Cross v. Facebook, Inc.

We here address appeals filed by both sides from an order on an anti-SLAPP motion, which order granted the motion as to three causes of action and denied it as to three others.

Plaintiffs are Jason Cross, also known as Mikel Knight, a country rap artist, and two entities affiliated with him. Defendant is Facebook, Inc. (Facebook). The dispute arises out of a Facebook page called "Families Against Mikel Knight," which page, plaintiffs claimed, incited violence and generated death threats against Knight and his team. Plaintiffs sought to have the page removed, Facebook refused, and plaintiffs sued, in a complaint that alleged six causes of action. Facebook filed a special motion to dismiss all six causes of action, arguing that they arose from protected activity and that plaintiffs could not show a probability of prevailing on any of them. The trial court held that the complaint was based on protected activity, that plaintiffs could not prevail on the first three causes of action, and granted the anti-SLAPP motion as to them. The trial court denied the motion as to the three other causes of action-claims alleging statutory and common law claims for violation of Knight's right of publicity, along with a derivative unfair competition law (UCL) claim-concluding that Knight had shown a probability of prevailing on them.

Both sides appeal, plaintiffs arguing that all six causes of action should proceed, Facebook that none should. We agree with Facebook, and thus affirm in part and reverse in part, with instructions to the

BACKGROUND

The Facts

Plaintiff Jason Cross, also known as Mikel Knight (Knight), is, as described in his complaint, "an American recording artist in the genre of Country Rap/Urban Country. Knight's music is available on streaming music services such as Spotify, and his music videos are available on music video services such as Vevo." 1203 Entertainment, LLC (1203 Entertainment) is Knight's record label, which itself has a marketing subsidiary, MDRST Marketing/Promotions (MDRST) (when referred to collectively, Knight, 1203 Entertainment, and MDRST will be referred to as plaintiffs).

Facebook operates a social networking service that enables some two billion users worldwide to connect and share information that is important to them with family, coworkers, and friends. Use of the service is free, but users agree to Facebook's terms of service when they sign up for a Facebook account and each time they access or use Facebook.

Knight's Facebook experience apparently proceeded uneventfully for several years, until 2014, when two accidents happened within a week.

MDRST's marketing efforts included hiring of independent contractors who would travel throughout the country in vans that featured Knight's name and logo, promoting his music and merchandise. On June 9 and 16, 2014, two vans were involved in separate accidents when the drivers fell asleep at the wheel. The accidents had tragic consequences, including two deaths and one serious injury.

Shortly after the accidents, a publicly available Facebook page called "Families Against Mikel Knight" was created, apparently by a person (or persons) related to the victims. As to plaintiffs' version of what followed, their brief describes it this way: "numerous commenters began posting statements inciting violence and death threats against Knight and members of his record labels .... Because of these comments, numerous members of Mr. Knight's promotion team were verbally threatened and physically assaulted. [¶] In addition to these threats and assaults, the unauthorized Facebook page also severely impacted Knight and 1203 Entertainment's business deals. In 2014 and 2015, Knight was in negotiations with numerous companies to sign lucrative deals involving his music. But once representatives from these companies, which included Nielsen SoundScan and the Dallas Cowboys football team, reviewed the content of the unauthorized Facebook pages, they backed out of these negotiations."

Sometime in late 2014, Knight informed Facebook of the comments and threats. And on June 5, 2015, Knight's attorney sent a letter to Facebook demanding that it remove the pages. Facebook refused. This lawsuit followed.

The Proceedings Below

On February 16, 2016, plaintiffs filed a verified complaint against Facebook. It alleged six causes of action, styled as follows: (1) breach of written contract; (2) negligent misrepresentation; (3) negligent interference with prospective economic relations; (4) breach of Civil Code section 3344 ; (5) violation of common law right of publicity; and (6) unlawful and unfair business practices, Business and Professions Code section 17200 (the UCL claim). Knight was a plaintiff in all six causes of action; 1203 Entertainment was also a

On May 31, the trial court filed its order, a comprehensive, six single-spaced pages. The court first held that the first step of the anti-SLAPP analysis was satisfied, that "i[t] cannot be disputed that Facebook's website and the Facebook pages at issue are 'public forums,' " and "the content of the subject Facebook pages concern public issues or issues of public interest." The court observed that the lawsuit "clearly targets Facebook's ability to maintain a forum for discussion of these issues, including its discretion to remove content that Plaintiffs find objectionable," and concluded that Facebook "met its initial burden of demonstrating that Plaintiffs' claims arise out of protected activity."

As to step two, the court held that the first three claims were barred by the CDA, going on to explain that "[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." ( 47 U.S.C. § 230 (c)(1).) The court noted it was undisputed that Facebook is an " 'interactive computer service,' " and that the pages to which plaintiffs objected contained content provided by another "information content provider." So, the trial court concluded, the first three causes of action-for breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and negligent interference with prospective economic relations-were barred because these causes of action "treat[ed] Facebook as the 'publisher' ... of the ... content" to which plaintiffs object. The court thus granted the anti-SLAPP motion as to those three claims.

"With these principles in mind, we turn to a review of the issues before us, a review that is de novo. ( Grewal v. Jammu (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 977 , 988 [ 119 Cal.Rptr.3d 835 ] ( Grewal ).)"

Plaintiffs' Lawsuit Involves an Issue of Public Interest

Facebook's anti-SLAPP motion was based on section 425.16, subdivision (e)(3). That subdivision provides that an act in furtherance of the right of free speech as described in section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1) includes "any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest."

As the trial court aptly observed, "It cannot be disputed that Facebook's website and the Facebook pages at issue are 'public forums,' as they are accessible to anyone who consents to Facebook's Terms." This, of course, is consistent with the law establishing that "[w]eb sites accessible to the public ... are 'public forums' for purposes of the anti-SLAPP statute." ( Barrett v. Rosenthal (2006) 40 Cal.4th 33 , 41, fn. 4, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 55 , 146 P.3d 510 .)

So, the issue is whether plaintiffs' lawsuit is based on an "issue of public interest." We conclude it is.

We begin our analysis with more quotation from Hecimovich : "Like the SLAPP statute itself, the question whether something is an issue of public interest must be ' " 'construed broadly.' " ' ( Gilbert v. Sykes (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 13 , 23, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 752 ; see Rivera v. First DataBank, Inc. (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 709 , 716, 115 Cal.Rptr.3d 1 ( Rivera ).) An ' "issue of public interest" ' is ' " any issue in which the public is interested ." ' ( Rivera , at p. 716, 115 Cal.Rptr.3d 1 , quoting Nygård, Inc. v. Uusi-Kerttula (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1027 , 1042, 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 210 .) A matter of ' " 'public interest should be something of concern to a substantial number of people. [Citation.] ... [T]here should be some degree of closeness between the challenged statements and the asserted public interest [citation] ....' '[T]he focus of the speaker's conduct should be the public interest ....' " [Citation.] Nevertheless, it may encompass activity between private people.' ( Rivera, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 716, 115 Cal.Rptr.3d 1 .)

"We look for 'the principal thrust or gravamen of the plaintiff's cause of action.' ( Martinez v. Metabolife Internat., Inc. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 181 , 188 [ 6 Cal.Rptr.3d 494 ].) We 'do not evaluate the first prong of the anti-SLAPP test solely through the lens of a plaintiff's cause of action.' ( Stewart v. Rolling Stone LLC (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 664 , 679 [ 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 98 ].) The 'critical consideration' is what the cause of action is

' based on. ' ( Navellier, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 89 [ 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 530 , 52 P.3d 703 ].)" ( Hecimovich, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 464-465, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 455 .)

As the trial court explained, the pages to which Knight objected discussed incidents involving contractors hired by plaintiffs, contractors who "fell asleep behind the wheel in two separate incidents, resulting in fatal collisions." And as the trial court concluded, "It is not a far stretch to say that such incidents, and the circumstances

Contrary to Knight's assertions, the complaint does not arise from "private" statements or promises made to Knight in Facebook's terms. Indeed, similar arguments made by other plaintiffs against Facebook have been rejected by district courts, in language directly applicable here: "while Facebook's Terms of Service 'place restrictions on users' behavior,' they 'do not create affirmative obligations' " on Facebook. ( Caraccioli v. Facebook, Inc. (N.D.Cal. 2016) 167 F.Supp.3d 1056 , 1064, quoting Young v. Facebook, Inc. (N.D.Cal. Oct. 25, 2010, No. 5:10-cv-03579-JF/PVT) 2010 WL 4269304 at *3 ; see also Klayman v. Zuckerberg (D.C. Cir. 2014) 753 F.3d 1354 , 1359 [rejecting plaintiff's argument that Facebook's terms of service give rise to a duty to remove offensive content because "[t]he plain text of the [terms of service] thus disavows the legal relationship that [plaintiff] asserts"].)

Plaintiffs' brief states that "As a requirement to signing up for Facebook, Mr. Knight had to accept Facebook's Terms of Service. Among other things, the Terms of Service-along with certain 'supplemental terms' specifically incorporated by reference-prohibited harassing and violent speech against Facebook users. These supplemental terms also made an explicit promise to Knight: 'We remove credible threats of physical harm to individuals.' Facebook also stated that '[w]e want people to feel safe when using Facebook,' and agreed to 'remove content, disable accounts, and work with law enforcement when we believe there is a genuine risk of

Facebook to remove the pages-which plaintiffs have not demonstrated-it would not alter the reality that the source of Knight's alleged injuries, the basis for his claim, is the content of the pages and Facebook's decision not to remove them, an act "in furtherance of the ... right of petition or free speech." ( § 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) As the Ninth Circuit tersely put it, "[W]here ... an action directly targets the way a content provider chooses to deliver, present, or publish news content on matters of public interest, that action is based on conduct in furtherance of free speech rights and must withstand scrutiny under California's anti-SLAPP statute." ( Greater Los Angeles Age. on Deafness v. Cable News (9th Cir. 2014) 742 F.3d 414 , 424-425 ; see Hupp v. Freedom Communications, Inc. (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 398 , 403, 163 Cal.Rptr.3d 919 [plaintiff's claim that defendant publisher breached its user agreement with plaintiff by failing to remove comments made on publisher's website concerning plaintiff dismissed on anti-SLAPP motion]; see also Wong v. Jing (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1354 , 1362, 1366, 117 Cal.Rptr.3d 747 .)

Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc. (9th Cir. 2009) 570 F.3d 1096 ( Barnes ), the primary case on which plaintiffs rely, is distinguishable. There, a malicious ex-boyfriend created an unauthorized Yahoo! profile in the name of plaintiff, his ex-girlfriend. ( Id. at p. 1098.) As the Ninth Circuit described, it was a "dangerous, cruel, and highly indecent use of the internet for the apparent purpose of revenge." ( Ibid. ) Plaintiff requested removal of the profile numerous times, without success. Finally, plaintiff received a call from Yahoo!'s director of communications, who made a specific promise to remove the imposter profile, representing that she would " 'personally walk the statements over to the division responsible for stopping unauthorized profiles and they would take care of it.' " ( Id. at p. 1099.) The profile remained.

Plaintiff sued. The district court granted Yahoo!'s motion to dismiss. The Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that plaintiff's negligent undertaking claim was barred by the CDA, but her promissory estoppel claim was not. ( Barnes, supra, 570 F.3d at p. 1096.) Rather, the express promise by the director of communications to take specific action to "take care of it," and plaintiff's reasonable and detrimental reliance upon the promise,

Section 425.17 provides that the SLAPP statute "does not apply to any cause of action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services ... if both of the following conditions exist: [¶] (1) The statement or conduct consists of representations of fact about that person's ... business operations, goods, or services, that is made for the purpose of obtaining approval for, promoting, or securing sales or leases of, or commercial transactions in, the person's goods or services, or the statement or conduct was made in the course of delivering the person's goods or services. [¶] (2) The intended audience is an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a person likely to repeat the statement to, or otherwise influence, an actual or potential buyer or customer ...." (§ 425.17, subd. (c)(1), (2).)

Attempting to invoke this exemption, Knight focuses not on the actual statements or conduct that are the basis of his right of publicity claims, but on portions of unrelated statements made in Facebook's terms and community standards. These, Knight argues, somehow form the basis of his right of publicity claim, and qualify as "representations of fact" made by Facebook for the purpose of selling more of its goods or services. The argument fails, for several reasons.

First, while Facebook sells advertising, it is not "primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services." Knight has not alleged that it is. Nor could he, as Facebook offers a free service to its users.

Second, the relevant "statements" at issue in plaintiffs' complaint are not Facebook's terms and community standards. To the contrary-and as plaintiffs' complaint makes clear-Knight is not challenging any commercial statement by Facebook about its business operations. Rather, Knight's right of publicity claims and the derivative UCL claim arise from the speech of the third parties who created the pages and posted negative comments about Knight on them. Knight makes no attempt to show that these third-party statements constitute "commercial speech" by Facebook.

Third, even if Facebook's terms and community standards were the relevant statements or conduct at issue here, Knight has not identified any "representation of fact" that Facebook would remove any objectionable content. Indeed, the actual terms are to the contrary, providing in essence that Facebook has the discretion to remove content that violates Facebook policies. By way of illustration, the terms include that: "We can remove any content or information you post on Facebook if we believe that it violates this Statement or our policies." The terms also make clear that Facebook is not responsible for "the content or information users transmit or share on Facebook," for "any offensive, inappropriate, obscene, unlawful or otherwise objectionable content or information you may encounter on Facebook," or for

"the conduct, whether online or offline, of any user of Facebook." As Facebook sums it up, "We do our best to keep Facebook safe, but we cannot guarantee it."

Facebook's community standards are no more helpful to plaintiffs. The standards provide further guidance to users about what kind of content they can share on Facebook, and the types of discretionary

because they were "specific and detailed statements intended to induce reliance, such as: the filter 'give[s]' consumers the 'most trusted' reviews, and Yelp's engineers (a word inspiring confidence) are working to provide the 'most unbiased and accurate' information available." ( Id . at p. 311, 175 Cal.Rptr.3d 131 .) The setting here is a far cry.

Having concluded that the basis of the complaint is an issue of public interest under step one of the anti-SLAPP analysis, we turn to step two.

Plaintiffs Have Failed to Demonstrate a Likelihood of Prevailing on the Merits

The Law

As to step two, we confirmed the applicable law in Grewal, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at p. 989, 119 Cal.Rptr.3d 835 , there in the context of one plaintiff:

"We decide the second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis on consideration of 'the pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is based.' ( § 425.16, subd. (b).) Looking at those affidavits, '[w]e do not weigh credibility, nor do we evaluate the weight of the evidence. Instead, we accept as true all evidence favorable to the plaintiff and assess the defendant's evidence only to determine if it defeats the plaintiff's submission as a matter of law.' (

In sum, to defeat an anti-SLAPP motion, plaintiffs " ' "must demonstrate that the complaint is both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment." ' " ( Premier Medical Management Systems, Inc. v. California Ins. Guarantee Assn. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 464 , 476, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 43 .) Plaintiffs' demonstration does not measure up.

The First, Second, and Third Causes of Action

As noted, the trial court granted the anti-SLAPP motion as to plaintiffs' first three causes of action, for breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and negligent interference, holding that the CDA barred these three claims. We reach the same conclusion.

The CDA provides in pertinent part that "[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." ( 47 U.S.C. § 230 (c)(1).) An "interactive computer service" is "any information service, system ... that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server." ( Id. , § 230(f)(2).) And an "information content provider" is "any person or entity that is responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or development of information provided through the Internet or any other interactive computer service." ( Id. , § 230(f)(3).)

As Congress itself put it, the reason for excluding interactive computer services from liability for republication was "to promote the continued development of the Internet and other interactive computer services ... [and] to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet and other interactive computer services, unfettered by Federal or State regulation." ( 47 U.S.C. § 230 (b)(1), (2) ; see Batzel v. Smith (9th Cir. 2003) 333 F.3d 1018 , 1026-1029.) To that end, CDA immunity is to be construed broadly, "to protect websites not merely from ultimate liability, but from having to fight costly and protracted legal battles." ( Fair Housing Coun., San Fernando v. Roommates.com (9th Cir. 2008) 521 F.3d 1157 , 1175.)

for failing to adhere to legally enforceable promises such as the ones at issue here." Or, as Knight goes on, he does "not allege that Facebook is vicariously liable for the statements of any third parties," but rather "that Facebook failed to adhere to its own legally enforceable promise."

This, of course, is the same argument Knight made in connection with step one, an argument we rejected. It has no more merit in step two. In evaluating whether a claim treats a provider as a publisher or speaker of user-generated content, "what matters is not the name of the cause of action"; instead, "what matters is whether the cause of action inherently requires the court to treat the defendant as the 'publisher or speaker' of content provided by another." ( Barnes, supra, 570 F.3d at pp. 1101-1102.) Put slightly differently, "courts must ask whether the duty that the plaintiff alleges the defendant violated derives from the defendant's status or conduct as a 'publisher or speaker.' If it does, section 230(c)(1) precludes liability." ( Barnes, supra, at p. 1102 ; see Gentry v. eBay, Inc. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 816 , 832-833, 121 Cal.Rptr.2d 703 .)

Based on that principle, numerous courts have held the CDA bars claims based on a failure to remove content posted by others. ( Hupp v. Freedom Communications, Inc., supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 405, 163 Cal.Rptr.3d 919 [CDA barred breach of contract claim arising from newspaper's failure to remove comments on website]; Doe II v. MySpace Inc. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 561 , 573, 96 Cal.Rptr.3d 148 [CDA barred tort claims seeking to hold MySpace liable for "failing to exercise a publisher's traditional editorial functions, namely deciding whether to publish certain material or not"]; Gentry v. eBay, Inc., supra, 99 Cal.App.4th at p. 835, 121 Cal.Rptr.2d 703 [CDA barred negligence claim based on eBay's failure to remove or alter allegedly fraudulent product descriptions].) In fact, it was based on the CDA that the cases cited above ruled in favor of Facebook. (See Caraccioli v. Facebook, Inc., supra, 167 F.Supp.3d at pp. 1064-1065 [dismissing plaintiff's claims for breach of contract and negligence for Facebook's decision not to remove content, as liability based on that sort of vicarious responsibility is what section 230 of the CDA seeks to avoid]; Klayman v. Zuckerberg, supra, 753 F.3d at p. 1357 ; Sikhs for Justice "SFJ" , Inc. v. Facebook, Inc. (N.D.Cal. 2015) 144 F.Supp.3d 1088 , 1094-1095 [CDA barred claim alleging that Facebook violated title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( 42 U.S.C. § 2000a ) by blocking access to plaintiff's Facebook page in India because it sought "to hold Defendant liable for Defendant's decision 'whether to publish' third-party content"].)

The Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Causes of Action

As noted, the trial court denied the motion as to the remaining three causes of action, Knight's claims for (4) violation of Civil Code section 3344, (5)

common law right of publicity, and (6) the derivative UCL claim on behalf of all plaintiffs. The

We start with the observation that the complaint expressly alleges that the content at issue was created by third parties: "this unauthorized Facebook page was created by persons related to the injured and deceased independent contractors." Responding to this, Knight asserts that "the Complaint alleges that Facebook continued to place ads on all the unauthorized Facebook pages using Mikel Knight's name, and that Facebook refused to disable the unauthorized pages to continue generating revenue at the expense of using Knight's name or likeness." The complaint also alleges, however conclusionary, that "Facebook has used Knight's name and likeness for the purpose of advertising on the unauthorized Facebook pages."

To begin with, the allegations are unavailing. The law is that plaintiffs cannot

Just as Knight contends here, Perfect 10 contended Google " 'materially contribut[ed] to violations of Perfect 10's assigned rights of publicity by providing the advertising' " on the Blogger pages, which " 'satisfie[d] the commercial purpose necessary to establish a violation of Section 3344(a) and the common law.' " ( Perfect 10 v. Google, Inc., supra, 2010 WL 9479060 , p. *13.) The district court disagreed, holding that Google's "contribut[ion]" to violations committed by its Blogger users was not actionable without a showing of use by Google itself: "P10 [ (Perfect 10) ] has not shown that Google is, in fact, inappropriately using the models' likenesses. Because both the statutory and common law versions of a right of publicity claim require that the defendant actually use the plaintiff's likeness ... P10 has not established that it is likely to prevail on its right of publicity claim." ( Ibid. , citing Fleet v. CBS, Inc. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1911 , 1918, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 645 .)

The gravamen of Knight's complaint is that Facebook displayed unrelated ads from Facebook advertisers adjacent to the content that allegedly used Knight's name and likeness-content, Knight concedes, created by third-party users. He has not, and cannot, offer any evidence that Facebook used his name or likeness in any way. ( Montana v. San Jose Mercury News, Inc., supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 793, 40 Cal.Rptr.2d 639 , quoting Eastwood v. Superior Court (1983) 149 Cal.App.3d 409 , 417, 198 Cal.Rptr. 342 [requiring "defendant's use of the plaintiff's identity"]; see

Eastwood v. Superior Court, supra, 149 Cal.App.3d at p. 420, 198 Cal.Rptr. 342 ["Turning to whether the Enquirer has commercially exploited Eastwood's name, photograph or likeness, we note that one of the primary purposes of advertising is to motivate a decision to purchase a particular product or service."].)

Knight has not even alleged-let alone shown-that any advertiser used his name or likeness. He thus cannot establish that anyone, let alone Facebook, obtained an advantage through use of his identity. Indeed, the evidence Knight submitted below demonstrated either that no advertisements appeared alongside the pages at issue, or that the advertisements that did appear adjacent to the content posted by third parties made no use of his name or likeness. At most, Knight has shown that Facebook allowed unrelated third-party advertisements to run adjacent to pages containing users' comments about Knight and his business practices. This is insufficient.

Newcombe v. Adol f Coors Co. (9th Cir. 1998) 157 F.3d 686 is persuasive. Plaintiff Newcombe, a recovering alcoholic, was an all-star pitcher whose major league career was cut short due to his service in the military and a personal battle with alcohol. Killian's Irish Red Beer, owned by Coors Brewing Co., published an advertisement in Sports Illustrated that featured a drawing of an old-time baseball game. The drawing was on the left half of the full-page advertisement; the right half was filled with text and a picture of a glass of beer. The baseball scene focused on a pitcher in a windup position, and the background included a single infielder and an old-fashioned outfield fence. The players' uniforms did not depict an actual team, and the background did not depict an actual stadium. However, Newcombe, along with family, friends and former teammates, immediately recognized the pitcher featured in the advertisement as Newcombe in his playing days. ( Id. at p. 689.)

Newcombe filed suit in California state court against several defendants, including Coors and Time, the publisher of Sports Illustrated , alleging that his identity had been misappropriated in violation of California statutory and common law, and that the advertisement was defamatory. Defendants removed the case to federal court, which thereafter granted defendants' motion for summary judgment. The Ninth

Dora v. Frontline Video, Inc. (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 536 , 545, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 790 [scope of "public affairs" and the "public interest" is broad and "include [s] things that would not necessarily be considered

trial court to enter an order granting the anti-SLAPP motion and striking the complaint.

The trial court went on to hold, however, that the three other claims-the common law and statutory right of publicity claims and the derivative UCL claim-were not barred by the CDA. In support of this holding, the court relied on 47 U.S.C. § 230 (e)(2), which states that "[n]othing in this section shall be construed to limit or expand any law pertaining to intellectual property." In the court's view, "the right of publicity protects a form of intellectual property," and therefore the CDA does not apply to such claims. The court further held that Knight had shown a probability of prevailing on his right of publicity claims because he alleged that Facebook ran advertisements adjacent to the "unauthorized" pages created by the third parties critiquing Knight and his business practices. Even though the advertising run by Facebook adjacent to these pages was entirely unrelated to, and did not use, Knight's name or image, the trial court held that the mere fact that Facebook allowed ads to be displayed adjacent to the pages was sufficient to state a right of publicity claim against it.

On June 16, Facebook filed a notice of appeal. On August 23, plaintiffs filed their own notice of appeal. We ordered the appeals consolidated.

where the trial court evaluates the merits of the lawsuit using a summary-judgment-like procedure at an early stage of the litigation.' ( Varian Medical Systems, Inc. v. Delfino (2005) 35 Cal.4th 180 , 192, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 298 , 106 P.3d 958 .)

"Finally, and as subdivision (a) of section 425.16 expressly mandates, the section 'shall be construed broadly.'

leading to them, are matters in which the public would be interested." Putting it slightly differently, the issue involved the danger of trucks on highways driven by sleep-deprived drivers. And as to this, Google searches for tired truck drivers reveals millions of results. It is an issue of tremendous concern.

Arguing in support of their appeal, plaintiffs make two arguments. The first is that their claim is based not on public statements, but rather, in plaintiffs' words, is "premised specifically on Facebook's statements made privately to Mr. Knight in August 2010 that Facebook would remove content where there was a threat to physical harm." Or, as plaintiffs put it at a later point, "the trial court erred by not focusing on 'the specific nature of the speech rather than the generalities that might be abstracted from it.' Here, the specific speech at issue was Facebook's own promises to [plaintiffs], not the speech of any third party." Plaintiffs' second argument is that the anti-SLAPP motion fails based on the "commercial speech" exception in section 425.17.

The trial court rejected both arguments. So do we.

Plaintiffs' first argument is, as the trial court concluded, inconsistent with the actual allegations in their complaint, the clear gravamen of which is Knight's objection to the third-party content on the pages and Facebook's editorial decisions to not remove them. Thus, for example, the complaint contains these allegations:

"Facebook Refuses to Disable the Unauthorized Mikel Knight Page in Violation of Its Terms of Service";

"By refusing to disable the unauthorized Facebook pages, Facebook has engaged in conduct that has and will continue to cause significant physical harm to Knight and MDRST independent contractors .... But by refusing to disable the pages, Facebook acted with a willful and conscious disregard for the safety of Knight and MDRST independent contractors";

"By refusing to disable the unauthorized Facebook pages, Facebook has violated the Terms of Service."

meant that plaintiff's claims sought to hold Yahoo! liable as a promissor rather than as a publisher or speaker of third-party content. As a result, the CDA did not apply to plaintiff's promissory estoppel claim.

Knight has no promissory estoppel claim-and Barnes no applicability here. Neither does section 425.17.

actions Facebook may take with regard to content posted by others. And like the terms, the community standards provide that while Facebook may remove user content, it will not always remove content that a particular user might find objectionable. Examples include the following:

"[P]lease keep in mind that something that may be disagreeable or disturbing to you may not violate our Community Standards."

"Reporting something doesn't guarantee that it will be removed because it may not violate [Facebook's] policies."

"Our review decisions may occasionally change after receiving additional context about specific posts or after seeing new, violating content appearing on a Page or Facebook Profile."

"Not all disagreeable or disturbing content violates [Facebook's] Community Standards."

None of these statements are a "representation of fact" about Facebook's services made for the purpose of soliciting users. They are not within section 425.17. (See Simpson Strong-Tie Co., Inc. v. Gore (2010) 49 Cal.4th 12 , 31, 109 Cal.Rptr.3d 329 , 230 P.3d 1117 [promise in an advertisement not commercial speech]; Navarro v. IHOP Properties, Inc. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 834 , 841, 36 Cal.Rptr.3d 385 [allegedly false promises to process potential buyers of plaintiff's franchise rights without undue delay not a representation of fact].)

Knight's reliance on Demetriades v. Yelp, Inc. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 294 , 175 Cal.Rptr.3d 131 is misplaced. There, Yelp made a series of affirmative representations about the accuracy of its filtering software, including that it produced " 'the most trusted reviews.' " ( Id. at pp. 300-301, 175 Cal.Rptr.3d 131 .) The trial court granted Yelp's anti-SLAPP motion. The Court of Appeal reversed, holding that the statements constituted commercial speech about the reliability of Yelp's review filter product, and were intended to reach third parties to induce them to patronize Yelp's website-and in turn induce businesses to purchase advertising on Yelp. ( Id. at p. 310, 175 Cal.Rptr.3d 131 .) Moreover, the court concluded that Yelp's statements were factual, as opposed to mere puffery or opinion,

Overstock.com, Inc. v. Gradient Analytics, Inc. (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 688 , 699-700 [ 61 Cal.Rptr.3d 29 ].) [¶] That is the setting in which we determine whether plaintiff has met the required showing, a showing that is 'not high.' ( Overstock.com, Inc. v. Gradient Analytics, Inc., supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 699 [ 61 Cal.Rptr.3d 29 ].) In the words of the Supreme Court, plaintiff needs to show only a 'minimum level of legal sufficiency and triability.' ( Linder v. Thrifty Oil Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 429 , 438, fn. 5 [ 97 Cal.Rptr.2d 179 , 2 P.3d 27 ].) In the words of other courts, plaintiff needs to show only a case of 'minimal merit.' ( Peregrine Funding, Inc. v. Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 658 , 675 [ 35 Cal.Rptr.3d 31 ], quoting Navellier v. Sletten [ , supra, ] 29 Cal.4th [at p.] 95, fn. 11 [ 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 530 , 52 P.3d 703 ].)"

As we stated in Hecimovich, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 469, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 455 : "While plaintiff's burden may not be 'high,' he must demonstrate that his claim is legally sufficient. ( Navellier, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 93 [ 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 530 , 52 P.3d 703 ].) And he must show that it is supported by a sufficient prima facie showing, one made with 'competent and admissible evidence.' ( Tuchscher Development Enterprises, Inc. v. San Diego Unified Port Dist. (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1219 , 1236 [ 132 Cal.Rptr.2d 57 ] ; see Evans v. Unkow (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1490 , 1497 [ 45 Cal.Rptr.2d 624 ].)"

As quoted above, the trial court held the CDA applied to Knight's first three claims because "(1) Facebook is an 'interactive computer service'; (2) Plaintiffs' claims treat Facebook as the 'publisher' or 'speaker' of the offending content; and (3) the offending content was 'provided by another information content provider.' " Knight disputes only the third conclusion. In Knight's words, his "Complaint specifically alleges that Facebook is liable because of its own promises and representations to [Knight], not because of anyone else's statements. And the CDA does not immunize website providers

expressed reason was title 47 United States Code section 230, subdivision (e)(2), which states that "[n]othing in this section shall be construed to limit or expand any law pertaining to intellectual property." In the court's view, "the right of publicity protects a form of intellectual property," and therefore the CDA does not apply to such claims. The court further held that Knight had shown a probability of prevailing on his right of publicity claims because he alleged that Facebook ran advertisements adjacent to the "unauthorized" pages created by third parties critiquing Knight and his business practices. We conclude this was error.

The fourth cause of action, for statutory right of publicity, is based on Civil Code section 3344, which provides in relevant part as follows: "Any person who knowingly uses another's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner ... for purposes of advertising or selling ... without such person's prior consent, ... shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result." ( Civ. Code, § 3344, subd. (a).)

The fifth cause of action is for common law right of publicity. That claim has four elements: (1) the defendant's use of the plaintiff's identity; (2) the appropriation of plaintiff's name or likeness to defendant's advantage, commercially or otherwise; (3) lack of consent; and (4) resulting injury. ( Maxwell v. Dolezal (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 93 , 97, 179 Cal.Rptr.3d 807 ; Stewart v. Rolling Stone LLC, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 679, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 98 .)

The sixth cause of action, the UCL claim, is, as plaintiffs' counsel acknowledged, a derivative claim based on the other two.

Civil Code section 3344 was intended to complement, not supplant, common law claims for right of publicity. ( Kirby v. Sega of America, Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 47 , 55, 50 Cal.Rptr.3d 607 , citing Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 387 , 391, 106 Cal.Rptr.2d 126 , 21 P.3d 797 .) And "To prove the statutory remedy, a plaintiff must present evidence of 'all the elements of the common law cause of action' and must also prove 'a knowing use by the defendant as well as a direct connection between the alleged use and the commercial purpose.' " ( Orthopedic Systems, Inc. v. Schlein (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 529 , 544, 135 Cal.Rptr.3d 200 .)

In light of the interrelatedness of the three clams, we analyze them together-and conclude plaintiffs cannot prevail.

Both Civil Code section 3344 and the common law require that Facebook "use" the plaintiff's identity. ( Montana v. San Jose Mercury News, Inc. (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 790 , 793, 40 Cal.Rptr.2d 639 .) The evidence here demonstrated no such use.

Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc., supra, 2010 WL 9479060 at p. *13 ["a plaintiff must show that the defendant appropriated the plaintiff's name or likeness for commercial purposes"].)

In sum, the evidence demonstrates that Facebook has not used Knight's identity, and any right of publicity claims fail for this reason alone. Likewise for failure to show appropriation.

As noted, one of the requisite elements of a common law right to publicity claim is that defendant appropriated plaintiff's name "to defendant's advantage, commercially or otherwise." Similarly, Civil Code section 3344, subdivision (a) requires that the name be used "for purposes of advertising or selling." Plaintiffs' showing falls short.

Plaintiffs assert that Civil Code section 3344's "commercial use" requirement does not need to "involve some form of advertising or endorsement." This is simply incorrect, as Civil Code section 3344, subdivision (a) explicitly provides for possible liability on "[a]ny person who knowingly uses another's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner ... for purposes of advertising ... without such person's prior consent." The statute requires some "use" by the advertiser aimed at obtaining a commercial advantage for the advertiser. (See, e.g.,

Circuit reversed in part, finding factual issues as to defendant Coors. But as to defendant Time, the Ninth Circuit affirmed. Applying California law, the court held that "the use of Newcombe's likeness could not be said to have directly benefited Time, Inc., the publisher of Sports Illustrated , because the benefit they received-payment for the advertising space-was unrelated to the contents of the advertisement." ( Newcombe, supra, 157 F.3d at p. 693.)

Here, any "benefit" to Facebook from the use of Knight's name and likeness is even more attenuated. The advertisement in Newcombe actually

news"].) Nor the argument that these claims are barred by the immunity created by the CDA.

DISPOSITION

The May 31, 2016 order is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the matter is remanded to the trial court with instructions to (1) enter an order granting the anti-SLAPP motion in its entirety and striking the complaint, and (2) hold a hearing, following further briefing, to award Facebook the attorney fees to which it is entitled under section 425.16. Facebook shall recover its costs on appeal.

We concur:

Stewart, J.

Miller, J.