Morris v. Superior Court of San Bernardino Cnty.

(b).) Acting on Lopez's behalf, petitioner's office successfully moved to suppress evidence supporting the People's case. ( Pen. Code, § 1538.5.) On March 14, 2016, both counts were dismissed in the interest of justice. The People filed a notice of appeal from the granting of the suppression motion on the same day.

On May 11, 2016, a deputy public defender filed a request with the Appellate Division of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County (appellate division) to appoint counsel for Lopez on appeal. Court clerks informed counsel that Lopez was not eligible for appointment of counsel on appeal. According to the deputy public defender, the reason provided was that Lopez "was the respondent, and the respondent on a misdemeanor appeal is not entitled to appointed counsel." In an e-mail attached to the petition, the same deputy public defender asserts a court clerk told him the appellate division's position was that petitioner's office still represented Lopez.

Petitioner filed an earlier petition (case No. E066181) challenging this policy. On June 28, 2016, we summarily denied that petition "without prejudice to petitioner's ability to petition the appellate division for the relief she seeks." The following day, petitioner filed, in the appellate division, a petition for writ of mandate raising the same issue presented here. The appellate division summarily denied the petition on July 5, 2016. The instant petition to this court followed.

DISCUSSION

In this court, petitioner primarily asserts that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution require the appellate division to "appoint counsel for all indigent appellees in all misdemeanor criminal appeals, including [Lopez]." Then, turning instead to California statutory authority, petitioner contends the trial court lacks statutory authority to compel her office, specifically, to represent Lopez as a respondent in the appellate division. ( Gov. Code, § 27706, subd. (a).) We disagree with her first assertion and, finding no evidence the second has occurred, decline to weigh in on whether a public defender's office may be compelled to represent a respondent in the appellate division.

Before explaining our reasons for drawing these conclusions, we comment on what is and what is not at issue on this petition. The petition purports to challenge "[t]he system in place in San Bernardino County, at least as suggested by Appellate Division staff," as if this "system" derived from a policy created by the appellate division in San Bernardino County. As the return notes, however, the rule the appellate division appears to be enforcing

in this case is simply rule 8.851, which we mentioned at the outset. What we consider in this opinion, then, is petitioner's assertion

rules in the chapter containing it and rule 8.851 apply to both preconviction and postconviction appeals. However, the conclusion that an inadvertent omission occurred assumes that appointment of counsel for defendants who have not been convicted of a misdemeanor is somehow required, either because the rulemaking body intended to include such a benefit or because some extrinsic authority requires appointment of counsel even for misdemeanor pretrial respondents. It therefore begs the question. We do not have a record from which we could conclude that the rulemaking body intended to offer appointment of counsel to respondents on appeal such as Lopez, who have not been convicted; what petitioner has shown us is that the rulemaking body considered but rejected an option that would have given counsel to Lopez and others like her. We therefore interpret rule 8.851 to mean exactly what it says, which is that only misdemeanor defendants who have actually been convicted are entitled to appointed counsel in the appellate division.

Moreover, we explain in the next section why we find, at least under the authorities petitioner has cited, that the United States Constitution does not require appointment of counsel for all misdemeanor defendants on appeal. Petitioner gives us no reason to find that the rulemaking body must necessarily have intended to offer more than is constitutionally necessary, and we have already intimated that the law is otherwise, because not all services that are "of benefit"

Johnson v. Zerbst , at p. 463, fn., 58 S.Ct. 1019 omitted.) The rule that has developed under the Sixth Amendment is that "in our adversary system of criminal justice, any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him." ( Gideon , supra , 372 U.S. at p. 344, 83 S.Ct. 792 .) This is the rule on which the petition chiefly relies for its Sixth Amendment claim.

However, "the Sixth Amendment does not apply to appellate proceedings." ( Martinez v. Court of Appeal (2000) 528 U.S. 152 , 161, 120 S.Ct. 684 , 145 L.Ed.2d 597 ( Martinez ).) Therefore, petitioner's challenge to Rule 8.851 as violating the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution fails.

Petitioner cites to both Gideon 's statement that the Sixth Amendment requires appointment of counsel whenever a person is "haled into" criminal court (as purportedly happened to Lopez when the People appealed ( Gideon , supra , 372 U.S. at p. 344, 83 S.Ct. 792 )), and to Anders v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 738 , 742, 87 S.Ct. 1396 , 18 L.Ed.2d 493 , for the same proposition, presumably because Anders quoted the above referenced rule from Gideon in a case examining the role of counsel on appeal from a conviction. Nonetheless, Anders does not support a conclusion that the Sixth Amendment applies on appeal, because Anders resolved these questions not based on the Sixth Amendment, but instead on "[t]he constitutional requirement of substantial equality and fair process." ( Anders , at p. 744, 87 S.Ct. 1396 .) As Martinez instructs, the Sixth Amendment is not an applicable source of authority when it comes to appointment of counsel on appeal. ( Martinez , supra , 528 U.S. at p. 161, 120 S.Ct. 684 .)

Because the Sixth Amendment does not apply, courts have looked to the Fourteenth Amendment when analyzing claims regarding entitlement to counsel on appeal. (See, e.g., Ross , supra , 417 U.S. at pp. 608-609, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .) Even though the Sixth Amendment does not require the

to the appellate division in a misdemeanor case. In order to evaluate the petition on the merits, as directed by the Supreme Court, we look largely to United States Supreme Court jurisprudence regarding the right to appointed counsel as a freestanding due process right. We find these authorities quite helpful in explaining why we think the state acted constitutionally when it drew the line for who gets appointed counsel in the appellate division at misdemeanor defendants who have been convicted of a misdemeanor. ( Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Services (1981) 452 U.S. 18 , 24, 101 S.Ct. 2153 , 68 L.Ed.2d 640 ( Lassiter ) ["Applying the Due Process Clause is ... an uncertain enterprise which must discover what 'fundamental fairness' consists of in a particular situation."].)

We begin by noting that, if petitioner's core premise that the usefulness of counsel is sufficient to create a due process right to counsel, it is difficult to see any case in which appointment of counsel is not required. And yet that is resoundingly not the law. Rather, "as a litigant's interest in personal liberty diminishes, so does his right to appointed counsel." ( Lassiter , supra , 452 U.S. at p. 26, 101 S.Ct. 2153 .) For example, in Scott v. Illinois (1979) 440 U.S. 367 , 99 S.Ct. 1158 , 59 L.Ed.2d 383 ( Scott ), the court affirmed the misdemeanor theft conviction of a defendant who was subject to imprisonment but only sentenced to a $50 fine even though the defendant had requested and been refused counsel in the trial court. The court has also rejected an argument that each state "is under a constitutional duty to provide counsel for indigents in all probation or parole revocation cases" in favor of a system allowing the government entities charged with administering probation and parole to decide entitlement to counsel on a case-by-case basis. ( Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) 411 U.S. 778 , 787, 93 S.Ct. 1756 , 36 L.Ed.2d 656 .) Similarly, in Lassiter , the court held that parents in proceedings to terminate parental rights would only be entitled to appointed counsel on a case-by-case basis. ( Lassiter , at p. 32, 101 S.Ct. 2153 .)

Although the Sixth Amendment does not guarantee the right to counsel on appeal from a conviction, cases that construe the rights guaranteed therein are instructive on the issue of what due process under the Fourteenth Amendment requires since "[t]he Constitution guarantees a fair trial through the Due Process Clauses, but it defines the basic elements of a fair trial largely through the several provisions of the Sixth Amendment, including the Counsel Clause." ( Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668 , 684-685, 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 ; see United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006) 548 U.S. 140 , 146, 126 S.Ct. 2557 , 165 L.Ed.2d 409 [same].) Having independently researched the issue,

Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) 407 U.S. 25 , 92 S.Ct. 2006 , 32 L.Ed.2d 530 .) "In sum, the Court's precedents speak with one voice about what 'fundamental fairness' has meant when the Court has considered the right to appointed counsel, and we thus draw from them the presumption that an indigent litigant has a right to appointed counsel only when, if he loses, he may be deprived of his physical liberty. It is against this presumption that all the other elements in the due process decision must be measured." ( Lassiter , supra , 452 U.S. at pp. 26-27, 101 S.Ct. 2153 .)

Since the petition does not mention this presumption, petitioner has not rebutted it. Rather, she argues the appeal forces Lopez to face imprisonment because the People's prosecution of Lopez will resume if the appeal is successful, and Lopez faces imprisonment if convicted. We reject this contention. To begin with, it is inconsistent with Lassiter 's command that counsel need only be appointed for a litigant "when, if he loses, he may be deprived of his physical liberty." ( Lassiter , supra , 452 U.S. at pp. 26-27, 101 S.Ct. 2153 .) While we realize Lopez may be more likely to become imprisoned if the People prevail on appeal, the cases discussed ante require more than mere likelihood. In fact, and as we have explained, they require actual imprisonment as a direct consequence of losing the action before the right to appointed counsel must attach. ( Scott , supra , 440 U.S. at pp. 373-374, 99 S.Ct. 1158 ["We therefore hold that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution require only that no indigent criminal defendant be sentenced to a term of imprisonment unless the State has afforded him the right to assistance of appointed counsel in his defense."].)

Phrased differently, what the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee is not so much counsel, but the right to be free from uncounseled imprisonment. ( Lassiter , supra , 452 U.S. at p. 26, 101 S.Ct. 2153 ["the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution require only that no indigent criminal defendant be sentenced to a term of imprisonment unless the State has afforded him the right to assistance of appointed counsel in his defense."].) The petition has given us no reason to set the line in a different place for a respondent in the appellate division. If the right Lopez has is the right to be free from uncounseled imprisonment, she faces no diminution of that right on appeal, since she will be represented at trial even if the People prevail in the appellate division.

Again, we take no issue with the idea that Lopez's respondent's brief, and perhaps her chances of an affirmance on appeal, might well be better if she had counsel than if she did not. (See, e.g., Johnson v. Zerbst , supra , 304 U.S. at p. 463, 58 S.Ct. 1019 ["The '... right to be heard would be, in many cases, of little avail if it did not comprehend the right to be heard by counsel.' "].) Where we part ways with petitioner is in what we make of the fact that Lopez would fare

better on appeal with counsel. She appears to assume it means she has a federal due process right to counsel. As we have explained, she does not.

The petition in this case does not address the framework of cases cited ante and instead cites broad rules from Griffin and

examination of the record" and decide whether appointment of counsel would be helpful, it required a "preliminary showing of merit" before the appellant could know whether he or she would have a more effective appeal with counsel or a less effective one without. ( Douglas , supra , 372 U.S. at pp. 356-357, 83 S.Ct. 814 .) In other words, the California procedure affected "the right to appeal" itself. ( Ibid. ) Here, the right to appeal has not been affected, and there can be no prejudging of the merits of the appeal at an early stage by the court that is to assess the validity of the trial court's act. In addition, Lopez's interest in retaining the dismissal she obtained after the trial court granted her suppression motion is undoubtedly less weighty than that of a defendant who has been "convicted of a misdemeanor" ( rule 8.851(a)(1), (a)(2) ) and is trying to overturn the sentence.

In sum, then, the rule we deduce is that the due process clause allows a legislative body to limit the right to appointment

We find the following passage from Ross particularly instructive: "Despite the tendency of all rights 'to declare themselves absolute to their logical extreme,' there are obviously limits beyond which the equal protection analysis may not be pressed without doing violence to principles recognized in other decisions of this Court. The Fourteenth Amendment 'does not require absolute equality or precisely equal advantages,' [citation], nor does it require the State to 'equalize economic conditions.' [Citation.] It does require that the state appellate system be 'free of unreasoned distinctions,' [citation], and that indigents have an adequate opportunity to present their claims fairly within the adversary system. [Citations.] The State cannot adopt procedures which leave an indigent defendant 'entirely cut off from any appeal at all,' by virtue of his indigency, [citation], or extend to such indigent defendants merely a 'meaningless ritual' while others in better economic circumstances have a 'meaningful appeal.' [Citation.] The question is not one of absolutes, but one of degrees." ( Ross , supra , 417 U.S. at p. 612, 94 S.Ct. 2437 , fn. omitted.)

In this case, limiting the right to appointed counsel in the appellate division to only those defendants who have been convicted of a misdemeanor is not an "unreasoned distinction." ( Ross , supra , 417 U.S. at p. 612, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .) As the previous discussion explains, appointed counsel does not become matter of right until a defendant faces uncounseled imprisonment.

We again emphasize that deciding whether to offer more than the Constitution requires with respect to the right to appointed counsel is a legislative act. ( Ross , supra , 417 U.S. at p. 618, 94 S.Ct. 2437 ["We do not mean by this opinion to in any way discourage those States which have, as a matter of legislative choice, made counsel available to convicted defendants

binding on this court." ( Credit Managers Assn. of California v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 590 , 598, 50 Cal.Rptr.3d 259 .) We therefore need not follow Claudio or O'Leary . The same is true of Goewey , which is an out-of-state case. (See, e.g., Bowen v. Ziasun Technologies, Inc. (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 777 , 786, 11 Cal.Rptr.3d 522 [out-of-state cases can be persuasive authority].)

Second, we find Claudio , O'Leary , and Goewey unpersuasive. Claudio and O'Leary are both easily distinguishable, as they involve murder charges rather than misdemeanor charges, and as both defendants in those cases were actually sentenced to prison. ( Claudio , supra , 982 F.2d at p. 800 ; O'Leary , supra , 856 F.2d at p. 1013.) Goewey , which involved an appeal from the pretrial granting of a suppression motion, is potentially more apt. However, the most the Goewey court offers us to explain why counsel must be afforded to pretrial respondents on appeal if counsel is afforded to pretrial appellants on appeal is that "the same general principles apply" to appellants and respondents on appeal. ( Goewey , supra , 452 Mass. at p. 403, 894 N.E.2d 1128 .) As we have now explained, the matter is much more complicated. Goewey 's superficial analysis does not affect our holding.

For the foregoing reasons, we reject petitioner's challenge to rule 8.851 under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. While we agree that Lopez might fare better as the respondent on appeal to the appellate division if she had counsel, the petition has failed to show that appointment of counsel for Lopez or any other respondent on appeal is mandated by the Sixth or Fourteenth Amendments.

C. The record does not support the contention that the appellate division is requiring petitioner to represent Lopez on appeal

Petitioner's final contention is that the appellate division is forcing her to represent Lopez on appeal even though Government Code section 27706, which establishes a public defender's duties, allows for no such representation. The petition's prayer asks us to: "Issue a judgment declaring the San Bernardino County Superior Court may not appoint the Public Defender to represent indigent appellees in misdemeanor criminal appeals, or declare the Public Defender to remain appointed in cases where the Public Defender previously represented an indigent appellee in the Superior Court."

We decline to pass on this issue, as we see no proof that the appellate division is doing either of these things. First, we noted ante that the allegation that the appellate division still considers petitioner to represent Lopez came to us in the form of an e-mail from the deputy public defender who tried to arrange for appointment of counsel (other than petitioner) for Lopez. We are

unclear how much evidentiary weight, if any, to assign to this e-mail, the contents of which are neither independently verified nor repeated in any other portion of the record. We note, however, that the e-mail itself is internally inconsistent, as it says both that "the Appellate Department's position is that [petitioner] is still counsel," and that petitioner "can represent M[s]. Lopez if they so choose, or petition the Fourth District for a writ." Even if we find evidentiary worth in this portion of the record, we see in it no proof that the appellate division is denying petitioner

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Petitioner's office represented Ruth Zapata Lopez, a nonparty to this petition, in a case alleging she committed two misdemeanors by driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. ( Veh. Code, § 23152, subds. (a),

presented are different from the ones petitioner draws. According to petitioner, the proposed rule on which the Judicial Council sought comment originally gave an appellate division discretion to appoint counsel, not just for "any other indigent misdemeanor defendant convicted of a misdemeanor" as under the version of rule 8.851(a)(2) that became operative, but for "any other indigent misdemeanor defendant." The traverse continues: "If this version of Rule 8.851(a)(2) remained as written, this matter would not be before this court, because this language would have included indigent respondents. But for reasons unexplained, the ... language noted above did not remain, and Rule 8.851(a)(2) now reads '[o]n application, the Appellate Division may appoint counsel for any other indigent defendant convicted of a misdemeanor. ' (Italics added.) The addition of this italicized language, i.e. ' convicted of a misdemeanor ,' took indigent respondents out of the realm of those entitled to appointed counsel in any Appellate Division proceeding."

As petitioner sees it, the omission of respondents on appeal must have been inadvertent, because California Rules of Court, rule 8.850, states that

right to appeal at all, a state that provides the right to appeal must, to remain consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees of due process and equal protection, make that right equally available to the rich and the poor. ( Griffin v. Illinois (1956) 351 U.S. 12 , 76 S.Ct. 585 , 100 L.Ed. 891 [requiring states to furnish transcripts at no cost to indigent defendants on appeal].) In this context, " 'Due process' emphasizes fairness between the State and the individual dealing with the State, regardless of how other individuals in the same situation may be treated. 'Equal protection,' on the other hand, emphasizes disparity in treatment by a State between classes of individuals whose situations are arguably indistinguishable." ( Ross , at p. 609, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .)

We look, then, to see whether the due process and/or equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment require the appointment of counsel when the People appeal the granting of a Penal Code section 1538.5 motion

we emphasize that the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the risk of actual imprisonment marks the line at which counsel must be appointed for purposes of the Sixth Amendment. (See, e.g., Alabama v. Shelton (2002) 535 U.S. 654 , 662, 122 S.Ct. 1764 , 152 L.Ed.2d 888 ; Scott , supra , 440 U.S. at pp. 373-374, 99 S.Ct. 1158 ;

Douglas v. California (1963) 372 U.S. 353 , 83 S.Ct. 814 , 9 L.Ed.2d 811 ( Douglas ) without analyzing why they require appointment of counsel in the appellate division in California. In her challenge based upon the Fourteenth Amendment, petitioner relies heavily on Douglas . There, the court invalidated "a California rule of criminal procedure which provides that state appellate courts, upon the request of an indigent for counsel, may make 'an independent investigation of the record and determine whether it would be of advantage to the defendant or helpful to the appellate court to have counsel appointed. ... After such investigation, appellate courts should appoint counsel if in their opinion it would be helpful to the defendant or the court, and should deny the appointment of counsel only if in their judgment such appointment would be of no value to either the defendant or the court.' " ( Id. at p. 355, 83 S.Ct. 814 .) The Douglas court opined: "When an indigent is forced to run this gantlet of a preliminary showing of merit, the right to appeal does not comport with fair procedure." ( Id. at p. 357, 83 S.Ct. 814 .)

Petitioner does not explain whether she cites Douglas on due process or on equal protection grounds, but the Ross court noted the Douglas court relied on both principles. ( Ross , supra , 417 U.S. at p. 610, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .) It then explained that with respect to due process, "there are significant differences between the trial and appellate stages of a criminal proceeding," since the purpose of the trial court portion of the action is to give the state a forum in which to attempt to overcome the presumption of innocence, while an appeal is usually initiated by a convicted defendant who needs counsel not to protect against being haled into court but to overturn a determination of guilt. ( Ibid. ) The court concluded: "This difference is significant for, while no one would agree that the State may simply dispense with the trial stage of proceedings without a criminal defendant's consent, it is clear that the State need not provide any appeal at all. McKane v. Durston , 153 U.S. 684 , 14 S.Ct. 913 , 38 L.Ed. 867 (1894). The fact that an appeal has been provided does not automatically mean that a State then acts unfairly by refusing to provide counsel to indigent defendants at every stage of the way. Douglas v. California , supra . Unfairness results only if indigents are singled out by the State and denied meaningful access to the appellate system because of their poverty. That question is more profitably considered under an equal protection analysis." ( Ross , supra at p. 611, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .)

We also find Douglas distinguishable. Because the California rule the Douglas court invalidated asked a Court of Appeal to conduct "an ex parte

of counsel to only those defendants who have been sentenced to actual imprisonment. As discussed ante , petitioner herself admits the legislative body that drafted rule 8.851 deliberately chose to limit the right to appointed counsel in the appellate division to those defendants who had been convicted of a misdemeanor. We now turn to whether that decision violates the equal protection clause.

As previously described, petitioner challenges rule 8.851 on its face and asks us to find that the appellate division may not refuse to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant acting as respondent on appeal because otherwise "all [such a defendant] can do is hope the appeals court will find anything in the record to justify affirming her judgment while the rich man has the opportunity to have counsel fully and effectively defend his judgment." In other words, on the equal protection issue petitioner primarily points to an alleged "disparity in treatment by a State between classes of individuals whose situations are arguably indistinguishable." ( Ross , supra , 417 U.S. at p. 609, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .)

As we discussed at oral argument, the paucity of equal protection analysis petitioner provided in her briefs greatly complicates this court's task. At times, she appears to complain about disparate treatment between appellants and respondents, and at other times she argues an equal protection violation has occurred because indigent litigants are being treated less favorably than wealthy ones. Petitioner does not discuss to what extent either of these pairs of classes is similarly situated, and she does not explain whether we should look for a rational basis or for something weightier when deciding whether rule 8.851's differentiation between misdemeanor defendants who have been convicted and those who have not passes constitutional muster.

at all stages of judicial review."].) To our knowledge, the only way a litigant in the appellate division can be subjected to actual imprisonment is if he or she has been convicted of a misdemeanor. (See Pen. Code, §§ 19.6 [no imprisonment in infraction cases], 1466 [appellate division hears appeals in misdemeanor and infraction cases].) Limiting the right to appointed counsel on appeal in the appellate division to only those misdemeanor defendants who have suffered a conviction provides counsel to those with the best likelihood of having a clearly established right to it under the due process clause, while denying it to those who possess no such right. These two classes are therefore not "arguably indistinguishable." ( Ross , at p. 609, 94 S.Ct. 2437 .)

This limitation also recognizes that the interest a convicted defendant seeks to protect on appeal is weightier than the interest of a party like Lopez, who faces no uncounseled imprisonment even if the appeal results in a reversal and the People resume prosecution. Rule 8.851 does not deprive Lopez of the right to appeal, and we have explained why the petition fails to show that the appeal in her case would be a "meaningless ritual" unless she is appointed

or order of a lower court is presumed correct. All intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and error must be affirmatively shown." ( Hernandez v. Superior Court (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 1183 , 1190, 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 55 .) Although an appellate court independently reviews whether the trial court properly applied the law regarding search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment, it still defers to any factual findings that are supported by

them unavailing. First, and as counsel acknowledged at oral argument, "lower federal court decisions on federal questions are persuasive authority, but they are not