trial court bases its evidentiary ruling on a conclusion of law, such as its conclusion here that the Evidence Code prohibits anything related to mental state at the time of the killing, we review its conclusion de novo. (

Taken together, these sections "do not preclude offering as a defense the absence of a mental state that is an element of a charged offense or presenting evidence in support of that defense. They preclude only expert opinion that the element was not present." ( People v. Coddington (2000) 23 Cal.4th 529 , 583, 97 Cal.Rptr.2d 528 , 2 P.3d 1081 .) "Put differently, sections 28 and 29 do not prevent the defendant from presenting expert testimony about any psychiatric or psychological diagnosis or mental condition he may have, or how that diagnosis or condition affected him at the time of the offense, as long as the expert does not cross the line and state an opinion that the defendant did or did not have the intent, or malice aforethought, or any other legal mental state required for conviction of the specific intent crime with which he is charged." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 908, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .)

In Cortes, the trial court excluded expert opinion that the defendant "was in a dissociative state" or "had PTSD at the time" when he stabbed the victim repeatedly and then fled. ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at pp. 892, 899, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .) The Court of Appeal reversed, finding that such evidence was admissible and that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding it. The material facts here are indistinguishable.

Respondent attempts to distinguish Cortes on the basis that the trial court here "did not restrict Dr. Kaser-Boyd from testifying about her assessment of [Herrera's] psychiatric background and experiences." It is true that the Cortes expert faced restrictions the expert here did not, namely being prohibited from testifying about the defendant's "history of emotional distress, including PTSD." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 900, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .) Cortes focused not on those restrictions, however, but on the exclusion of expert testimony about the defendant's mental state at the time of the offense. In Cortes, the Court of Appeal thought it was "clear" that "[t]he trial court abused its discretion in refusing to permit [expert testimony] about defendant's particular diagnoses and mental condition and their effect on him at the time of the offense ." ( Id. at p. 909, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 , italics added.) In answering "[t]he more difficult question [,] how much of [the expert's] testimony should the trial court have admitted," the Court of Appeal "start[ed] from the premise that, at a minimum, [the expert] should have been permitted to testify to defendant's [psychiatric] diagnoses" and "upbringing and traumatic experiences as a child and/or adolescent, inasmuch as defendant's prior traumatic experiences informed [the expert's] opinion." (

As in Cortes, respondent and our dissenting colleague "[rely] on dicta" in People v. Nunn (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1357 , 1364, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 294 "that an expert cannot offer any opinion that could be interpreted as 'tantamount' to testifying that defendant did not have the mental state required by the crime charged, or had a state of mind that is the opposite of, or necessarily negates, the existence of the required mental state." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 910, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .) We reject respondent's attempt to equate testimony "that [Herrera] was in a peritraumatic dissociative state on the night of the killing" with testimony "that [he] lacked the specific intent to kill, or premeditate, deliberate, or harbor malice aforethought, when he stabbed Khamvongsa." In Cortes, even "the Attorney General agree[d]" that the expert "should have been permitted to testify that in [his] opinion, defendant entered a dissociated state." ( Id. at p. 911, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .)

"The gist of [respondent's] complaint about Dr. [Kaser-Boyd's] proposed testimony is that it would have given the jury a basis to infer that [Herrera] actually did not harbor malice, premeditate, or deliberate, even if Dr. [Kaser-Boyd] did not come out and say that [he] lacked such mental states. That is exactly right. However, such testimony is not 'clearly prohibited by sections ... [28] and 29.' On the contrary, it is exactly the type of testimony sections 28, 29, and the case law, permit. In all of the cited cases, evidence was presented from which the jury could have properly inferred, from testimony that fell short of expressing an opinion that the defendant lacked the specific intentional state required for the charged crime, that the defendant actually lacked such intent. The limits placed by the trial court on Dr. [Kaser-Boyd's] testimony were unduly restrictive and an abuse of discretion." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 912, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .)

"The case for premeditated and deliberated murder, as opposed to second degree murder or voluntary manslaughter, was not overwhelming.... [Herrera] and the victim had no history of animosity before that night." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 913, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .) Respondent points out that Herrera "suffered no significant injuries" and fled the

This is not to say that the evidence is insufficient to support a first degree murder conviction. It is, and Herrera does not dispute that. The problem lies in Herrera's inability to present the critical evidence in support of his only defense: expert testimony explaining how his past history of trauma was likely to affect his mental state at the time of the offense. He had a right to present this evidence. "Under Watson [ 46 Cal.2d 818 , 299 P.2d 243 ], we find it reasonably probable that [Herrera] would have obtained a more favorable result if the jury had been permitted to hear about his ... mental condition on the day of the offense. Therefore, we will reverse on this ground." ( Cortes, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 913, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 .)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is reversed.

I concur:

GILBERT, P.J.

I respectfully dissent.

Until today, it was settled that a mental health expert may not give testimony that

Defense counsel initially wanted to ask the doctor whether appellant was psychiatrically impaired "at the time of the killing." After the trial court ruled that section 29 prohibits such a question, counsel changed the time frame and asked whether appellant was psychiatrically impaired "the day of the killing." Borrowing on People v. Cortes (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 873 , 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 ( Cortes ), the majority opinion holds that such a question is permitted because it is indirect evidence of mental state from which the jury could "infer" that appellant did not intend to kill or premeditate. (Op. at p. 195.) That type of question is prohibited by section 29. Cortes holds that section 29 does not bar expert testimony about a defendant's diagnosis and mental condition, " or how that diagnosis or condition affected him at the time of the offense, as long as the expert does not cross the line and state an opinion that the defendant did or did not have the intent, or malice aforethought, or any other legal mental state required for conviction of the specific intent crime with which he is charged." ( Id., at p. 908, 121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605 , italics added.) In my view, Cortes was wrongly decided and should not be followed.

So too here. Rephrasing the question to ask whether appellant was psychiatrically impaired the day of the killing violates section 29 and solicits testimony tantamount to an opinion that appellant did not harbor malice or the intent to kill. "[S]ection 29 does not simply forbid the use of certain words, it prohibits an expert from offering an opinion on the ultimate question of whether the defendant had or did not have a particular mental state at the time he acted. An expert may not evade the restrictions of section 29 by couching an opinion in words which are or would be taken as synonyms for the mental states involved. Nor may an expert evade section 29 by offering the opinion that the defendant at the time he acted had a state of mind which is the opposite of, and necessarily negates, the existence of the required mental state." ( Ibid .)

Harmless Error

The majority opinion says that the evidence supports the first degree murder conviction but holds that appellant was denied the right to present his only defense: expert testimony explaining how appellant's past history of P.T.S.D. " was likely to affect his mental state " at the time of the killing. (Op. at p. 13.) But that misstates the question that was asked. Dr. Kaser-Boyd was asked whether appellant "was psychiatrically impaired on May 19, 2012" and whether "he suffered from P.T.S.D. on that day." The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the objection. ( People v. San Nicolas (2004) 34 Cal.4th 614 , 663, 21 Cal.Rptr.3d 612 , 101 P.3d 509 [section 29 rulings reviewed for abuse of discretion]; People v. Nunn, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at p. 1363, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 294 [section 29 does not deprive defendant of right to present a defense].)

The alleged error, if any, in limiting Dr. Kaser-Boyd's testimony was harmless. ( People v. Halvorsen, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 408-409, 64 Cal.Rptr.3d 721 , 165 P.3d 512 .) Dr. Kaser-Boyd testified that appellant suffered from peri-traumatic dissociation manifested by a sense of unreality, detachment, and derealization when appellant was sexually assaulted in 2004 and before and after the killing in 2012. At trial,