Majority
Defendant and Montellano returned to the car. Montellano resumed driving. Defendant was in the front passenger seat, and Ontiveros remained in back, texting on her phone. As Montellano was driving, she noticed defendant looking back and forth "a couple of times" between her and Ontiveros and thought to herself, "there he goes again tripping." Montellano felt that defendant was giving off an "ugly vibe" as though he might "snap or
Montellano and defendant walked away from the car at the gas station. Defendant used heroin while Montellano drank rum and cried. She then ran from defendant and hid. She called her teenage daughter and told her she loved her. Montellano noticed her car was gone. She called defendant and asked him to pick her up.[6] After they had been driving awhile, defendant stopped at a drugstore and told Montellano to check the trunk for a body. She told him he was "tripping" and nobody was in the trunk but got out of the vehicle to look, at which point defendant drove away and left her. Montellano hitchhiked back to Los Angeles where she told two friends what had happened and confirmed her son was safe. She went to the police the next day.
An autopsy revealed that Ontiveros died from a stab wound to the chest, nearly six inches deep. The wound was consistent with the kitchen knife recovered from under the driver's seat in Montellano's car. The knife was not wrapped in a bandana or other fabric when recovered from the vehicle. The medical examiner estimated Ontiveros died 30 to 90 seconds after being stabbed. Defendant's fingerprints and DNA were on the knife, but no blood was found on it. There was no way to determine when defendant left his fingerprints or DNA on the knife. DNA belonging to an unidentifiable person other than defendant was also found on the knife.[7]
6 Montellano testified she called defendant at that point in time because she "thought he was going to go and get my son."
7 The amount of DNA recovered from the knife was approximately 15 percent of the police department's ideal target sample. The criminalist who testified for the prosecution opined the sample taken was sufficient to "produce[ ] a usable profile" and estimated that the profile matched to defendant was statistically distinct to a measurement of one in 300 million unrelated people. The defense expert testified that the small DNA sample size, combined with the presence of more than one person's DNA, raised a probability of interpretative error that rendered the conclusion defendant's DNA was on the knife unreliable.
Detective Santana asked defendant if he remembered they had read him his Miranda rights the day before. Defendant said he remembered. The detectives told defendant they had given him a day to rest, that jail personnel indicated he was fine in terms of eating, sleeping, and healthwise, and they had returned to give him an opportunity to tell his side of the story. Detective Santana told defendant "we had the incident on video. You were in the car, you got out of the car, you pulled somebody out of the car, then you got in the driver seat, and then you drove away."
As he had done the day before, defendant insisted he had not done what the detectives were accusing him of ("I didn't do that," and, "I didn't stab her"). Defendant suggested the detectives should instead talk to the person who lured him to the location of his arrest ("Ask her," i.e., Montellano).
"[Defendant]: What's today? Sunday?
"Detective Santana: Today's Saturday.
"[Defendant]: Saturday?
"Detective Santana: We're not coming back tomorrow.
"Detective Robinson: No. This is it. We're done. We don't want to play any games. We just want to get your side of the story. We've given you the opportunity. This ceases now.
"You've had over 24 hours to chill out and relax. We left. We let you [get] some food. Let you get some sleep. We've been checking on you to make sure you're good all day long, man. All day long. [¶] ... [¶] ... [¶] ... [¶]
"[Defendant]: I just want to go lay down real quick. I feel dizzy right now. I feel all messed up.
"Detective Santana: Okay. You know what? I'm dizzy, too. All right. And I don't feel good. All right. But I'm here because you asked me to come back. All right. Yesterday, you asked us to come back today. And you know what?
"[Defendant]: I just don't feel good, man. I want to go lay down. [[8] ]
"Detective Santana: Sit down.
"[Defendant]: (Inaudible)
"Detective Robinson: Sit down.
8 Detective Santana testified defendant quickly stood up at this point.
"[Defendant]: Well, whatever, then, man. I just want to go lay down.
"Detective Santana: All right.
"[Defendant]: I just want to lay down. That's it.
"Detective Santana: Huh?
"[Defendant]: I just want to lay down, sir. That's all I want to do." (Italics added.)
After this colloquy, the detectives resumed telling defendant they were giving him the opportunity to explain what happened. About three and a half minutes later, defendant said he "thought my family was being kidnapped." He spoke of people following him and his girlfriend, and feeling as though his family and his girlfriend and her family were all in danger. Defendant said people had been following them on the night of Ontiveros's death and indicated that Ontiveros "had [both him and Montellano] in the car" and "was telling us to go to a certain place," which "panicked" defendant. He said he looked at Montellano, saw "tears in her eyes" and "felt like she was in danger." "So that's when I did that to protect her," defendant said. The detectives confirmed he was sitting in the passenger seat, Montellano was driving, and Ontiveros was in the backseat. Defendant then told the detectives he wanted to talk about it later and resumed asking to lie down. After about another minute or two, the detectives agreed to end the interview.
2. The introduction of the statements into evidence
During a pretrial hearing, the prosecutor represented that she did not intend to admit defendant's statements unless he chose to testify. Close to the end of her case-in-chief, the prosecutor stated she had changed her mind. She provided unredacted copies of the transcript and audio recording to the court for review, stating that defense counsel already had the material, and she was uncertain whether there would be an objection to its admission. Defense counsel responded, "Of course there will be an objection." Counsel stated that he objected "[t]o all of it, any of it, the left side, right side, both sides. Miranda , hearsay" and prejudice.
The trial court inquired whether defense counsel was familiar with the recordings. Counsel said he "read the transcript, et cetera," but he did not
The parties then discussed proposed redactions of the transcript of the second police interview. The court suggested redacting a portion of the statement discussing gangs. The prosecutor agreed. Defense counsel expressed concern about redacting the gang discussion, stating, "There might be something about that that is useful. I wouldn't want to tilt my hat to show my closing arguments." The court concluded that the discussion should be redacted because Montellano had already testified and had been admonished not to mention anything gang-related. Defense counsel relented. The court then ordered redacted two more passages regarding gang affiliation and defendant's parole status, and all discussion that occurred prior to the Miranda warning. The prosecutor presented defense counsel with the redacted transcripts for review the next day.
The following day, defense counsel inquired as to whether certain portions of the transcript that occurred before police gave defendant the Miranda warning could be admitted:
The prosecutor represented that she had listened to the audio recording and that "it seemed very conversational." She stated that if the pre- Miranda transcript was admitted she should be allowed "to ask about statements that
3. The prosecutor's rebuttal argument
The prosecutor relied upon defendant's post-arrest statement to contradict the suggestion defendant may not have been the person to stab Ontiveros. The prosecutor replayed the audio recording of the interrogation and argued it demonstrated defendant "self-corroborat[ed]" Montellano and required the jurors to "disbelieve your own ears when you[ ] listen to that audio" if they were to accept the defense theory and conclude there was a reasonable doubt as to whether defendant was the person who killed Ontiveros. No mention was made of defendant making an admission or confession to the kidnapping.
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends in his opening brief that the trial court committed reversible error by (1) admitting into evidence his inculpatory statements to police detectives in violation of Miranda ; (2) instructing the jury that defendant's voluntary intoxication could be considered only on the question of whether he harbored an intent to kill, and not as to whether he acted with premeditation and deliberation as required to support a first degree murder
Because we reverse the murder conviction, defendant's claim of instructional error on the murder charge is moot and need not be discussed. The written order that defendant pay $ 457 in attorney fees is also reversed, because as argued by defendant and conceded by the Attorney General, that order was not part of the oral pronouncement of judgment. ( People v. Farell (2002) 28 Cal.4th 381 , 384, fn. 2, 121 Cal.Rptr.2d 603 , 48 P.3d 1155 .)
A. The Right to Remain Silent under Miranda
To protect a suspect's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, Miranda requires that, before custodial interrogation, law enforcement agencies must advise a suspect of the right to remain silent, that any statement made can be used against him or her in a court of law, that the suspect has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he or she cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed prior to any questioning if requested. ( People v. McCurdy (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1063 , 1085-1086, 176 Cal.Rptr.3d 103 , 331 P.3d 265 ; People v. Sauceda - Contreras (2012) 55 Cal.4th 203 , 215, 145 Cal.Rptr.3d 271 , 282 P.3d 279 .) Interrogation must cease if, at any point, the suspect unambiguously invokes the right to remain
Citing Evidence Code section 353, subdivision (a), and its own jurisprudence, the Rundle court held that a judgment may be reversed because of erroneous admission of evidence only if there is a timely and specific objection. ( Rundle , supra , 43 Cal.4th at p. 116, 74 Cal.Rptr.3d 454 , 180 P.3d 224 .) A " 'placeholder' " objection, on general or incorrect grounds, is not sufficient to preserve a specific issue. ( Ibid. ) The "entirely generic motion to exclude all of [Rundle's] statements to law enforcement officers, coupled with the absence of specific argument that
2. Application of the first prong of Strickland
To satisfy the first prong of Strickland in this case, defendant must establish that his attorney's performance was unreasonable "under prevailing professional norms" ( Strickland , supra , 466 U.S. at p. 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 ) when counsel failed to pursue an objection that defendant invoked his right to remain silent when he told the detectives, "I refuse to talk to you guys. There. That's my side of the story." Determination of whether counsel's performance was inadequate under this standard requires analysis of the admissibility of the confession. We conclude the confession was inadmissible as a matter of law.
" 'Where, as was the case here, an interview is recorded, the facts surrounding the admission or confession are undisputed and we may apply independent review.'
After defendant twice told the detectives he did not want to answer questions about what happened to Ontiveros, defendant stood up to signify his desire to leave the interrogation room and bring an end to the questioning. The detectives did not halt the interrogation, but instead they resumed questioning after ordering defendant to sit back down. Defendant made yet another attempt to cease answering questions using explicit terms: "I refuse to talk to you guys. There. That's my side of the story. Can I just go lay down, sir? Please?" A reasonable officer under the circumstances would have understood this statement-especially in context of defendant's prior expressions of a desire not to talk and his repeated requests to leave the interrogation room to go lie down-to be an invocation of his right to decline to answer further questions and end the interview. (See
We discuss the issue of prejudice separately as to the murder and kidnapping convictions.
a. Prejudice as to the murder conviction
While the Attorney General makes a determined argument on prejudice as to the murder, we are satisfied that defendant has carried his burden of establishing a "reasonable probability" under Strickland of a different result on the murder charge had his confession been excluded. The prosecution's
Objectively viewed, the video demonstrates the veracity of Montellano's testimony that she had no desire to return to a car containing her deceased friend, and that she was forced to do so physically by defendant and under the influence of his threat to hurt her son. All defendant can muster to refute the video is "pointing to flaws and inconsistencies in" Montellano's testimony,[16] but "the defense failed to rebut the foregoing evidence or to raise any credible defenses" to the kidnapping charge. (See People v. Johnson (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1 , 32-33, 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 593 , 859 P.2d 673 , abrogated on other grounds by People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826 , 879-880, 48 Cal.Rptr.3d 1 , 141 P.3d 135 .)
We add to the compelling weight of the video recording the corroborating testimony of Baro and Diaz, wholly independent witnesses who described what occurred by the bus stop and in the alley in terms consistent with Montellano's version of events. Baro saw a hysterical woman-obviously Montellano-arguing with a bald Hispanic man-obviously defendant. The argument was sufficient that Baro feared the man would put his hands on the woman, which is exactly what is shown on the recording. Baro told the police that the man called the woman "babe," again corroborating Montellano. Diaz was more explicit. He saw a woman who appeared to be "trying to get away." Diaz also testified that the man spoke in a soft voice to the woman. She tried to make a phone call, but was prevented from doing so by the man. The woman said, "No. No."[17]
16 Not surprisingly, defense counsel's argument to the jury made no mention of the video recording, as there was nothing favorable to defendant in it as to the kidnapping.
17 The dissent, for reasons unexplained, fails to acknowledge the existence of this evidence.
Concurring in part and dissenting in part
1 The majority opines that two statements defendant made before telling the detectives "I refuse to talk to you guys" do not qualify as unambiguous invocations of the right to remain silent. (Maj. Opn. at p. 912-913.) As is true in many instances where a court expresses a view on a point not necessary to its decision, the observation is inadvisable. There is binding and persuasive authority that suggests otherwise. (See, e.g., Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) 560 U.S. 370 , 382, 130 S.Ct. 2250 [if a defendant says "he d[oes] not want to talk to the police," that "simple, unambiguous statement" would invoke the right to cut off questioning]; People v. Villasenor (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 42 , 65, 194 Cal.Rptr.3d 796 [minor "defendant's repeated demands to be taken home, to have his parents called to pick him up, and to wait out the 48 hours," he could be held before charges filed unambiguously invoked his right to end the interrogation]; In re Z.A. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1401 , 1420-1421, 144 Cal.Rptr.3d 577 [accused unambiguously invoked her right to remain silent by saying she did not want to answer any more questions]; Jones v. Harrington (9th Cir. 2016) 829 F.3d 1128 , 1139-1140 [Court of Appeal's determination that accused's statement, "I don't want to talk no more," was an ambiguous invocation is contrary to and an unreasonable application of Miranda ].)
2 At trial, defense counsel cross-examined one of the two interviewing detectives, asking whether he attempted to be "the more dominant person in the room" to "maintain control of the interrogation" when defendant stood up after telling the detectives he refused to talk to them. The detective answered, "No. What it is, the key here is that [defendant] wanted to end the interview , and his way of ending the interview is exiting the room." (Emphasis added.) Questioned further, the detective testified: "So as far as the fact that he slammed his hands on the table and stood up, I have to establish the ground rules that-not that I'm more intimidating or dominant, but the fact that I'm not going to tolerate ending the interview before the interview is over . So I have to stand my ground." (Emphasis added.)
I
will make a final point, which focuses on Montellano's trial testimony about the charged kidnapping, specifically, the portion of her testimony that supported the element of kidnapping that requires proof she was unlawfully moved by the use of physical force or fear. ( People v. Ortiz (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1354 , 1368, 145 Cal.Rptr.3d 907 [" 'Generally, to prove the crime of [simple] kidnapping, the prosecution must prove three elements: (1)
4 I have no quarrel with the proposition that a defendant who affirmatively offers a highly implausible account of events can be found to have exhibited a consciousness of guilt. That was the scenario in the case of People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal.3d 1 , 164 Cal.Rptr. 1 , 609 P.2d 468 , where the defendant "recounted that at 5 p.m. on the day of the murder he received a telephone call from Karen telling him she needed transportation to the Stickey Wicket bar and that he sent Dave Khan to pick her up for this purpose" even though the record was "replete with testimony by other witnesses relating different versions of the critical events told to them by [the] defendant" including "the fabrication of an alibi." ( Id. at pp. 40-41, 164 Cal.Rptr. 1 , 609 P.2d 468 .) It is quite a different thing to hold, however, that a mere denial of an officer's incriminating accusation during an interrogation warrants a consciousness of guilt inference. All the more so if the defendant, as here, is never actually confronted with the evidence the officer cites when making the accusation.
Q: Why did you end up going back to the car?
A: Because that's where he threatened me.
Q: What did he say that you found threatening? What was the threat?
A: That he was going to get my family.
Q: He said he was going to get your family?
A: My son.
Q: Specifically, your son?
A: Yes.
Q: Did you believe him?
Q: Why did you believe him?
A: Because of everything that had happened.
Q: [¶] ... [¶] What had happened that made you believe he could get your son, or that he would get your son?
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant was convicted by jury in count 1 of the first degree murder of Maria Ontiveros (Pen. Code, § 187 ),[2] and in count 3 of kidnapping Guadalupe Montellano (§ 207, subd. (a)). Defendant was found not guilty in count 2 of dissuading a witness. (§ 136.1, subd. (b)(1).)
The trial court sentenced defendant to an indeterminate prison term of 100 years to life, plus a determinate term of 6 years, calculated as follows: 25
1 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 16 L.Ed.2d 694 .
2 Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
FACTS AND TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
A. The Charged Offenses
Defendant and Montellano were asleep in her car on the afternoon of January 28, 2015, when Montellano's longtime friend Ontiveros called Montellano and asked for a ride. Montellano and defendant were homeless and living in her car at the time. Montellano drove to pick up Ontiveros, who sat in the back seat of Montellano's car. Defendant was in the front passenger seat.
Defendant and Montellano had been using drugs-methamphetamine and PCP-that day.[4] After Montellano picked up Ontiveros,
3 Although defendant suffered two prior robbery convictions for purposes of the three strikes law, the convictions were not brought and tried separately, and therefore counted as only one prior conviction under section 667, subdivision (a).
4 Montellano said she and defendant used drugs every day during the eight months they had been seeing each other. Montellano used PCP and methamphetamine, and drank alcohol. Defendant used heroin and methamphetamine.
Montellano noticed defendant had a long kitchen knife in his lap. She asked him why he was "flossing that shit," meaning why did "he have [the knife] out." Defendant did not answer. Shortly thereafter, Montellano heard Ontiveros make a loud noise that sounded like "Ah." Montellano looked in the rear view mirror and saw Ontiveros turning purple, apparently unable to breathe. She also saw defendant "going back to his seat" from Ontiveros's direction, with the knife in his hand. Montellano felt something wet on her hands and in her hair, and realized it was blood. Ontiveros's last words were, "Why me? I never did anything to you."
Montellano said to defendant, "What the fuck is wrong with you, fool? That was my friend." Defendant responded that Ontiveros was "one of them." He told Montellano she was "next," which Montellano took to mean he was "going to come after me." Defendant took Montellano's hand to try to calm her down and said he loved her, but he also said she was holding his family hostage in Las Vegas. Montellano told defendant if he loved her, he should give her the knife. Defendant repeated he loved her. Montellano took the knife from him, wrapped it in a bandana or rag, and placed it under her seat.
Montellano pulled into an alleyway between a 7-Eleven and a car wash in Pacoima, exited the car, and ran to a bus stop while crying, intending to ask someone for help. Defendant followed, continuing to insist Ontiveros was "one of them" and trying to kiss Montellano on the cheek. Eventually, defendant began "pulling [her], telling [her] to stop," and he threatened to harm her son, at which point she returned to the car with defendant. As Montellano got into the front passenger seat, she saw defendant pull Ontiveros from the back seat and leave her body on the ground.
A video camera in the area captured footage, but no audio, of portions of what took place after Montellano parked her white car in the alley. As narrated by Montellano while testifying,[5] the video depicts her driving her car into the alley, with defendant in the passenger seat. Montellano explained that the video shows her getting out of the car while defendant was talking to her. Montellano is seen
5 We have independently reviewed the video recording.
Defendant and Montellano moved out of view of the camera for approximately one minute, while they were at the area of the bus stop. Montellano testified that during this time period defendant was trying to calm her down by telling her he loved her and trying to kiss her on the cheek. A man was standing by them watching while they were at the bus stop. They are next depicted on the video adjacent to Montellano's vehicle, engaged in a physical struggle lasting approximately ten seconds. Montellano testified that defendant was pulling her, but she did not want to go back to the car. Defendant continued to insist that she leave with him. The video depicts Montellano pulling away from defendant as he grabs onto her. Montellano escapes defendant's grasp and moves quickly back toward the street, with defendant following her.
Defendant and Montellano again move toward the bus stop by the street, where physical movement can be seen, although it is not clear what is taking place. Montellano testified that defendant continued to tell her to leave with him, but she refused. Defendant tried to calm her down by kissing her on the cheek and holding her hands. Defendant spoke in a regular tone of voice, calling her "babe."
Over a minute later defendant and Montellano reappear in the video. They walk toward the car together, side by side, with their bodies in contact. Montellano testified that defendant was holding her left arm at this point, a description not inconsistent with the video. Montellano testified that she entered the passenger side of the vehicle, as shown in the video, while defendant walked to the driver side and waited for her to get in the car. Although the view is partially blocked by a pillar, defendant is seen on the video removing something from the car. Montellano explained that defendant "pulled my friend out" and "drove away." As the car drives off, a portion of what appears to be a body is on the ground, next to where the driver side of the car had been located.
Montellano's description of what took place near the bus stop was corroborated by two witnesses-Duly Baro and Manuel Diaz. Baro was at the bus stop adjacent to where Montellano had parked. She saw a bald Hispanic man arguing with a hysterical Hispanic woman near the 7-Eleven. Baro feared the man would put his hands on the woman. A white Nissan was parked in the area. She told the police that the man called the woman "babe."
After dumping Ontiveros's body, defendant drove to a gas station and got out of the car. Montellano called her mother but
1. The interrogation
On January 29, 2015, at the direction of law enforcement, Montellano texted defendant and told him to meet her at a Little Caesars pizza shop close to her family's home. When he arrived, defendant was arrested by waiting police.
Detectives Mario Santana and Daniel Robinson interviewed defendant at around 3:00 p.m. on January 30. Detective Santana read defendant his Miranda rights, which defendant said he understood. Detective Santana told defendant they had video of him pulling a girl who had been stabbed to death out of a car in Pacoima. Defendant denied doing any such thing and said he was not there. About nine minutes into the conversation, defendant told Detective Santana he felt "kind of like I'm detoxing. You know? And I can't really talk. I just need to-I just want to lay down for a little bit. You know?" Defendant added, "Maybe later on, we could talk about it?" Detective Santana told defendant they could "come back later" but defendant did not appear to be high. After defendant continued to state he wanted to "lay down," Detective Santana stopped the interview, telling defendant "[m]aybe we'll come back tomorrow or the next day."
At this point, approximately 10 minutes into the interview, the following exchange took place:
"[Defendant]: Can I just go lay down?
"Detective Robinson: Well-
"[Defendant]: I just want to go lay down.
"Detective Santana: No. No. I-I think we kind of need to talk about this. Okay.
"[Defendant]: I don't really want to talk about it right now. I want to just lay down.
"Detective Santana: Okay.
"[Defendant]: (Inaudible)
"Detective Santana: Well, here's the thing is that you did that yesterday. Okay. We-we-we-
"[Defendant]: But I really do. I'm still detoxing. I'm not lying to you.
"Detective Santana: I'm not saying you're lying.
"[Defendant]: I did it for a long time. You know?
"Detective Santana: Okay. Okay. But look.
"[Defendant]: No. I'm cool. I don't want to talk about this. I want to go lay down.
"Detective Santana: You know what? You need to sit down.
"[Defendant]: I want to go lay down. I'm trying to tell you guys I feel dizzy, man. I have cancer. I have cancer, sir.
"Detective Santana: Sit down. Hey, look.
"[Defendant]: Fuck, man.
"Detective Santana: Armando, you're going through a lot in life. Okay.
"[Defendant]: Can I just go lay down, sir? Please? Please? Please? I have cancer, man. I feel bad. I just want to relax.
"Detective Santana: You feel bad? What about this person that is dead?
"[Defendant]: Damn, man. You guys-seriously?
"Detective Santana: Seriously.
"[Defendant]: Can I go lay down, sir? Please? I refuse to talk to you guys. There. That's my side of the story. Can I just go lay down, sir? Please?
"Detective Santana: Look it, I know you killed her.
"[Defendant]: There. Now can I go lay down, sir? Please?
"[Detective Santana]: And you-you just cold-bloodedly kill her?
"[Defendant]: I didn't cold-bloodedly kill nobody, man. I'm trying to just-just relax right now. You keep bugging me with these questions. You know?
"Detective Santana: Yeah. Yeah. These questions-
"[Defendant]: Can I go fucking lay down, please? [[9] ]
9 A loud noise can be heard on the audio recording at this point. Detective Santana testified defendant slammed both his hands on the table and then "immediately stood up and was very aggressive," in a stance to fight with his hands "clenched." He was facing the detectives "and then he turned and he started facing the doorway to exit the room." At that point, Detective Santana stood too because he "thought we were going to get in an altercation, or he was going to try to exit the room, which he can't do, because when we take him into that room to be interviewed, there's no one on the floor for him to take him back to his cell."
"The Court: ... I imagine that, if anything, it is going to be admitted, it would be from Miranda on? [¶] Thoughts, [Defense counsel]?
"[Defense counsel]: What page now?
"The Court: Well, Miranda was given, I think I said page 15, line 15, by Detective Santana. [¶] ... Tentatively, I would say in the first [transcript], post- Miranda everything comes in. But I don't think there's any reason for the pre-things to come in."
The parties then addressed the transcript of defendant's initial interview. The
"[Defense counsel]: Well, we excluded particular types of statements regarding gangs, and stuff like this. It wasn't necessarily that I moved to exclude what came before that [ Miranda ] statement, per se.
"The Court: What is it you want in particular from that pre- Miranda portion?
"[Defense counsel]: There's no particular statement, per se. It's just there's a lot of-my client expressing his not feeling well.
"The Court: He does that throughout after the Miranda is given as well. I think at this point it would just be cumulative.
"[Defense counsel]: What if I establish the fact that it was conversation, not going into any of the content?
"The Court: What is the relevance of that?
"[Defense counsel]: Because there was conversation, it was heated, and at some points maybe a little intimidating, maybe not. But there's a dynamic that is not present in the-
"The Court: That would be more of a 402 ruling for me to determine whether the Miranda was given, the waiver was given by your client without coercion. That's an issue for me, not the jury.
"I don't think-yesterday I asked if you wanted everything pre- Miranda to be excluded. You indicated you did. So now you want to talk about well, before Miranda , warnings were given. That somehow makes it seem like there was something wrong being done. That's my call, not their call.
"So Miranda issues are a question of law. It's a foundational issue. I have seen nothing-I haven't heard the audio, but I
Defense counsel did not respond.
The court concluded: "Fair enough. Either it comes in or it doesn't. You asked yesterday it didn't. I ruled in your favor. [The prosecutor] redacted the CD and the transcripts in accordance with that, and I see no reason you should be able to go in to anything pre- Miranda . [¶] So that's the ruling."
On the same day, following the first portion of her examination of Detective Santana, the prosecutor moved to have the transcripts and audio recordings of defendant's interviews with police admitted into evidence. The court asked if there were any objections and defense counsel responded there were not. He clarified, "I should say there's [ sic ] no objections. Whatever objections I've made, I'm now withdrawing ." (Emphasis added.) During Detective Santana's testimony, the prosecutor played the redacted audio recording of defendant's post-arrest interviews, including the incriminating admissions defendant made after defendant told the detectives he refused to talk to them.
C. The Parties' Closing Arguments to the Jury
1. The prosecutor's argument
The prosecutor argued defendant was guilty of first degree murder. She relied principally on Montellano's testimony, but also highlighted defendant's post-arrest admissions (including his statement that he "did that" to protect Montellano) and argued his statements were "very similar to what [Montellano] says he said to her." On the kidnapping charge, the prosecutor again relied on Montellano's testimony, but also methodically went through the surveillance video footage depicting defendant pulling Montellano back to her car, corroborated by the testimony of the two bystander witnesses near the bus stop. The prosecutor's argument did not suggest defendant had confessed to the kidnapping. Her argument on the kidnapping charge made no reference to defendant's statements during interrogation.
2. Defense counsel's argument
Defense counsel attacked Montellano's credibility in his argument to the jury. He emphasized Montellano admitted using PCP on the day in question, she had prior felony convictions (including a conviction for robbery), and she testified at trial in a manner inconsistent with her preliminary hearing testimony. By calling into question Montellano's credibility, the defense sought to mount a two-part challenge to the evidence.
10 The record is devoid of substantive evidence of any involvement of the person identified as "Trigger" in the charged offenses. Defendant's statements pre-invocation of his right to remain silent show his own presence at the scene, as he directed the detectives to ask the other person who was there, meaning Montellano, what had happened.
The Attorney General responded to the first contention by arguing defendant forfeited the Miranda contention by failing to make a specific objection in the trial court. She also argued there was no Miranda violation, and that any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In his reply brief, defendant argued the Miranda invocation issue was not forfeited, but if so, trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing to make an express objection that defendant invoked his right to remain silent prior to confessing to the murder. Because the Attorney General did not have an opportunity to address the claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, we provided her an opportunity to brief the issue by letter.
As explained below, defendant's contention that his confession followed an invocation of his Miranda right to remain silent is forfeited due to the absence of a timely and specific objection, as well as defense counsel's subsequent withdrawal of all objections to the prosecution evidence. Defendant's secondary position-that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to make an objection to preserve the Miranda invocation issue for appeal-is meritorious. Defendant has established prejudice and reversal is required of the conviction for first degree murder. Defendant has not, however, established prejudice as to his
B. Forfeiture
Citing People v. Rundle (2008) 43 Cal.4th 76 , 74 Cal.Rptr.3d 454 , 180 P.3d 224 ( Rundle )[12] the Attorney General argues that defense counsel's generic initial reference to Miranda in his objection was not sufficiently specific so as to preserve defendant's claim that he unambiguously invoked his right to remain silent. The defendant in Rundle argued on appeal that "he invoked his right to remain silent ... when he told [officers] he wanted to stop the interview because he had a headache and wished to return to his cell." ( Id. at p. 115, 74 Cal.Rptr.3d 454 , 180 P.3d 224 .) The Rundle court held that the invocation of rights issue was forfeited, because Rundle "never raised this claim in the trial court. He filed only a generic written motion requesting the suppression of all statements made to the authorities, without any discussion of which particular grounds for suppression existed; indeed, his attorney conceded after the first suppression hearing that there was no basis to challenge the admission of the statements made by defendant ... on grounds of involuntariness, and never mentioned an invocation of the right to silence. No further testimony or argument regarding an invocation of the right to remain silent during the interviews
11 Law enforcement officers are not required to ask clarifying questions or to cease questioning altogether in response to a suspect's ambiguous or equivocal statement regarding the desire to remain silent. ( People v. Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911 , 947-948, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 131 , 224 P.3d 877 ; accord, Berghuis , supra , 560 U.S. 370 , 381, 130 S.Ct. 2250 ; People v. Bacon (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1082 , 1107-1108, fn. 5, 116 Cal.Rptr.3d 723 , 240 P.3d 204 .)
12 Rundle was disapproved on other grounds in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390 , 421, fn. 22, 87 Cal.Rptr.3d 209 , 198 P.3d 11 .
Here, when advised the prosecutor had changed strategy and would seek to introduce defendant's recorded statements in her case-in-chief, defense counsel stated that he objected "to all of it, any of it, the left side, right side, both sides. Miranda , hearsay" and prejudice, while never mentioning a claim that defendant had invoked his right to remain silent. As to the generic Miranda objection, the trial court reasonably focused on whether defendant had been provided his Miranda rights, and after determining he had, tentatively noted that "post- Miranda everything comes in." Over the course of the two days, as the parties discussed redactions to the statement and the scope of cross-examination of the detective, defense counsel never once mentioned that defendant invoked his right to remain silent. And in the end, as the prosecutor moved to introduce exhibits, including the audio recording of defendant's interview, defense counsel responded, "I should say there's no objections. Whatever objections I've made, I'm now withdrawing ." (Emphasis added.)
Although the prosecutor changed strategy late in the trial when she decided to offer defendant's confession to murder during her case-in-chief, this is not a case in which defense counsel was taken by surprise and thereby relieved of the obligation to make a specific and timely objection. (See In re Khonsavanh S. (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 532 , 537, 79 Cal.Rptr.2d 80 [exercising discretion to eschew forfeiture where defense counsel had little time to react and was "utterly surprised" by court's order]; see also In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875 , 887, fn. 7, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716 , 153 P.3d 282 [citing In re Khonsavanh S. with approval].) When the prosecutor announced her new decision, the court immediately asked defense counsel if he was familiar with the recordings. Counsel had "read the transcript, et cetera," but he did not have his copy with him. The prosecutor had emailed the transcript to defense counsel and offered him an extra copy in her possession. Defense counsel stated, "I do have them, but I didn't bring them to court right now," because "I thought we were going to handle it tomorrow morning. That's why I didn't bring it with me." Defense counsel was aware of the issue, although perhaps mistaken about the timing, but he had ample time to formulate an invocation of rights objection during the ensuing discussion, which spilled over to the following day. The failure to make a timely and specific objection cannot be excused on the basis of surprise.
Based on the holding in Rundle , we conclude that defendant failed to make a specific and timely objection to introduction of his recorded statement on the ground that he had invoked his right to remain silent. Whatever objections had been made were expressly withdrawn. The
C. Effective Assistance of Trial Counsel
Defendant contends that counsel's failure to object based on his clear invocation of the right to remain silent-"I refuse to talk to you guys. There. That's my side of the story"-resulted in a denial of the effective assistance of counsel. We agree that effective counsel would have made an objection and that there is no imaginable tactical reason for failing to object, because there is nothing favorable to defendant in his statement after he invoked the right to remain silent, nor did counsel use the statement to defendant's advantage in argument. Defendant suffered prejudice as to the murder conviction in count 1, but not as to the kidnapping conviction in count 3.
1. The right to effective assistance of trial counsel
A criminal defendant has the right to the effective assistance of counsel. ( Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668 , 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 ( Strickland ), citing McMann v. Richardson (1970) 397 U.S. 759 , 771, fn. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1441 , 25 L.Ed.2d 763 .) "Counsel ... can ... deprive a defendant of the right to effective assistance, simply by failing to render 'adequate legal assistance.' " ( Strickland , supra , at p. 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052 , citing Cuyler v. Sullivan (1980) 446 U.S. 335 , 344, 100 S.Ct. 1708 , 64 L.Ed.2d 333 .) The purpose of effective assistance of counsel is "to ensure a fair trial," which is judged by deciding "whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." ( Strickland , supra , at p. 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052 .) The Miranda protection of a defendant's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination "safeguards 'a fundamental trial right.' [Citations.]" (Emphasis added.) ( Withrow v. Williams (1993) 507 U.S. 680 , 691, 113 S.Ct. 1745 , 123 L.Ed.2d 407 ; see also Arizona v. Fulminante (1991) 499 U.S. 279 , 310, 111 S.Ct. 1246 , 113 L.Ed.2d 302 ["The admission of an involuntary confession is a 'trial error,' similar in both degree and kind to the erroneous admission of other types of evidence."].)
"A convicted defendant's claim that counsel's assistance was so defective as to require reversal of a conviction or death sentence has two components. First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient
Where a claim of ineffective assistance is premised on the failure to file a timely motion to suppress evidence, the defendant must show (1) a failure to provide objectively reasonable representation, (2) that the motion would have been meritorious, and (3) "that there is a reasonable
At the beginning of the interrogation exchange defendant told the detectives he "[didn't] really want to talk about it right now." Shortly after that, defendant said, "No. I'm cool. I don't want to talk about this. I want to go lay down." These two statements do not establish that defendant unambiguously exercised his right to cut off further questioning. (See People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405 , 432-433, 111 Cal.Rptr.3d 589 , 233 P.3d 1000 [accused's statement, " 'I don't want to talk about it,' " is not an invocation of Miranda rights but rather an expression of frustration
The interrogation that followed defendant's statement that he refused to talk to the officers was a violation of Miranda. Defendant's incriminating statements, which came only after the detectives did not honor his invocation of his right to cut off further questioning, should not have been admitted during the prosecution's case at trial. ( People v. Wash (1993) 6 Cal.4th 215 , 238, 24 Cal.Rptr.2d 421 , 861 P.2d 1107 ) [once a request to remain silent is made, "it must be 'scrupulously honored'; the police may not attempt to circumvent the suspect's decision 'by refusing to discontinue the interrogation upon request or by persisting in repeated efforts to wear down his resistance' "]; ( People v. Sims (1993) 5 Cal.4th 405 , 440, 20 Cal.Rptr.2d 537 , 853 P.2d 992 . ["Statements obtained in violation of Miranda are inadmissible to establish guilt"].)
Professional norms require competent counsel to object to a confession obtained in violation of Miranda , unless there are tactical reasons to admit the statement, a circumstance not present in this case. Defendant has satisfied the first prong of Strickland .
3. Application of the second prong of Strickland
"Even if a defendant shows that particular errors of counsel were unreasonable ... the defendant must [also] show that they actually had an adverse effect on the defense." ( Strickland , supra , 466 U.S. at p. 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052 .) "The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
13 The Attorney General did not dispute in Jackson that the defendant had invoked his right to remain silent through the statement quoted above in the text. The issue decided on appeal was whether the defendant later "reinitiated contact with the officers." ( Jackson , supra , 1 Cal.5th at p. 339, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 386 , 376 P.3d 528 .)
The prosecution made compelling use of defendant's post-invocation confession during closing argument to counter the defense efforts to sow reasonable doubt as to the murder. Introduction of the confession played a significant role in defendant's conviction. The prosecutor effectively argued that defendant's confession corroborated Montellano's version of the murder. As a general matter, confessions constitute compelling proof of a defendant's guilt, and improper admission of a confession in violation of Miranda is more likely to be prejudicial than other evidentiary errors. (See People v. Cahill (1993) 5 Cal.4th 478 , 503, 20 Cal.Rptr.2d 582 , 853 P.2d 1037 ( Cahill ) [inadmissible confessions are more likely to affect the outcome of a trial than are other categories of evidence, as confessions invariably provide persuasive evidence of a defendant's guilt and operate as an " 'evidentiary bombshell which shatters the defense' "].) Defendant's post-invocation statements provided much-needed corroboration of Montellano's testimony.
Under these circumstances, we conclude counsel's failure to object to defendant's confession on the ground it followed an invocation of his Miranda rights was "unreasonable" and the error "actually had an adverse effect on the defense." ( Strickland , supra , 466 U.S. at p. 693, 104 S.Ct. 2052 .) The conviction of murder in count 1 must be reversed.
b. Lack of prejudice as to the kidnapping conviction
The circumstances pertaining to the kidnapping conviction stand in sharp contrast to the murder charge.[15] Our first
14 Montellano's answer to both of these questions was, "I don't know."
15 The kidnapping occurred, according to the prosecutor, when Montellano "was at the bus stop and did not want to get back in that car." In a supplemental letter brief to the court, defense counsel on appeal recognized that "the prosecutor specifically relied on the incident occurring when they exited the vehicle in the alley near the bus stop/7-Eleven," and the "prosecutor relied upon the alleged threats made by [defendant] to Montellano, as recounted in the testimony of Montellano." The letter brief also recognizes "the video does show the two people in an apparent disagreement and physically struggling with each other...."
Second, defendant made statements prior to his invocation of the right to remain silent, which show his consciousness of guilt and corroborate portions of Montellano's testimony as to the kidnapping. Before defendant invoked his right to remain silent, detectives confronted him with the fact there is a video showing defendant pulling Ontiveros's lifeless body from the car and driving away. Despite irrefutable evidence to the contrary, defendant denied his conduct as shown on the video and denied he was even present at the scene. The contrary views expressed by the dissent are incorrect. Defendant's denials demonstrate a consciousness of guilt. (See People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal.3d 1 , 40-41, 164 Cal.Rptr. 1 , 609 P.2d 468 [jury may infer consciousness of guilt where defendant's statements to the police are inconsistent with the evidence presented at trial].) Defendant also placed himself at the scene by telling the detectives, prior to invoking the right to remain silent, that they should talk to the other person who was there. His false denial, and his admission to being present at the scene of the kidnapping, indicate that Montellano's version of the events at the time of the kidnapping are accurate.
Third, the prosecutor's argument to the jury as to the kidnapping charge made no mention of defendant's confession to the murder. Instead, the prosecutor relied on Montellano's testimony, which was corroborated by "a videotape of the commission of the crime" of kidnapping. (See People v. Neal (2003) 31 Cal.4th 63 , 86, 1 Cal.Rptr.3d 650 , 72 P.3d 280 , citing Cahill , supra , 5 Cal.4th at p. 503, 20 Cal.Rptr.2d 582 , 853 P.2d 1037 [a video recording of a crime could support a finding that erroneous admission of a confession is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, a higher standard than applicable to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel].) The prosecutor played the video recording for the jury during argument, highlighting how it corroborated Montellano's testimony.
The most powerful reason any error was harmless as to the kidnapping is the video recording. The recording is consistent with Montellano's testimony that she was trying to get away from defendant, and that he physically coerced her to return to her car. She is seen exiting her car and moving quickly away from defendant, toward the street where the bus stop is located. Although not entirely clear, there is some physical interaction between Montellano and defendant before they move out of the camera's view. About one minute later they reappear in the video, slightly to the left and behind the
DISPOSITION
Defendant's conviction of murder is reversed. The conviction of kidnapping is affirmed. The cause is remanded to the trial court to allow the prosecution the opportunity to retry the murder charge. When a new abstract of judgment is prepared, the trial court is directed to delete the reference to payment of $ 457 in attorney fees pursuant to Penal Code section 987.8.
I concur:
KUMAR, J.[19]
The interrogation of defendant Armando Bichara presents a textbook violation of
18 Our dissenting colleague does not acknowledge the standard of review in the context of the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The subjective standard of review adopted by the dissent-"I cannot hold harmless the admission of the incriminating statements"-apparently shifts the burden on the issue of prejudice to the prosecution, in conflict with decisions of the United States and California Supreme Courts, which require the defendant to show probability of a more favorable result.
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
I
I respectfully dissent, however, from the holding that the admission of the incriminating statements obtained in violation of Miranda did not prejudice the jury's finding that defendant kidnapped his girlfriend Guadalupe Montellano. I will summarize several reasons why; they involve my disagreement with the majority about the relationship between the murder and kidnapping charges, the mediocre quality of the video footage introduced at trial, and the fact that the video does not, and cannot, corroborate the key element of fear that Montellano emphasized as the reason why, according to her, she got in the car with defendant against her will.
I
t is true that defendant's statements obtained in violation of Miranda included no specific admission to kidnapping Montellano. But the murder and kidnapping charges that serve as the basis for defendant's convictions, at least as presented by the prosecution at trial, were so intertwined that a conviction on the kidnapping charge makes little if any sense when divorced from the murder charge.
Montellano's claim to have witnessed defendant stab Maria Ontiveros was the ostensible motive for why defendant, who was Montellano's boyfriend and living with her in her car, would have kidnapped her. At oral argument in this court, the People conceded the point, agreeing that the prosecution's theory at trial "was that the kidnapping was precipitated by the murder of Ontiveros" and that "the motive was that
II
During trial, the prosecution introduced surveillance video footage that depicted, according to Montellano, her interactions with defendant near a bus stop. Unfortunately, the video is distant (meaning the camera is far from the events of interest), jumpy, pixelated, and static (meaning there is only one camera angle, and there are long stretches where no one is visible). The majority makes a good faith effort to characterize the quality of the video in a better light, but the overall state of the video evidence, in my view, is best described by the concessions that aspects of the footage are "not entirely clear" and "not clear enough."[22] (Maj. Opn. at p. 915.) Without a clearer depiction of what transpired, the video evidence cannot be a powerful reason why the Miranda violation did not prejudice the jury's kidnapping verdict.
Although I do not believe the majority opinion's narration of the video is what the video shows when "[o]bjectively viewed" (Maj. Opn. at p. 916), the opinion further reasons that defendant's refusal to admit what the majority believes the video shows can be used as evidence of his consciousness of guilt. I would not draw this conclusion, for both factual and legal reasons.
Factually, the video is not "irrefutable evidence" of defendant pulling the victim's dead body out of the car (Maj. Opn. at p. 915). The video by itself is not evidence of identity at all-given the mediocre quality of the footage, it is impossible to identify who is depicted in the video solely by viewing it. Nor do I believe the video by itself shows someone pulling a dead body from the car. The video does depict a person opening the rear door of the car and appearing to reach inside (there is a pole partially obstructing the view), but it is the testimony at trial-not the video itself-that supplies the important details. I accordingly believe there is no basis to conclude defendant's refusal to admit certain facts when interrogated by the detectives was tantamount to a denial of irrefutable video evidence. In fact, the detectives
3 The majority believes the video clearly shows defendant and Montellano engaging in a physical struggle and Montellano "struggling to escape defendant's grip[ ] as he tries to pull her to the car." The video does unquestionably depict some sort of brief struggle between two people. But it is not clear who started the struggle, what exactly transpired, or whether one of the participants is attempting to pull the other to the car.
Montellano testified as follows concerning the reason why she felt compelled to accompany defendant in the car when leaving the bus stop area:
Q [by the prosecutor]: As you were trying to cry out for help and pointing to the car, what was [defendant] doing?
A [by Montellano]: He was pulling me, telling me to stop.
Q: Did you end up going back to the car?
A: Yes.
A: Because of what he did to my friend.[24]
(Emphasis added.)
While Montellano said defendant pulled her and grabbed her arm at points during their interaction near the bus stop, she testified it was defendant's threat to harm her son that compelled her to return with him to the car and drive off. This testimony served as the proof of the force or fear element of kidnapping.
The threat Montellano claimed defendant made cannot be heard on the video; the camera recorded no audio at all. That means that on the key issue of whether Montellano was unlawfully moved by fear, her testimony-impeachable for the reasons identified by the majority ante at pages 913 to 914-was largely if not entirely uncorroborated. Under the circumstances, and with the other points I have already discussed in mind, I cannot hold harmless the admission of the incriminating statements the detectives obtained in violation of Miranda . In my view, a new trial is required on both the murder charge and the kidnapping charge.
5 The latter part of this exchange again highlights the interrelationship between the kidnapping charge and the murder charge (see Part I, ante ).
Cases cited
- People v. Farell 28 Cal.4th 381 at 384 p. 909
- People v. McCurdy 59 Cal.4th 1063 p. 909
- People v. Sauceda-Contreras 55 Cal.4th 203 p. 909
- Kimmelman v. Morrison 477 U.S. 365 p. 912
- In re Avena 12 Cal.4th 694 p. 912
- People v. Gonzalez 64 Cal.App.4th 432 p. 912
- People v. Mesa 144 Cal.App.4th 1000 p. 912
- Strickland v. Washington 104 S.Ct. 2052 p. 912, p. 914, p. 1281, p. 1282, p. 1284, p. 1285
- People v. Jennings 46 Cal.3d 963 p. 913
- Berghuis v. Thompkins 130 S.Ct. 2250 p. 913, p. 1279, p. 1283
- People v. Johnson 6 Cal.4th 1 p. 916
- People v. Rogers 39 Cal.4th 826 p. 916
- Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 p. 917
- People v. Moore 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 769 p. 918
- People v. Ortiz 208 Cal.App.4th 1354 p. 919
- People v. Lessie 47 Cal.4th 1152 p. 1279
- People v. Stitely 35 Cal.4th 514 p. 1279
- People v. Jackson 1 Cal.5th 269 p. 1279
- People v. Rundle 43 Cal.4th 76 p. 1279
- People v. Khonsavanh S. 67 Cal.App.4th 532 p. 1280
- People v. Sheena K. 40 Cal.4th 875 at 887 p. 1280
- McMann v. Richardson 397 U.S. 759 at 771 p. 1281
- Cuyler v. Sullivan 446 U.S. 335 p. 1281
- Withrow v. Williams 507 U.S. 680 p. 1281
- Arizona v. Fulminante 499 U.S. 279 p. 1281
- People v. Duff 58 Cal.4th 527 p. 1283
- People v. Nelson 53 Cal.4th 367 p. 1283
- People v. Tom 59 Cal.4th 1210 p. 1283
- Davis v. United States 512 U.S. 452 p. 1283
- People v. Williams 49 Cal.4th 405 p. 1283
- People v. Wash 6 Cal.4th 215 p. 1284
- People v. Sims 5 Cal.4th 405 p. 1284
- People v. Cahill 5 Cal.4th 478 p. 1285, p. 1290
- People v. Green 27 Cal.3d 1 p. 1286
- People v. Neal 31 Cal.4th 63 p. 1286