Bruch v. National Guarantee Credit Corp.

The decree appointing the receiver is attacked on two grounds: First, that the officers of the corporation who filed the answer to the bill acted without the authority of the corporation; and second, that the corporation was not at the time of the filing of the bill, nor at any time since, in fact insolvent. These two contentions will be disposed of in the order of their statement.

First. Were the officers authorized to file the answer on behalf of the corporation admitting the charges of the bill? Rule 39 of this court requires, as follows:

“Rule 39. Every answer, except the answer of a. corporation, shall be under oath or affirmation of the defendant that what is contained in the answer, so far as concerns the act and deed of the defendant is true, and that what relates to the act and deed of any other person he believes to be true.

"The answer of corporations shall be under the seal of the corporation, attested by the president, vice-president, secretary, or treasurer of the corporation. It may be verified under oath of one of said officers, or by some authorized agent of the corporation.”

The answer was signed by the corporation by William G. Hubbard, president. What purported to be the corporate seal

‘‘That the execution of said answer by the signature of the president and the impression of the seal, attested by the secretary has been duly authorized by resolution of the board of directors.”

It will be observed that Rule 39 of this court does not require that the verification of the answer shall contain an averment of this character. Except in cases, however, whose circumstances are exceptional in nature, the practice in this court has been to require that in bills against corporations for receivers on the ground of insolvency, the officer who executes an answer which admits the allegations of the bill should show in the verification that his act in making such admission is authorized by the board of directors. The Chancellor, in whose discretion the statute reposes the power to appoint a receiver, has conceived that in the ordinary case he ought, before exercising that discretion in favor of the appointment, require a showing that if any officer assumes to commit the corporation to so momentous a step as the appointment of a receiver for it the act of the officer in that behalf was authorized by the governing body of the corporation.

The president of a corporation has no implied or inherent power to consent to the appointment of a receiver for the purpose of winding up its affairs. Walters v. Anglo-American Mortgage & Trust Co., (C. C. ) 50 Fed. 316 ; Saxon v. Southwestern Brick, etc., Co., 113 La. 637 , 37 South. 540 ; Bassett v. Bickford Bros. Co., (D. C.) 232 Fed. 895 ; 2 Thompson on Corporations, (2d Ed.) par. 1455; 3 Clark & Marshall on Corporations, (1st Ed.) 2138; 3 Cook on Corporations, (7th Ed.) par. 716, note 7; 3 Fletcher’s Cyclopedia of Corporations, § 2046. Whether the answer appears in terms to have been authorized by the directors, or not, the material thing

The board of directors of this corporation consisted of seven directors. Section 22 of the by-laws provides, as follows:

“At all meetings of the board, a majority of the directors shall be necessary and sufficient to consitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the act of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the board of directors.”

At the time of the filing of the answer there were at the outside not more than four directors in office. One of the points in controversy is whether, or not, James Callans was a director at that time. If he was, then there were four directors in office; if he was not, then there were only three directors in office. Whether, or not, he was a director, I shall discuss later.

The three directors other than Callans met in special meeting at Wilmington, Delaware, and, by resolution unanimously adopted, authorized the president of the corporation to file the answer in the receivership cause instituted against it by the complainant, Bruch. For the present I assume that Callans was not a director. On this assumption, it therefore appears that all of the then existing directors of the corporation in special meeting authorized the filing of the answer. But, under Section 22 of the bylaws, the three did not constitute a quorum of the board. There were four vacancies in the board. These vacancies could very easily have been filled, for under another by-law it was provided that in case of vacancies on the board “the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, by a majority vote, may choose a successor or successors, who shall hold office for the unexpired term in respect of which such vacancy occurred.” I need not decide whether in such a situation, it was incumbent upon the directors to proceed to fill all vacancies before proceeding to act as a board, or whether they might have filled just enough vacancies to supply a sufficient number to constitute a quorum. The fact is that they filled no vacancies. There was neither a full board in office, nor enough to constitute a bare quorum. The rule

What I have just said is predicated on the proposition that at the time in question, the membership of the board consisted of only three, there being four vacancies. On that assumption, the board was incapable of acting, because, as I have indicated, for the purpose of doing business the quorum must be reckoned by calculating the majority of the board as constituted when all the vacancies are filled.

If it be, however, that Callans was also a member of the board, then at the time of the action authorizing the answer the board consisted of four. And in that contingency, the action of the board was further open to objection because no notice of the special meeting of the board on the day when the resolution was adopted was ever given to Callans as required by the by-laws. Unless notice be given to each director of a special meeting of the board of directors as required by the by-laws, the meeting is illegal and action taken thereat is not binding. Lippman v. Kehoe Stenograph Co., 11 Del. Ch. 80 , 95 Atl. 895 .

It is contended that Callans was not a director and that therefore the question of notice to him is not involved. This contention is based on the fact that the directors of the corporation had undertaken to remove Callans from his office of director. On September 20, 1921, Callans was both a director and vice-president of the company. On that day the general manager of the compan y

It is contended that under the statute of this state and the articles of incorporation and by-laws of this defendant corporation, the board of directors have the power to remove a director for cause. If this be conceded, it cannot be successfully contended that such power may be exercised in an arbitrary manner. The accused director would be entitled to be heard in his own defense. There was no pretence, in this case, of according to Callans an opportunity to be heard in opposition to the proposal that he be removed from his office of director.

But I am of the opinion that directors of an industrial corporation, such as is the defendant, cannot be removed by his fellow members. A director is an officer chosen by the stockholders. His title to the office is as good as the title of his fellows. His right to the office is quite different from that of those officers of the corporation who are selected not by stockholders but by the directors themselves. If the power of amotion of a director exists, it is reasonable to hold that it shall be exercised by the power that elected him, viz., by the stockholders. To allow directors to frame charges against one of their fellows and then to try and expel him, would open the door to possibilities of fraud which designing men might use to wrest control of corporate affairs from the stock

“As regards officers elected by the corporation itself, there is no implied power of removal vested in the directors. Officers so elected derive their title to their respective offices from the same source as the directors do theirs and they can be removed only by the power that appointed them. So the board of directors has no inherent power to remove one of their number. Where the by-laws provide that the board of directors shall have power to fill vacancies and prescribe when a vacancy occurs, the board has only power to fill a vancancy which exists in fact — it cannot create a vacancy.”

To the same effect is 3 Fletcher’s Cyclopedia of Corporations, § 1819. In 3 Cook on Corporations, (7th Ed.) §711, not only is the power stated to be denied to the directors, but as well to the stockholders. The following cases support the text writers: Brindley v. Walker, et al., 221 Pa. 287 , 70 Atl. 794 , 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1293 ; Raub v. Gerken, 127 App. Div. 42 , 111 N. Y. Supp. 319 ; Laughlin v. Geer, 121 Ill. App. 534 . The opinion in the case of Brindley v. Walker, et al.,.supra, contains the following very pertinent and convincing language:

"The general rule with respect to officers in private corporations such as this is, that all below the grade of directors, and such other officers as are elected by the corporation at large, hold their offices durante bene plácito,

and are removable by the directors without cause being assigned. The reason / for the rule is as obvious, as the distinction made. The supreme authority in every corporation resides in its membership. The expressed will of the majority at a regular shareholders’ meeting governs in all matters within the limits of the charter. Therefore, when action has been taken by the corporation at such a meeting, on any subject pertaining to the affairs of the association, it is beyond the power of any of the agents of the corporation to undo or change what has been done. The directors are immediate representatives of the corporation charged with the management of its affairs, and are necessarily invested with large discretionary powers; but they can act only where the corporation has not. Ordinarily, the selection of the secretary and treasurer is committed to the board of directors, as was the case here; but when the corporation has itself elected these officers the directors must accept them, and the officers so elected hold on terms and conditions prescribed by the corporation, and none other. They derive their title to their respective offices, from the same source as the directors do theirs, and they can be removed only by the power that appointed them. It is otherwise when the corporation has committed the election to the board of directors. In such case the board stands for the corporation, the officers selected are its appointees, and its power to remove is necessarily implied.”

I understand, however, that it is contended that because of the peculiarity of the language of the General Corporation Law of this state (22 Del. Laws, c. 394), the directors of a corporation have the power conferred on them by the statute to remove one of their own number. If I have correctly comprehended this argument it is, as follows: That the corporation undoubtedly possesses the power of amotion of a director; that Section 3 of the General Corporation Law confers not only on the corporation but also on its “officers, directors and stockholders” all the “powers and privileges” contained in this chapter, and “the powers expressly given in its charter, or in its certificate under which it was incorporporated,” etc.; that the certificate of incorporation confers on the board of directors authority “to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the corporation”; that, therefore, the board may by virtue of the grant to it of authority as indicated by these quotations, exercise the power of amotion which is lodged by law in the corporation itself.

The fundamental proposition upon which this argument is constructed is that the corporation has power to remove a director. The statute nowhere confers such power. Yet for the purpose of

It being assumed that the corporation has such power, it is argued that when the statute confers upon “officers, directors and stockholders” all powers of the corporation and gives the directors authority “to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the corporation,” the power of amotion, which it is assumed lies in the corporation, is by force of the statute carried over and conferred upon the directors. It is to be observed that the grant by the statute of the powers of the corporation is not alone to the directors, but as well to officers and stockholders. This being so, the same argument which would confer upon “directors” the power to remove a director would likewise confer the power upon the “officers” and “stockholders.” There is nothing incongruous in the suggestion that the law would repose in “stockholders” the right to remove a director. But it is out of all reason to suppose that the Legislature ever intended to repose a like power in the “officers” who themselves are elected by the directors; for if such were the case, the creatine would possess power to destroy the creator.

The foregoing consideration very conclusively suggests that when the statute conferred upon the “officers, directors and stockholders” all powers of the corporation, it meant to confer on each of the designated groups only the powers and privileges of the corporation that could be appropriately exercised by each in performing the functions respectively distributed among them by the law of the state and the certificate of incorporation and by-laws of the corporation.

Inasmuch as under general law as courts have construed it to exist, the power of amotion is not a power to be appropriately exercised by the board of directors, it follows that under the construction of the statute which I have just adopted the board of directors of this corporation did not have that particular corporate power, namely, that of the amotion of a director which it is assumed is lodged somewhere in the corporation.

In the case of Fensterer v. Pressure Lighting Co., 85 Misc. Rep. 631 , 149 N. Y. Supp. 49 , an argument somewhat similar to that advanced in this case was rejected by the court. In that case,

In the case now before the court I hold that the board of directors have no power conferred upon them by statute to remove one of their own number. Callans was, therefore, a member of the board at the time when the special meeting was held, at which the answer in this case was authorized to be filed. Failure to give him notice of the meeting is an additional circumstance invalidating the action taken at that meeting.

Second. Was the defendant corporation insolvent at the time of the filing of the bill in this case?

Insolvency within the meaning of Paragraph 3883, Section 40, of the Revised Code of 1915, which provides for the appointment of receivers for insolvent corporations, has been defined by this court, as follows:

“Insolvency not being defined in the statute may consist'of a deficiency of assets over liabilities, or inability to meet financial obligations as they mature in the usual course of business, or both conditions may exist. It is always discretionary whether a receiver be appointed. It is not true, as claimed by the defendant’s solicitor, that an inability to meet obligations as they accrue is, the only definition of insolvency. An excess of liabilities over assets may constitute insolvency, unless it appear that there is a reasonable prospect that the business could be successfully continued notwithstanding the deficiency

of assets." Whitmer v. Wm. Whitner & Sons, Inc., 11 Del. Ch. 222 , 225, 99 All. 428 , 430.

It is conceded that at the time of the filing of the bill in this case, and ever since, the assets of the defendant corporation have been far in excess of its liabilities. This excess of assets over liabilities equals about $800,000. The defendant corporation, therefore, was not insolvent in the sense that its liabilities exceeded its assets. This is conceded.

Was it insolvent in the other sense, namely, that it was not able to meet its financial obligations as they matured in the usual course of its business? That it was so insolvent, is the contention made by the solicitor in opposition to the rule.

The view that the corporation was insolvent in this sense is contended for because of the following facts: It appears that prior to the filing of the bill in this court the defendant corporation was made a defendant in an equity cause filed against it in the Court of Common Pleas No. 2 for the County of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, in which sundry stockholders of the defendant were plaintiffs. That bill charged fraud and mismanagement on the part of the officers of the corporation. It did not charge insolvency. The relief sought in that bill was the appointment of a receiver. The Court of Common Pleas appointed temporary receivers for the corporation. There has not yet been an adjudication of that cause on final hearing. Almost all the assets of the corporation were located in the state of Pennsylvania; relatively speaking the amount of assets outside of Pennsylvania is a trifling sum. It is argued that as soon as the temporary receivers in Pennsylvania took possession of the assets, the officers of the corporation were no longer able to pay obligations of the corporation as they matured in the usual course of business. This being so, it is contended that a condition of insolvency existed, in that the corporation was unable to meet its financial obligations as they matured in the usual course of business, a fact which justified this court in appointing a receiver on the ground of insolvency.

The evidence discloses that the temporary receivers in Pennsylvania have been handling the affairs of the corporation, and that they have met all obligations of the corporation as they mature, at least so far as the receivers have been able to learn of such

While officers manage the affairs of a corporation, they are not the corporation. The receivers who are assuming to act in Pennsylvania are assuming to do so in behalf of the corporation, just as much as the officers, if they were in charge of its affairs, would assume to do. I think the material thing to consider in passing upon the question of insolvency is, whether or not the assets of the corporation are of sufficient amount and of such kind as would enable the corporation, or those managing its affairs, whether they be its officers or the officer of a court appointed to hold and conserve its assets, to discharge its maturing obligations. By this test the corporation in question was not at the time of the filing of the bill in this case,- and at this time is not, insolvent.

If the appointment of a receiver by a court because of fraud and mismanagement, and for the purpose of conserving its property for stockholders and creditors, can be said to constitute a situation where the corporation cannot pay its debts (because its officers are deprived of the ability to do so) then it would necessarily follow that in every case where a court takes charge of the assets of a corporation because of fraud and mismanagement on the part of its officers, by that very act the court would throw the corporation into a condition of insolvency. If this court, for instance, upon a bill charging fraud and mismanagement, were to appoint a conserving receiver for the corporation, the decree thus obtained for the protection of assets could be utilized to sustain an allegation of insolvency in another bill for the appointment of a liquidating receiver, however liquid and however largely in excess of liabilities its assets might be. Such a result, unreasonable as it is, would nevertheless be the logical result of the argument advanced for sustaining the charge of insolvency made in this case.

I think it is true that courts outside the domicile of a corporation will not take jurisidction to entertain suits the object of which is to adjust affairs that have to do solely with the internal management of the corporation’s business, and with controversies existing among its stockholders. Such controversies properly belong to the courts of the corporation’s domicile, and should there be litigated under the law by which the corporation is created. I understand that the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia has as yet not decided it has jurisdiction to try the controversies relating to this corporation now pending before that court. The most that has been done by that court is to appoint temporary receivers. It may be, and I assume it will be, that on a final determination by that court after final hearing, it will not entertain the suit pending before it, further than may be necessary to temporarily conserve assets in Pennsylvania. The more am I persuaded that such will be the outcome of the litigation in the Court of Common Pleas by the ruling laid down in Pennsylvania by the Supreme Court of that state in the case of Thompson v. Southern Connellsville Coke Co., 269 Pa. 500 , 112 Atl. 533 , which case is in harmony with the weight of authority elsewhere.

Whatever might be the correct view to entertain in the event that the Pennsylvania court should finally assert jurisdiction by the appointment of permanent receivers, I am clearly of the

Let an order be prepared directing the receiver appointed by this court to forthwith file a final report and pass a final account. Thereafter, upon approval of such report and account, a further decree will be entered discharging the receiver and vacating the decree heretofore entered in this cause.