Pesticide Action Network N. Am. v. Cal. Dep't of Pesticide Regulation

Defendant California Department of Pesticide Regulation (the Department), approved amended labels for two previously registered pesticides: Dinotefuran 20SG, manufactured by real party in interest Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc. (Mitsui), and Venom Insecticide, manufactured by real party in interest Valent U.S.A. Corporation (Valent). The amended labels allowed both pesticides to be used on additional crops and allowed Venom Insecticide to be used in increased quantities. Both pesticides contain the active ingredient dinotefuran, which is from a class of pesticides called neonicotinoids. In approving the labels, the Department concluded uses of both pesticides in accord with the label amendments would cause no significant environmental effect on honeybees or the environment.

Plaintiff Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) filed suit challenging the approvals and alleging the Department violated the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) by approving the label amendments without sufficient environmental review. The trial court denied PANNA's writ petition, which PANNA appeals. The record demonstrating the Department's efforts at environmental review here were deficient. So, we reverse.

BACKGROUND

The Department's Regulation of Pesticides

The Department is responsible for regulating the distribution, sale, and use of

Protection Agency (the EPA). ( 7 U.S.C. § 136a.) Once the EPA registers a pesticide, it is eligible for the Department's review. The Department must thoroughly evaluate the pesticide to ensure that, when used in conformance with its labeling, it is effective and will not harm human health or the environment. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12824.)

A pesticide that demonstrates "serious uncontrollable adverse effects either within or outside the agricultural environment," presents a "greater detriment to the environment than the benefit received by its use" or which has "a reasonable, effective, and practicable alternate material ... less destructive to the environment" may not be registered. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12825, subds. (a), (b), (c).) The Department may also place appropriate restrictions on how, where and in what quantities any registered pesticide may be used. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12824.) To remain valid, pesticide registrations must be renewed annually. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12817.)

The Department also is obligated to continuously evaluate registered pesticides to ensure they pose no danger to the environment. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12824.) The Department must investigate "all reported episodes and information [it receives] that indicate a pesticide may have caused, or is likely to cause, a significant adverse impact, or that indicate there is an alternative that may significantly reduce an adverse environmental impact. If the Director finds from the investigation that a significant adverse impact has occurred or is likely to occur or that such an alternative is available, the pesticide involved shall be reevaluated." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 3, § 6220.) The Department may cancel the registration of a pesticide it determines presents serious uncontrollable adverse effects to the environment. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12825.)

Neonicotinoids

Neonicotinoids are a class of widely used pesticides subject to the Department's regulatory oversight. They are "systemic," meaning plants exposed to them readily absorb the chemicals which are distributed throughout the plant, including the tissues, pollen, and nectar. This is advantageous for controlling pests because neonicotinoids can protect all parts of the plant.

Neonicotinoids are classified into one of three chemical groups: nitroguanidines, nitromethylenes, and cyanoamidines. This case involves the nitroguanidine chemical group. It includes four chemicals: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and dinotefuran. Dinotefuran is the active ingredient in the two pesticide products at issue, Mitsui's Dinotefuran 20SG and Valent's Venom Insecticide. Dinotefuran 20SG was first registered by the Department in June 2005, and its registration has been renewed annually since then. Venom

Insecticide was first registered in March 2006, and its registration has been renewed annually since then as well. A Mitsui-sponsored study from 2002 describes dinotefuran as "one of the most toxicologically benign and environmentally friendly synthetic insecticides ever developed for commercial use" with "the potential to replace

of the neonicotinoids in the nitroguanidine chemical group. The data showed that imidacloprid could accumulate in plants at levels toxic to honeybees. In February 2009, on the basis of this information, the Department initiated a reevaluation of imidacloprid as well as clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and dinotefuran due to their "chemical and toxicological similarities" to imidacloprid. Based on these 4 chemicals, 50 pesticide registrants and 282 pesticide products-including Dinotefuran 20SG and Venom Insecticide-became subject to reevaluation.

This reevaluation is underway. The Department has requested data, including additional pesticide safety studies, from neonicotinoid pesticide registrants in order to characterize the nature and extent of the potential hazard for the reevaluation. But as of late 2013, the Department had "not received conclusive evidence that neonicotinoids pose a significant threat to honeybees." Further, the results of its neonicotinoid monitoring studies on various crops as of late 2013 "have been inconclusive

to a variety of pesticides." ( Ibid. ) The Department has until July 1, 2018, to issue a determination with respect to its neonicotinoid reevaluation. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12838, subd. (a).) Within two years of making its determination, the Department must "adopt any control measures necessary to protect pollinator health." ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12838, subd. (b)(1).)

The Department's Public Reports for Amended Labels for Dinotefuran 20SG and Venom Insecticide

On January 17, 2014, the Department released a public report for its proposed decision to approve an amended label for Venom Insecticide. The amendment sought to expand the product's use to additional types of crops (e.g., fruiting vegetables) and to allow its use in increased quantities.

On January 24, 2014, the Department released a public report for its proposed decision to approve an amended label for Dinotefuran 20SG. The label amendment sought to allow Dinotefuran 20SG to be used on additional crops (e.g., onions, peaches and nectarines) and to add pollinator protection language.

In each of the reports, the Department stated it "evaluated the new labels for their potential to create adverse environmental effects to human health, water, air, and non-target species (checklist). After review of the new labels for the above-identified registered products, [the Department] has determined that use of each product in a manner consistent with its

established if the agency has not proceeded in a manner required by law or if the determination or decision is not supported by substantial evidence." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21168.5.)

This "statutory language has been interpreted as classifying abuses of discretion into two types of agency error-namely, legal error (the failure to proceed in the manner required by law) and factual error (making findings that are not supported by substantial evidence). [Citation] [¶] Each type of error is subject to a different standard of judicial review." ( POET, LLC v. Air Resources Board (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 681 , 710-711, 160 Cal.Rptr.3d 69 ( POET ).) For this reason, "a reviewing court must adjust its scrutiny to the nature of the alleged defect, depending on whether the claim is predominantly one of improper procedure or a dispute over the facts." ( Vineyard Area, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 435, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 821 , 150 P.3d 709 .) When the claim is legal error, we conduct an independent review to determine whether the agency proceeded in the manner required by law. ( Id. at p. 426, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 821 , 150 P.3d 709 .) On the other hand, when reviewing an agency's factual determination for error, we apply the substantial evidence standard. ( Ibid. )

B. CEQA's Application to the Department's Decisions

Before we can determine whether the Department violated CEQA, we must decide the extent to which CEQA applies to the Department's decisions to approve pesticide labeling.

"CEQA is a comprehensive scheme designed to provide long-term protection to the environment. [Citation.] In enacting CEQA, the Legislature declared its intention that all public agencies responsible for regulating activities affecting the environment give prime consideration to preventing environmental damage when carrying out their duties. [Citations.] CEQA is to be interpreted to 'afford the fullest possible protection to the environment within the reasonable scope of the statutory language.' " ( Mountain Lion Foundation v. Fish & Game Com. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 105 , 112, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 ( Mountain Lion ).)

In general, CEQA "requires various state and local governmental entities to submit environmental impact reports before undertaking specified activity. These reports compel state and local agencies to consider the possible adverse consequence to the environment of the proposed activity and to record such impact in writing." ( Friends of Mammoth v. Board of Supervisors (1972) 8 Cal.3d 247 , 254-255, 104 Cal.Rptr. 761 , 502 P.2d 1049 , disapproved on other grounds in Kowis v. Howard (1992) 3 Cal.4th 888 , 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 728 , 838 P.2d 250 .) "Under CEQA, the 'lead agency ... is responsible for conducting an initial study of the project to determine whether

it may have a significant effect on the environment. If it is found that the project will have no significant effect on the environment, a negative declaration is prepared, describing the project and indicating that it will have no significant effect.' [Citation.] On the other hand, if the initial study indicates that the project may have a significant effect on the environment, the lead agency must prepare an [environmental impact report (EIR) ].... The EIR must include a detailed statement

Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15251, subd. (i).) "The Legislature found certification warranted, in part, because the 'preparation of environmental impact reports and negative declarations for pesticide permits would be an unreasonable and expensive burden on California agriculture and health protection agencies.' " ( Californians for Alternatives , supra , 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 1059, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 393 .)

Elements of the Department's certified program can be found in title 3 of the California Code of Regulations, section 6254, which describes the documentation the Department must prepare for a registration decision. ( Cal. Code of Regs., tit. 3, § 6254.) This public report must include "a statement of any significant adverse environmental effects that can reasonably be expected to occur, directly or indirectly, from implementing the proposal, and a statement of any reasonable mitigation measures that are available to minimize significant adverse environmental impact." ( Cal. Code of Regs., tit. 3, § 6254.) It must also contain "a statement and discussion of reasonable alternatives which would reduce any significant environmental impact." ( Cal. Code of Regs., tit. 3, § 6254.)

The CEQA Guidelines also dissuade us from the broad exemption the Department urges for certified programs. The same CEQA Guideline which confirms that certified regulatory programs are "exempt from the requirements for preparing EIRs, negative declarations, and initial studies" immediately explains, "A certified program remains subject to the other provisions in CEQA such as the policy of avoiding significant adverse effects on the environment where feasible." ( Cal. Code regs., tit. 14, § 15250, italics added.)

The California Supreme Court has explained the limits of the certified-program exemption. In Sierra Club v. State Bd. of Forestry (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1215 , 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 19 , 876 P.2d 505 ( Sierra Club ), the Board of Forestry approved two timber harvest plans (THPs) for certain old-growth forests, through its certified regulatory program for timber harvesting operations, after finding no significant adverse effect on old-growth dependent species. ( Id. at p. 1219, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 19 , 876 P.2d 505 .) The Supreme Court concluded the board abused its discretion when it evaluated and approved the THPs on the basis of a record that lacked information that other involved agencies had deemed necessary regarding the presence of old-growth dependent species. ( Id. at p. 1220, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 19 , 876 P.2d 505 .) The Court found the board had an obligation imposed by CEQA to collect such information, without which it could not identify the environmental impacts of a project or carry out its obligation to protect wildlife. ( Id. at p. 1236, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 19 , 876 P.2d 505 .) The Court rejected the lumber company's argument that timber harvesting was exempt from CEQA because it was a certified regulatory program, explaining, "Our conclusion rests on the fundamental assumption that in approving [THPs], the board must conform not only to the detailed and exhaustive provisions of the [applicable regulations], but also to those provisions of CEQA from which it has not been specifically exempted by the Legislature." (

be an acceptable alternative to EIR preparation is apparent." ( Id. at pp. 617-618, 216 Cal.Rptr. 502 .) By making these specific exemptions, the EPIC court found "the Legislature has manifested an intent to retain the applicability of the other provisions of CEQA and of the Guidelines, particularly the substantive criteria and the specific aspects of environmental effect that must be evaluated before a project may proceed.... [¶] ... [¶] While section 21080.5 may allow the industry to prepare abbreviated project plans instead of full-blown EIRs, it does not except the industry from adhering to the broad policy goals of CEQA as stated in section 21000, and to CEQA's substantive standards designed to fulfill the act's goal of long-term preservation of a high quality environment for the citizens of California. [Citations.]" ( Id. at pp. 618, 620, 216 Cal.Rptr. 502 .) EPIC clarifies that "[n]othing in section 21080.5 supplies a basis for concluding that the Legislature intended the section to stand as a blanket exception from CEQA's thorough statutory scheme and its salutary substantive goals." ( Id. at p. 618, 216 Cal.Rptr. 502 .) The court held, "[E]xcept for the specific exemptions discussed, CEQA and its substantive criteria for the evaluation of a proposed project's environmental impact apply." ( Id. at p. 620, 216 Cal.Rptr. 502 .)

We must reach the same conclusion as Sierra Club and EPIC that the Department's pesticide registration program is exempt only from CEQA chapters 3 and 4 and from Public Resources Code section 21167. Otherwise, the Department's program-and the environmental review documents it prepares-remain subject to the broad policy goals and substantive standards of CEQA not affected by the limited exemption set forth in section 21080.5, subdivision (c). (See POET , supra , 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 714, 160 Cal.Rptr.3d 69 ; City of Arcadia, supra , 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 1422, 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 373 .)

To support its argument that adhering to its own certified environmental review process is enough to satisfy CEQA, the Department embraces the finding in Californians for Alternatives , supra , 136 Cal.App.4th 1049 , 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 393 , that "the Department's compliance with applicable statutes and regulations constitutes CEQA compliance." ( Id. at p. 1067, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 393 .) However, Californians for Alternatives concerned a CEQA challenge related to the Department's procedure for annually renewing registered pesticides and whether the Department had to annually reopen the review for public comment as part of the renewal process. (

The Department's reliance on Mountain Lion, supra , 16 Cal.4th 105 , 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 , is also unavailing. The Department contends PANNA's position directly conflicts with Mountain Lion , which recognized that a certified program's environmental documentation serves as a functional equivalent of an EIR. ( Id. at p. 113, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .) Our conclusion does not diminish the significance of environmental review documents from certified programs as functionally equal to an EIR, nor does it require the Department to prepare full EIRs for every action it takes. Rather, consistent with statutory language, the Department's environmental review is not a "blanket exemption" from CEQA, and it may not be relieved of CEQA's substantive requirements to thoroughly evaluate specific environmental effects before it approves an activity. Even the Supreme Court in Mountain Lion recognized "[a]n agency operating pursuant to a certified regulatory program must comply with all of CEQA's other requirements ." ( Id. at p. 114, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 , italics added.)

C. The Department's Compliance with CEQA's Substantive Requirements

Since the Department's certified regulatory program remains subject to the broad policy goals and substantive requirements of CEQA, we next address whether the Department's public reports approving the pesticide label amendments comply with those requirements and the other content requirements for environmental documentation from a certified program. PANNA identifies multiple deficiencies in the Department's review. Although the Department may prepare abbreviated environmental review documents that serve as the functional equivalent of what CEQA would normally require, its review remains subject to CEQA's policy goals and substantive standards. To determine whether the Department's public reports were adequate, we turn to the statutes and regulations containing the policy goals, substantive standards, and content requirements for a certified program's environmental documents.

CEQA's broad policy goals are set forth in Public Resources Code sections 21000 through 21006. Many of the goals are expressed in legislative findings and declarations in very general terms. (E.g., Pub. Resources Code, § 21001 ["The Legislature ... declares that it is the policy of the state to: [¶] (a) Develop and maintain a high-quality environment now and in the future, and take all action necessary to protect, rehabilitate, and enhance the environmental quality of the state."].) Several, however general, are relevant for this appeal. The substantive standards with which the Department's documentation must comply are found throughout CEQA, outside of the exemptions in CEQA Chapters 3 and 4 and Public Resources Code section 21167 (the procedural EIR). Public Resources Code section 21080.5 specifies the content required in environmental review

Our Supreme Court has held that in a review conducted under a certified regulatory program, "the public agency bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating that, notwithstanding a project's impact on the environment, the agency's approval of the proposed project followed meaningful consideration of alternatives." ( Mountain Lion , supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 134, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .) Indeed, consideration of alternatives is

made no effort to analyze alternatives to the expanded use of either Dinotefuran 20SG or Venom Insecticide. Neither report described any feasible alternatives to the proposed activities including a "no project" alternative. The Department's public reports for both pesticides are clear that "no alternatives ... [were] proposed," and the Department's final decision confirmed this.

The Department responds that under its regulations, it need only consider alternatives when it has found significant environmental impacts. Indeed, the Department expressed this position in its reports: "After review of the new labels for the above-identified registered products, [the Department] has determined that use of each product in a manner consistent with its label will have no direct or indirect significant adverse environmental impact, and therefore no alternatives or mitigation measures are proposed to avoid or reduce any significant effects on the environment."

Guidelines, "[I]t is appropriate for agencies to apply the fair argument standard in determining whether there is a reasonable possibility of a significant effect on the environment." ( Berkeley Hillside Preservation v. City of Berkeley (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1086 , 1115, 184 Cal.Rptr.3d 643 , 343 P.3d 834 .) There is nothing distinctive about the specific language in the Department's program regulations which give us reason to refrain from applying the fair argument standard to its pesticide registration decisions as well as its decisions to reevaluate pesticides previously approved.

But even if the Department's finding of no significant impacts was meaningfully derived, it does not excuse the Department from showing how it reached its conclusion. In such circumstances, "a checklist or other documentation to show the possible effects that the agency examined in reaching this conclusion" is needed. ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15252, subd. (a)(2)(A) & (B).) Both public reports refer to a "checklist" evaluation of the label amendments for their potential to create adverse environmental impacts, but we found no checklist in the record and the public reports reveal nothing of the Department's study. At oral argument, the Department's counsel represented that Department staff used a checklist in their analysis but could not provide an explanation why the analysis was not in the record. Counsel for one of the real parties in interest explained the absence of any physical checklist in the context of the more than 10,000 pesticide registration applications the Department must process each year and the systematic,

Cumulative Impacts

A substantive CEQA requirement is the assessment of a project's cumulative impacts on the environment. This concept considers the incremental effect a proposed approval may have when viewed in connection with past, current or future approved projects. PANNA contends the Department's documentation does not show that it considered whether the impact to honey bees associated with registering new uses for the two insecticides would be cumulatively considerable. Again, we agree.

Whether a cumulative impacts analysis is required in a certified program's documentation is not as readily apparent as the requirement to consider reasonable alternatives. The broad policy goals of CEQA in Public Resources Code sections 21000 et seq. do not refer to cumulative impacts. (See Pub. Resources Code, § 21000 et seq. ) Section 21080.5, which sets forth the content requirements for certified program documentation, also makes no reference to a cumulative impacts analysis. (See Pub. Resources Code, § 21080.5.) And the Department's certified program regulations are silent on this point. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 3, § 6254.) But case law makes clear such an analysis is an integral part of a program's evaluation process.

In Laupheimer v. State of California (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 440 , 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 ( Laupheimer ), the plaintiffs petitioned for a writ of mandate to prevent the logging of a neighboring property pursuant to a THP approved by the California Department of Forestry. ( Id. at pp. 447-448, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .) The plaintiffs argued that the approvals were improper because the agency had not undertaken a cumulative impacts analysis, and the court reviewed the agency's obligation to consider such cumulative impacts as part of its certified timber harvesting program. ( Id. at p. 460, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .)

Observing that Public Resources Code section 21080.5 and the Department's own regulations imposed no obligation to review cumulative impacts ( Laupheimer, supra , 200 Cal.App.3d at pp. 461-462, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 ), the court identified the cumulative-impacts requirement in Public Resources Code section 21083, which provides

Laupheimer, supra , at p. 460, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 ) and a more detailed definition of the term: " 'Cumulative impacts' refer to two or more individual effects which, when considered together, are considerable or which compound or increase other environmental impacts. [¶] (a) The individual effects may be changes resulting from a single project or a number of separate projects. [¶] (b) The cumulative impact from several projects is the change in the environment which results from the incremental impact of the project when added to other closely related past, present, and reasonably foreseeable probable future projects. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant projects taking place over a period of time." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15355.)

Noting the agency's exemption from the EIR requirement as a certified regulatory program, Laupheimer asserted "the specific cumulative-impact provisions of the Guidelines cannot be said to be directly applicable" to its THP. ( Laupheimer, supra , 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 462, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .) But as the court in EPIC , supra , 170 Cal.App.3d at p. 625, 216 Cal.Rptr. 502 , had done, Laupheimer reasoned "that CEQA's specific-cumulative impact provisions constitute recognition of the abstract significance of cumulative impacts to an environmental inquiry, and that in this abstract sense significant cumulative impacts must be considered in the course of any environmental inquiry subject to CEQA's broad policy goals, whether or not also subject to CEQA's EIR requirements." ( Laupheimer , supra , 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 462, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .) It added, "We cannot quarrel with the proposition that [the agency] as it exercises its regulatory functions under the Act and Rules, must consider each timber harvesting plan in its full environmental context and not in a vacuum." ( Ibid. )

Having determined that consideration of cumulative impacts was necessary and important in "seeing the entire environmental picture," Laupheimer discussed the contours of such an analysis by a certified program. ( Laupheimer, supra , 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 462, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 ) The court asserted the agency in every case had "to make at least a preliminary search for potential cumulative environmental effects, and if any such effect were perceived, at least a preliminary assessment of its significance." ( Id. at pp. 462-463, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .) In circumstances disclosing "one or more significant potential cumulative effects, then [the agency] would be obliged to give careful consideration to those effects in determining whether ... to approve the ... plan." ( Id. at p. 463, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .) Such an analysis requires the agency to "look[ ] for and in some reasonable manner assess [ ] potential cumulative environmental effects, and ... [give] sufficient consideration to any such effect it should reasonably have considered significant." ( Id. at p. 466, 246 Cal.Rptr. 82 .) Because the agency had not considered the potential cumulative effects of the

environmental impacts of the project, but which the project's proponents decline to adopt [citation]; or (4) that the draft EIR was so fundamentally and basically inadequate and conclusory in nature that public comment on the draft was in effect meaningless [citation]." ( Center for Biological Diversity v. California Dept. of Forestry & Fire Protection (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 931 , 949, 182 Cal.Rptr.3d 1 .)

Here, in light of the Department's pending neonicotinoid reevaluation, its initial public reports for Venom Insecticide and Dinotefuran 20SG were both so inadequate and conclusory that public comment on the draft was effectively meaningless. Neither analysis in the January 2014 public reports exceeded a few pages. As discussed, both reports referred to a "checklist" evaluation of the label amendments for their potential to create adverse environmental impacts, but no checklist accompanied the report or is found in the record. For both products,

pesticides in California. State regulations seek to provide for the proper, safe, and efficient use of pesticides essential for food production; to protect public health and safety; and to protect the environment from harm by ensuring the proper stewardship of pesticide products. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 11501.)

All pesticides sold and used in California must be licensed or registered. ( Food & Agr. Code, § 12811.) Before a pesticide can be registered in California, it must first be registered by the United States Environmental

more acutely toxic pesticide products and to reduce the risks to human health and the environment when compared to existing products." The labels for both products have carried warnings of their toxicity to honey bees since their initial registration.

Declining Bee Populations

In 2006, the sudden and widespread decline of honey bees in the United States began to be reported as a phenomenon called "colony collapse disorder." This phenomenon is characterized by the sudden loss of worker adult bees from managed hives, resulting in the eventual collapse of the entire bee colony within a few weeks. The 2012 "Report on the National Stakeholders Conference on Honey Bee Health," ("2012 Stakeholder Report"), observed that approximately 28 to 33 percent of United States honeybee colonies have failed each year since 2006, compared to a normal loss rate of 10 to percent.

This decline has been alarming and concerning to California's regulatory agencies. The Department has acknowledged, "Honeybees are vital to the pollination of many of California's agricultural crops, which are critical to our national food system and essential to the economy of the state." Improving the health of honey bee colonies is considered imperative to meet the demands of U.S. agriculture for pollination and to ensure food security.

Scientists have embarked on an intensive level of research towards understanding the cause of honey bee colony collapse. Several possible causes for colony collapse disorder have been considered, and consensus appears to be building that "a complex set of stressors and pathogens is associated with [colony collapse disorder], and researchers are increasingly using multi-factorial approaches to studying causes of colony losses." The 2012 Stakeholder Report noted the "[a]cute and sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees have been increasingly documented, and are a primary concern." It also explained colony collapse disorder "is a complex phenomenon because several factors seem to be interacting to cause [colony collapse]. [Citation.] The suspected factors include pests, pathogens, pesticides, nutritional deficiencies and bee hive management practices."

The Department's Neonicotinoid Reevaluation

Years ago, the Department received data showing a potential hazard to honey bees from pesticides containing the active ingredient imidacloprid, one

new label will have no direct or indirect significant adverse environmental impact, and therefore no alternatives or mitigation measures are proposed to avoid or reduce any significant effects on the environment."

Earthjustice (PANNA's counsel here) and Dr. Eric C. Mussen of the University of California at Davis submitted comments during the review process. Dr. Mussen, focusing on the Venom Insecticide report, commented on the proposed new label's lack of warning of the potential risk of honey bees to consume dinotefuran in "chemigation water" and in contact with field applications. Earthjustice's comments were more extensive and expressed concern that expanded authorized use of both pesticides would have a profound and adverse impact on honey bees.

In June 2014, the Department evaluated the environmental concerns expressed by Dr. Mussen and Earthjustice. The Department stated it "performed a thorough scientific analysis of the label expansions for the products.... [The Department] has determined that all identified potential adverse environmental effects associated with the use of the products have been mitigated and the product's label instructions provide the necessary environmental

Vineyard Area Citizens for Responsible Growth, Inc. v. City of Rancho Cordova (2007) 40 Cal.4th 412 , 427, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 821 , 150 P.3d 709 ( Vineyard Area ).)

The parties also agree that our review of the Department's action for compliance with CEQA "shall extend only to whether there was a prejudicial abuse of discretion." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21168.5.) Such an abuse "is

PANNA and the Department disagree on what the exemption from CEQA means, and the import of the Department's processes for environmental review of the pesticide label amendments for Dinotefuran 20SG and Venom Insecticide. Notwithstanding the certification and exemption from formal CEQA requirements, PANNA contends the Department's review must still comply with CEQA's policy goals and substantive standards. Because it operates a certified regulatory program, the Department contends its environmental documents serve as the "functional equivalent" of CEQA documents and are otherwise exempt from CEQA's substantive requirements. Moreover, it contends that certification of its pesticide program represents a determination that its own environmental review procedures were adequate and that CEQA compliance must be measured against these procedures, with which it has complied.

While the Department correctly states its program documents may be used in lieu of the documents normally prepared under CEQA, it goes too far in asserting its regulatory program "is exempt from the substantive portions of CEQA."

The plain language of Public Resources Code section 21080.5 makes the limited scope of the exemption apparent. Subdivision (c) identifies the specific CEQA provisions from which certified programs are exempt: "A regulatory program certified pursuant to this section is exempt from Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 21100), Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 21150), and Section 21167, except as provided in Article 2 (commencing with Section 21157) of Chapter 4.5." ( Pub. Resources Code, §§ 21080.5, subd. (c).)

Id. at p. 1228, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 19 , 876 P.2d 505 .) It concluded, " Section 21080.5 compels instead the conclusion that timber harvesting in this state is exempt only from chapters 3 and 4 of CEQA and from section 21167 of that act." ( Id. at p. 1231, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 19 , 876 P.2d 505 .)

The decision in Sierra Club reinforced an earlier decision reached by the First District in Environmental Protection Information Center, Inc. v. Johnson (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 604 , 216 Cal.Rptr. 502 ( EPIC ), which explained the limits of the exemption granted to certified programs. EPIC stated, "Chapters 3 and 4 are in large part procedural elements of the EIR process. A certified program under section 21080.5 is logically exempted from their coverage as such programs provide an alternative to an EIR. Section 21167 is specifically geared to the machinery of the EIR process, and the application of any of its provisions to the THP approval process would be superfluous. Section 21080.5 contains its own time limitation for judicial action challenging a decision made under a functionally equivalent regulatory program. The logic of exempting these sections from the process declared to

Id. at p. 1055, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 393 ) Neither CEQA nor the Department's regulations required the Department to do so. ( Id. at p. 1066, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 393 .) But this case concerns the adequacy of the Department's environmental review documents under both the certified program's regulations and the substantive requirements of CEQA. Notably, even Californians for Alternatives acknowledged the certification of a regulatory program amounted to an "exempt[ion] from several CEQA procedural requirements." ( Id. at p. 1067, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 393 , italics added.) The Californians for Alternatives court did not address CEQA's substantive requirements, nor does it bear on those substantive requirements at issue in this appeal.

documents prepared by a certified regulatory program. The CEQA Guidelines in

one of the hallmarks of CEQA analysis. Public Resources Code section 21001, subdivision (g) declares it is the policy of the state to "[r]equire governmental agencies ... to consider alternatives to proposed actions affecting the environment." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21001, subd. (g).) Public Resources Code section 21002 states that "it is the policy of the state that public agencies should not approve projects as proposed if there are feasible alternatives ... available which would substantially lessen the significant environmental impacts of such projects, and that the procedures required by this division are intended to assist public agencies in systematically identifying ... feasible alternatives ... which will avoid or substantially lessen such significant effects." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21002.) Content requirements for the documentation of a certified program must include "a description of the proposed activity with alternatives to the activity." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21080.5, subd. (d)(3)(A).) This is reflected in the Department's own program regulations which state that "[e]ach public report [prepared by the Department] shall also contain a statement and discussion of reasonable alternatives which would reduce any significant environmental impact." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 3, § 6254.)

The CEQA Guidelines also call for analysis of alternatives in any functionally equivalent document prepared in a certified program: "The document used as a substitute for an EIR or negative declaration in a certified program shall include [¶] ... [¶] [e]ither [¶] "(A) Alternatives to the activity and mitigation measures to avoid or reduce any significant or potentially significant effects that the project might have on the environment, or [¶] (B) A statement that the agency's review of the project showed that the project would not have any significant or potentially significant effects on the environment and therefore no alternatives or mitigation measures are proposed to avoid or reduce any significant effects on the environment. This statement shall be supported by a checklist or other documentation to show the possible effects that the agency examined in reaching this conclusion." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15252, subd. (a)(2)(A) & (B).) Thus, "a legally sufficient [environmental review document] must include some consideration of feasible alternatives even if the project's significant environmental impacts will be avoided through mitigation measures." ( Friends of the Old Trees v. Department of Forestry & Fire Protection (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 1383 , 1395, 61 Cal.Rptr.2d 297 .)

The record here fails to address these requirements on multiple levels. Based on our review of the Department's documentation, the Department

At oral argument, to further substantiate this determination, the Department referenced a 2010 Mitsui-sponsored study in the record which concluded application of dinotefuran on cotton plants had no adverse effects on honeybees. We are nonetheless perplexed how the Department could reach such a conclusion given since 2009 dinotefuran has been subject to reevaluation under the Department's regulations, which require reevaluation when a substance "may have caused, or is likely to cause, a significant adverse impact, or that indicate there is an alternative that may significantly reduce an adverse environmental impact." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 3, § 6220.) The reevaluation of neonicotinoids-including dinotefuran-continues.

To reconcile its reevaluation with its approvals of the Dinotefuran 20SG and Venom Insecticide label amendments, the Department contrasts the regulatory standard for reevaluation with the standard for determining when there are significant environmental impacts. Rejecting PANNA's contention that the fair argument standard the Department acknowledges applies to reevaluation also applies to its registration decisions, the Department states the term "fair argument" appears nowhere in its certified program regulations. It notes the phrase " may have a significant environmental effect " which provides the statutory basis for the fair argument standard for reevaluation appears nowhere in its regulations. The Department contends the specific language of its certified program regulations requires the Department only to discuss "any significant adverse environmental effect that can reasonably be expected to occur , directly or indirectly, from implementing the proposal." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 3, § 6254, emphasis added.) Like the trial court, we are not persuaded and see distinctions without a difference. The Department's regulations which require review when a significant adverse effect "can reasonably be expected to occur" is not meaningfully different from CEQA regulations imposing a fair argument review when an activity "may have a significant environmental effect." The Supreme Court has noted that under the CEQA

continuous nature of the Department's review process which here was to amend to two long-standing registrations to add uses familiar to the Department. We appreciate the tremendous task before the Department and recognize the utility and suitability of its certification. While that certification justifies the exemptions from CEQA's procedural requirements, it does not excuse the Department from CEQA's substantive requirements or explaining its analysis, as we have discussed, without an adequate record, even for amended label applications. This is especially the case here, where the Department decided to reevaluate the products several years after its original registration decisions on the concern such products may cause or are likely to cause significant environmental effects.

We also reject the Department's contention that PANNA had the burden to identify feasible alternatives. "Under CEQA, the public agency bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating that, notwithstanding a project's impact on the environment, the agency's approval of the proposed project followed meaningful consideration of alternatives." ( Mountain Lion , supra , 16 Cal.4th at p. 134, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .) The Department failed to demonstrate that it meaningfully considered alternatives to the requested label amendments, and its approval of the labels without having done so was an abuse of discretion.

that where "[t]he possible effects of a project are individually limited but cumulatively considerable" an evaluation shall "require a finding that a project may have a 'significant effect on the environment.' " ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21083, subd. (b)(2).) " '[C]umulatively considerable' means that the incremental effects of an individual project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21083, subd. (b)(2).) Laupheimer found more references to cumulative impacts in the CEQA Guidelines, including the requirement that "significant" cumulative impacts be discussed in EIRs (

timber harvesting plan, Laupheimer concluded there was an abuse of discretion.

Here, the Department also failed to explain its analysis of the cumulative impacts of registering new uses for the pesticides in the context of the

The Department did not proceed as required by law and abused its discretion when it approved the amended labels without considering the cumulative effects of its decision.

Recirculation

Public Resources Code section 21003.1, subdivision (b) provides that "[i]nformation relevant to the significant effects of a project, alternatives, and mitigation measures which substantially reduce the effects shall be made available as soon as possible by lead agencies, other public agencies, and interested persons and organizations." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21003.1, subd. (b).) Further, section 21092.1 also provides, that "[w]hen significant new information is added to an environmental impact report after notice has been given ... and consultation has occurred ... but prior to certification, the public agency shall give notice again ... and consult again ... before certifying the environmental impact report." ( Pub. Resources Code, § 21092.1.) In Joy Road, supra , 142 Cal.App.4th 656 , 47 Cal.Rptr.3d 846 , the court held the certified regulatory program exemption from CEQA requirements did not extend to these recirculation provisions. ( Id . at p. 668, 47 Cal.Rptr.3d 846 .)

However, "[r]ecirculation based on the addition of new information after the close of the public comment period is not required unless that information is 'significant.' [Citation.] The information is not considered significant unless the document 'is changed in a way that deprives the public of a meaningful opportunity to comment upon a substantial adverse environmental effect of the project or a feasible way to mitigate or avoid such an effect (including a feasible project alternative) that the project's proponents have declined to implement.' [Citation.] '[R]ecirculation is not required where the new information added to the EIR "merely clarifies or amplifies [citations] or makes insignificant modifications in [citation] an adequate EIR." [Citation.] On the other hand, recirculation is required, for example, when the new information added to an EIR discloses: (1) a new substantial environmental impact resulting from the project or from a new mitigation measure proposed to be implemented [citation]; (2) a substantial increase in the severity of an environmental impact unless mitigation measures are adopted that reduce the impact to a level of insignificance [citation]; (3) a feasible project alternative or mitigation measure that clearly would lessen the

the Department reached the same conclusion that there would be no significant adverse environmental impacts if the products are used in a manner consistent with the labels. But the Department provided no analysis or explanation to show how it reached that conclusion. Further, it made no attempt to discuss this conclusion in the context of its decision to reevaluate neonicotinoids on the basis that they "may have caused, or [are] likely to cause, a significant adverse impact, or that indicate there is an alternative that may significantly reduce an adverse environmental impact." ( Cal. Code Regs., title 3, § 6220.) As analyzed above, neither report described alternatives to the proposed activities nor did they include an assessment of cumulative impacts. Given the Department refrained from explaining its decision until it responded to public comments, recirculation was required to allow meaningful public comment directed at the rationale for its decision.

DISPOSITION

The judgment denying PANNA's writ of mandate is reversed. The judgment is remanded to the superior court with instructions to issue a writ of mandate directing the Department to rescind its June 13, 2014 approval of the Dinotefuran 20SG and Venom Insecticide label amendments.

We concur:

McGuiness, P.J.

Pollak, J.