Majority
B. Basis for Discipline
Except as otherwise noted, the four sustained counts (which we have renumbered for clarity) were summarized by the trial court as follows:
Count 1: Dishonesty and Discourtesy
At an administrative hearing held in a prison in June 2009, ALJ Krestoff told the parties the hearing had to be concluded in one day if possible; breaks would be modified, and the hearing would go after 5:00 p.m. if necessary. When the case adjourned for lunch at 1:00 p.m., Krestoff stated the matter would reconvene at 2:00 p.m., but Palmieri was 20 minutes late. When Krestoff noted her tardiness, she argued that Krestoff had not given her enough time for lunch. "A 'heated discussion' then commenced, during which Palmieri informed [Krestoff] that her supervisor stated she could take an hour for lunch." When Krestoff put this on the record, Palmieri stated that because they had been in a prison with no nearby food facilities it was unreasonable to expect her to be able to get lunch and return in an hour. Her tone was "disrespectful, heated, and argumentative." The Board described Palmieri's
"A challenge to the procedural fairness of the administrative hearing is reviewed de novo on appeal because the ultimate determination of procedural fairness amounts to a question of law." ( Nasha v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 470 , 482, 22 Cal.Rptr.3d 772 .)
Because some of the evidence against Palmieri was testimony of Board ALJs (see Part III, post ), the Board referred the case to OAH to have a non-Board ALJ conduct the evidentiary hearing. Palmieri does not challenge that action and acknowledges that it was appropriate.
Government Code section 19582, subdivision (a), provides in part that "[h]earings may be held by the board, or by any authorized representative, but the board shall render the decision that in its judgment is just and proper." We observe that the last clause of subdivision (a) provides that even where hearings are held by another body, the Board shall render a decision that it deems "just and proper." That is exactly what the Board did in this case. When a matter is heard by a representative, "he or she shall prepare a proposed decision in a form that may be adopted" by the Board, whereupon the Board "may adopt the proposed decision in its entirety, may remand the proposed decision, or may reduce the adverse action set forth therein and adopt the balance of the proposed decision." ( Id. , § 19582, subd. (b).) "If the proposed decision is not remanded or adopted as provided in subdivision (b), each party shall be notified of the action, and the board itself may decide the case upon the record, including the transcript, with or without taking any additional evidence ...." ( Id ., subd. (c).) That is what the Board did at first. Then, the Department sought rehearing. The request was granted, and the Board reinstated the dismissal after rehearing.
As Palmieri concedes, the Board had discretion whether to act on the rehearing petition. (See Coburn v. State Personnel Bd . (1978) 83 Cal.App.3d 801 , 812-813, 148 Cal.Rptr. 134 ; Gov. Code, § 19586.) Noting that OAH matters may be reviewed via the Administrative Procedures Act (
1 We acknowledge the Board's contention that this issue is not preserved, but we choose to address it on the merits and not address the issue of forfeiture.
MOU-created review board. This is so because a state civil service based on the merit principle can be achieved only by developing and consistently applying uniform standards for employee hiring, promotion, and discipline. By vesting in the nonpartisan [Board] the sole authority to administer the state civil service system ( Cal. Const., art. VII, § 3 ), our state Constitution recognizes that this task must be entrusted to a single agency, the constitutionally created [Board]. Because employee discipline is an integral part of the civil service system, the [Board's] exclusive authority to review disciplinary decisions is a critical component of the civil service system." ( State Personnel Bd. v. Department of Personnel Admin. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 512 , 526-527, 36 Cal.Rptr.3d 142 , 123 P.3d 169 .)
Thus, Palmieri's evident view that the Board somehow lost its constitutionally based authority over her case because it initially referred the case to a non-Board ALJ for hearing cannot be correct. In effect, Palmieri is trying to use the Board's act of prudence in assigning the case to divest the Board of further authority over her matter. But the Board did not and could not divest itself of its ultimate authority over Palmieri's discipline case. (Cf., e.g., Bank of Italy v. Johnson (1926) 200 Cal. 1 , 15, 251 P. 784 [a public official "may not by the adoption of any rule of policy or procedure so circumscribe or curtail the exercise of his discretion under [a] statute as to prevent the free and untrammeled exercise thereof in every case" ].)
True, the Board did not have to grant a rehearing, as we have explained. It could have declined to take further action after it adopted the OAH ALJs decision. But it had the discretion to grant a rehearing, and the exercise of that discretion did not violate Palmieri's due process right to a fair
We agree with the Department and the Board that the objection is forfeited because it was not timely made. Palmieri should have objected as soon as she understood ALJs were going to testify.[3] We agree with the Department that Palmieri engaged in "a naked attempt to game the hearing process" by waiting to see if the evidence was favorable before interposing her objection. Waiting to see how the evidence turned out and then objecting or moving to strike was not sufficient. "Parties will not be permitted to
3 The Department points out that both parties listed all three of these ALJs as witnesses in their respective prehearing statements, so Palmieri could not have been surprised when one or both testified. She had ample time to object.
Regarding the Krestoff count, based on Palmieri's dishonesty, she merely reargues the weight of the evidence and draws inferences in derogation of the standard of review. She argues her false statement about a supervisor telling her she could take lunch was not a statement of fact but merely her opinion, and challenges the Board's finding that she "firmly announced" that she could take a full hour for lunch according to her supervisor. She also claims the comment was made in jest. In support of these claims, she largely points to her own testimony but neither the ALJ nor the Board had to believe her: "Provided the trier of the facts does not act arbitrarily, he may reject in toto the testimony of a witness, even though the witness is uncontradicted." ( Hicks v. Reis (1943) 21 Cal.2d 654 , 659-660, 134 P.2d 788 .)
Palmieri claims that absent a contemporaneous record of her comments there was no reliable way to determine what she said, and she claims she merely made a comment in jest. But we must draw all rational inferences in favor of the Board's decision. (See Youth Authority , supra , 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 584, 128 Cal.Rptr.2d 514 .) And there was ample evidence of Palmieri's dishonesty, as we now summarize.
At Palmieri's discipline hearing, while Krestoff was testifying, part of the audio recording of the underlying hearing was played. Krestoff had placed on the record that Palmieri had told him "her supervisor has instructed that she has the right to take a one-hour lunch regardless of the instruction of the [ALJ] to come back 20 minutes earlier." Palmieri then replied (on the record):
Further, attorney Suzann Gostovich testified she had been present at the hearing and that when Krestoff questioned Palmieri "about her tardiness ... she immediately became very defensive and argumentative with the Judge, and that's by saying that he didn't allow her a one-hour lunch and she was entitled to a one-hour lunch; her supervisor has told her take a one-hour lunch ." (Italics added) When Krestoff asked Palmieri how a supervisor could overrule his scheduling order, Palmieri "repeated that her supervisor had instructed her; her supervisor had told her to take an hour lunch. She was very insistent that it was her supervisor's directive to take an hour lunch."
5 Palmieri claims Brehm was inconsistent about whether or not Krestoff was "irate," but that does not show all of his testimony was unreliable, as Palmieri asserts. The effect of any such inconsistency on a collateral point was for the Board to resolve. (See Flowers v. State Personnel Bd. (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 753 , 759, 220 Cal.Rptr. 139 .)
We largely take the following procedural background and sketch of the facts from the trial court's thorough written decision denying Palmieri's mandamus petition.
A. Procedural Facts
After a 25-year career in private practice, Palmieri began working for the Department in 2007. Her job consisted of prosecution of employee discipline cases. She was served with a notice of dismissal on December 13, 2010, and appealed to the Board. Because some of the Board's own ALJs were potential witnesses, the Board referred the matter to an ALJ with the Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) "to avoid any conflict, potential conflict, or appearance of impropriety." After a 21-day hearing, ALJ Floyd Shimomura (the OAH ALJ) sustained four of 12 counts but reduced the dismissal to a 30-day suspension.
The Board first adopted the OAH ALJ's decision but then granted the Department's rehearing petition and subsequently adopted the OAH ALJ's factual findings but dismissed Palmieri. Palmieri then filed
Count 2: Inexcusable Neglect of Duty and Discourtesy
In January 2009 Palmieri appeared at a hearing before ALJ R. Brown. She was 13 minutes late the first day and two hours late the second day. She was also late returning from breaks. Brown commented on her tardiness off the record. The next day Palmieri was again late, and Brown placed on the record the need to be on time. When Brown stated tardiness showed lack of respect, "Palmieri told [Brown] she had to look for witnesses and was not responsible if witnesses were not where they were supposed to be when she needed to speak with them. Palmieri never apologized ... and never notified [Brown] she was going to be late or requested additional time to meet with witnesses." The OAH ALJ found Palmieri returned late "numerous" times "not just a few minutes late, but substantially longer." He found her tardiness was "extreme."
Count 3: Insubordination and Willful Disobedience
Twice in August 2007 Palmieri was instructed to keep her Outlook calendar updated. In March and July 2008 her supervisor could not find her during "core hours" and her calendar did not reflect her whereabouts. The Board found Palmieri had rejected the view that she had done anything wrong and argued that as an attorney she could work when she wanted to.
Count 4: Discourtesy
On Friday, April 30, 2010, at 4:30 p.m., Palmieri severely abused a coworker (N.) in the personnel office. She began yelling about a mistake with the withholding in her paycheck, she swore, she pounded her fist, and called the employees "terrible." When N. said she would look into the problem "Palmieri responded that [N.] should make it fast because she was parked at a meter." N. found an error in
I
Based on the above misconduct, the Board found Palmieri should be dismissed because her actions as an attorney representing the Department caused discredit to her employer and could have adversely affected the Department's interests, her persistent tardiness and indifference to the problem reflected waste and inefficiency, her false representation to the ALJ reflected poorly on the Department, and her abuse of the personnel employee was unprofessional and created a hostile work environment. The Board found no mitigating circumstances and found the likelihood of recurrence was great because Palmieri's "seamless excuses do not portray a person who recognizes that her actions are unacceptable."
DISCUSSION
Review of the Board's Decisions
Although Palmieri emphasizes that she is raising purely legal questions, we briefly set forth the basic settled rules governing our review.
"[The Board] is a 'statewide administrative agency which is created by, and derives its adjudicatory power from, the state Constitution. [Citations.] Under that constitutional grant, [the Board] is empowered to "review disciplinary actions." In undertaking that review, [the Board] acts in an adjudicatory capacity. "The [Board] is an agency with adjudicatory powers created by the California Constitution." [Citation.] As such [the Board] acts much as a trial court would in an ordinary judicial proceeding. Thus, [the Board] makes factual findings and exercises discretion on matters within its jurisdiction. On review the decisions of [the Board] are entitled to judicial deference. The record must be viewed in a light most favorable to the decision of [the Board] and its factual findings must be upheld if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.]' [Citations.]
"[¶] ... [¶]
"On appeal, '[w]e apply the substantial evidence test in reviewing a decision of [the Board]. [Citation.] We do not reweigh the evidence; we indulge all presumptions and resolve all conflicts in favor of the [B]oard's decision. Its findings come before us "with a strong presumption as to their correctness and regularity." [Citation.] We do not substitute our own judgment if [the Board's] decision " ' "is one which could have been made by reasonable people. ..." [Citation.]' " ' [Citations.] " ( California Youth Authority v. State Personnel Bd. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 575 , 584, 128 Cal.Rptr.2d 514 ( Youth Authority ).)
II
Palmieri contends the Board violated due process by deciding to rehear her
As we have described, it is the Board that must "render the decision that in its judgment is just and proper." ( Gov. Code, § 19582, subd. (a).) This is not merely a statutory requirement (although it is that), it is a constitutional requirement that no other body can act in lieu of the Board. When legislation was passed ratifying labor memoranda of understanding (MOU) that purported to allow some employee discipline cases to be sent to a review board and thereby bypass the Board, our Supreme Court held:
"It would be inimical to California's constitutionally mandated merit-based system of civil service, which is administered by the [Board], to wholly divest that board of authority to review employee disciplinary actions in favor of an
III
Evidence Code section 703.5
Palmieri contends two ALJs who testified adversely to her (Krestoff and R. Brown) should not have been allowed to testify. She does not challenge the testimony of G. Brown, an ALJ who testified favorably for her. In support of this claim she relies on Evidence Code section 703.5, which provides in relevant part (with exceptions): "No person presiding at any judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding ... shall be competent to testify, in any subsequent civil proceeding , as to any statement, conduct, decision, or ruling, occurring at or in conjunction with the prior proceeding." (Italics added.)
2 In passing Palmieri suggests that there was some impropriety because a former supervising ALJ had spoken with Krestoff about Palmieri and later became the Board's Chief Counsel. This suggestion, if even intended to be a claim, is forfeited because it was not fairly embraced by the heading. (See Loranger v. Jones (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 847 , 858, fn. 9, 109 Cal.Rptr.3d 120 .) Further, as the Department and the Board point out, Palmieri does not point to any evidence in the record showing that person unfairly influenced the Board or affected the investigation, she merely cites her own filing in the trial court that also does not cite the administrative record. And, even if shown, a mere appearance of impropriety is insufficient as a matter of law in such circumstances. (See Today's Fresh Start, Inc. v. Los Angeles County Office of Education (2013) 57 Cal.4th 197 , 221-222, 159 Cal.Rptr.3d 358 , 303 P.3d 1140 ; Burrell v. City of Los Angeles (1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 568 , 582, 257 Cal.Rptr. 427 .)
We also agree with the trial court on the merits.
Judicial remedies are those administered by courts of justice. ( Code Civ. Proc., § 20.) There are two kinds, actions and special proceedings. ( Id ., § 21.) Not surprisingly, "[a]n action is an ordinary proceeding in a court of justice" ( id ., § 22, italics added)see also and "[e]very other remedy is a special proceeding" ( id. , § 23, italics added). Actions may be civil or criminal. ( Id ., § 24.) "A civil action is prosecuted by one party against another for the declaration, enforcement or protection of a right, or the redress or prevention of a wrong." ( Id ., § 30.) Civil actions arise out of obligations or injuries. ( Id ., §§ 25-29.) These statutes were part of the original Code of Civil Procedure adopted in 1872, with minor amendments. (See 1 Ann. Code Civ. Proc. (1st ed. 1874, Haymond & Burch commrs.-annotators) pp. 13-16.)
The administrative state as we now know it did not begin to rise in full flow until the New Deal. (See, e.g., Rabin, Federal Regulation in Historical Perspective (1986) 38 Stanford L.Rev. 1189.) The Board was not created until 1934, an outgrowth of populist reforms. (See Pacific Legal Foundation v. Brown (1981) 29 Cal.3d 168 , 181-184, 172 Cal.Rptr. 487 , 624 P.2d 1215 [describing the reasons leading to vesting the Board with constitutional protection via an initiative measure]; Professional Engineers in Cal. Government v. State Personnel Bd. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 678 , 683-684, 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 375 .) It operates distinctly apart from ordinary civil law principles. An administrative hearing before the Board is neither a civil action nor a special proceeding because it is not a judicial hearing, as contemplated by the sections of the Code of Civil Procedure just summarized.
In particular, a civil action is defined by statute as "an ordinary proceeding in a court of justice ...." ( Code Civ. Proc., § 22.) We have repeatedly rejected
IV
Because for purposes of the Evidence Code "civil action" includes "civil proceedings" ( Evid. Code, § 105 ), the reasoning of the above settled authorities would apply to Evidence Code section 703.5, which speaks in terms of a "subsequent civil proceeding" rather than a "civil action." (See also id. , § 300 ["Except as otherwise provided ... this code applies in every action before the Supreme Court or a court of appeal or superior court"].) If the Legislature wanted to encompass subsequent administrative proceedings within the evidentiary limitations provided by section 703.5, it would expressly so have provided, because we presume the Legislature is aware of the decisions cited above holding that administrative proceedings are not civil actions. (See, e.g., Estate of McDill (1975) 14 Cal.3d 831 , 839, 122 Cal.Rptr. 754 , 537 P.2d 874 .)
Palmieri points to Evidence Code sections 901 and 902, which define the terms "proceeding" and "civil proceeding" expansively to include administrative hearings. But those definitions are restricted in application to "this division" ( id., § 900), meaning Division 8, relating to privileges. Those definitions do not apply to Evidence Code section 703.5, which is in Division 6, relating to witnesses.
Accordingly, we find no error in the admission of the ALJ testimony.
Penalty
Palmieri's next heading in her brief is as follows: "The Superior Court Erred When it Found the Board did not Abuse its Discretion Regarding Appellant's Penalty." But her argument is that there was not sufficient evidence to show her dishonesty before ALJ Krestoff.[4] This conflicts with her earlier representation that she is not making any factual claims. It also
4 In her reply brief, Palmieri does claim the penalty is "too harsh" if we discount Krestoff's testimony. This claim is forfeited because it comes too late (see Utz v. Aureguy (1952) 109 Cal.App.2d 803 , 808, 241 P.2d 639 ) and because it lacks coherent analysis and authority (see Ewald v. Nationstar Mortgage, LLC (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 947 , 948, 220 Cal.Rptr.3d 751 ). Further, Krestoff's testimony was cumulative of other evidence, including the transcript of the underlying hearing and the testimony of two other witnesses, all described post .
"Well, I take exception to that. When we were -- we were not given an hour's lunch. We were inside the secured perimeter, and there was a delay getting out of there. And I walked out of there 20 minutes after 1:00. It's about 20 minutes after 2:00, and I think it's unreasonable to ask counsel to take less than an hour lunch when there's no place to eat around here that even allows to have lunch. So I apologize that you were delayed, but I think professional courtesy dictates the court allow at least an hour for lunch."
After this recording was played, Krestoff testified it accurately captured what had been said at the hearing. It shows that Palmieri did not dispute Krestoff's summary of what she had said about her supervisor. The Board could rationally infer from her failure to dispute it that Krestoff's contemporaneous summary was accurate.
And there was more. Gary Brehm also testified at Palmieri's disciplinary hearing. He was a sergeant and an employment relations officer at the prison where the hearing before ALJ Krestoff was held. He had perceived no ambiguity in Krestoff's order to return from lunch by 2:00 p.m., and nobody asked for clarification or for extra time. When Palmieri was late he left phone messages for her and then looked for her; when he found her and told her Krestoff was upset, Palmieri replied that he hadn't given enough time for lunch. Brehm testified that after Krestoff called her on her tardiness Palmieri said "[t]hat he didn't give us enough time for lunch, and indicated that -- I believe it was her supervisors told her that she is an entitled to an hour's lunch and that we were supposed
Palmieri has not shown error.
V
State Bar Act
Palmieri claims neither the Department nor the Board have the power to discipline her because she is an attorney. We agree with Palmieri that some of her conduct, such as misleading a quasi-judicial officer, may well present grounds for the State Bar to investigate her.[6] Her view is that the existence of the State Bar disciplinary system precludes her employer from disciplining her for actions while practicing law. But under her theory, no employer of an attorney could ever impose discipline for ethical lapses occurring during the practice of law. We reject this view.
Palmieri principally relies on Baron v. City of Los Angeles (1970) 2 Cal.3d 535 , 86 Cal.Rptr. 673 , 469 P.2d 353 . Baron involved a municipal ordinance requiring lobbyists to register. Baron, an attorney, sued on the ground that as applied to attorneys representing clients--that is, while engaged in the practice of law--the ordinance conflicted with the State Bar Act. Baron held that to the extent the local ordinance had the effect of regulating the practice of law , it implicated a matter of statewide concern and therefore was preempted by the State Bar Act. ( Baron , at pp. 540-544, 86 Cal.Rptr. 673 , 469 P.2d 353 .)
We agree with Palmieri that regulation of the practice of law is a matter within the State Bar's bailiwick, subject to approval by our Supreme Court which retains inherent authority over attorney discipline based on the separation of powers principle set forth in the California Constitution. ( Cal. Const., art. III, § 3 ; see In re Attorney Discipline System (1998) 19 Cal.4th 582 , 592-593, 598-603, 79 Cal.Rptr.2d 836 , 967 P.2d 49 [inherent authority of the Supreme Court over attorney discipline]; Hustedt v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd . (1981) 30 Cal.3d 329 , 335-346, 178 Cal.Rptr. 801 , 636 P.2d 1139 [invalidating a statute allowing administrative board to suspend an attorney from practicing law before that board]; Bus & Prof. Code, §§ 6067 [the rules of professional conduct
6 The record does not show whether such an investigation has yet taken place.
But as we explained in Part II, ante , the Board's authority is also grounded in the California Constitution. (See Cal. Const., art. VII.) The Board did not limit Palmieri's ability to practice law, it disciplined her for lying to a quasi-judicial officer while she was representing a state agency. The proceedings were held under statutes implementing the constitutionally mandated state civil service system. The two statutory schemes serve different purposes and do not conflict in some way that insulates civil servant attorneys from Board discipline.[7] Indeed, the civil service scheme protects state civil service attorneys because normally a client has the unfettered right to fire an attorney, that is, with or without cause. (See Fracasse v. Brent (1972) 6 Cal.3d 784 , 792, 100 Cal.Rptr. 385 , 494 P.2d 9 ; Kroff v. Larson (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 857 , 860, 213 Cal.Rptr. 526 .) Accepting Palmieri's claim would confer on attorneys a protected status in employment (one not logically limited to public employment) that would be antithetical to the nature of an ordinary attorney-client relationship.
Palmieri also argues that whether the Board can discipline state attorneys for misconduct during the practice of law is a factual question. She faults the ALJ, the Board, and the trial court for not crediting the testimony and written opinion of an expert in attorney discipline matters who opined that her claim was sound. But the effect of California statutes presents purely legal questions outside the province of expert witnesses. (See, e.g., People v. Jo (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1128 , 1176, 224 Cal.Rptr.3d 82 .) And this expert testified both that he was unaware of Article VII of the California Constitution governing the Board and that he had never represented attorneys in civil service cases. His opinion, therefore, lacked an adequate foundation on this issue.
Accordingly, we reject Palmieri's claim that the Board lacks authority to discipline state civil service attorneys for misconduct that occurs during the practice of law.
7 This answers Palmieri's claim that the State Bar Act is the more specific statutory scheme because it is applicable only to lawyers. The civil service laws are applicable only to specified public employees, therefore neither scheme is more specific than the other because each addresses a different category of persons, although some people (like Palmieri) may fit into both categories and therefore potentially be subject to discipline under both bodies of law.
The judgment is affirmed. The Department and the Board shall each receive their costs on appeal. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8. 278(a)(1).)
We concur:
Hoch, J.
Renner, J.
Cases cited
- Nasha L.L.C. v. City of Los Angeles 125 Cal.App.4th 470 p. 540
- Coburn v. State Personnel Board 83 Cal.App.3d 801 p. 540
- State Personnel Board v. Department of Personnel Administration 37 Cal.4th 512 p. 541
- Bank of Italy v. Johnson 200 Cal. 1 p. 541
- Thornbrough v. Western Placer Unified School District 223 Cal.App.4th 169 p. 544
- Hicks v. Reis 21 Cal.2d 654 p. 544
- California Youth Authority v. State Personnel Board 104 Cal.App.4th 575 p. 851
- Bear River & Auburn Water & Mining Co. v. Boles 24 Cal. 359 at 363 p. 855
- Kinley v. Largent 187 Cal. 71 p. 855
- Pacific Legal Foundation v. Brown 29 Cal.3d 168 p. 855
- Professional Engineers in California Government v. State Personnel Board 90 Cal.App.4th 678 p. 855
- Niles Freeman Equipment v. Joseph 161 Cal.App.4th 765 p. 856
- Lomeli v. Department of Corrections 108 Cal.App.4th 788 p. 856
- City of Oakland v. Public Employees' Retirement System 95 Cal.App.4th 29 p. 856
- Gilliland v. Medical Board 89 Cal.App.4th 208 p. 856
- Bold v. Board of Medical Examiners 133 Cal.App. 23 p. 856
- Vesel v. Martin 14 Cal.3d 831 p. 856
- Foreman & Clark Corp. v. Fallon 3 Cal.3d 875 p. 857
- Sonic Manufacturing Technologies, Inc. v. AAE Systems, Inc. 196 Cal.App.4th 456 p. 857
- Baron v. City of Los Angeles 2 Cal.3d 535 p. 859
- In re Attorney Discipline System 19 Cal.4th 582 p. 859
- Hustedt v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Board 30 Cal.3d 329 p. 859
- Fracasse v. Brent 6 Cal.3d 784 p. 860
- Kroff v. Larson 167 Cal.App.3d 857 p. 860
- People v. Jo 15 Cal.App.5th 1128 p. 860