Majority
p. 314James Jackson, ex dem. Jacob G. Klock, George G. Klock, and others, plaintiff, against Henry Rightmyre, defendant.Headnote
Where a spestated, that 'a. bein°- some6 of the proprietors of a patent, m 1763 released part of the patent to certain in which retherof the3pat6ntjom,efland gat “d 17(j^ other proseised of die made partition including th¿ leaseTto the hekvthat'the found the^fact out ex^’ainhí1 how the propnetors became reseised, it was to be presumed,that they were lawfully reseised, ana that any intendment might be made that the fact might require; and that K. with a knowledge of the release, partition, having a lot drawn him with another proprietor, could not question the of theAlthough a prior possession under a claim of right, and not voluntarily abandoned, will prevail in ejectment over a subsequent possession, acquired by mere entry, without any lawful right, yet where the subsequent possession of the defendant is acquired by a recovery and execution in ejectment, his entry is a lawful entry, and affords a better presumption of right, than the prior possession, although the judgment was obtained by default; and the party who brings a second action of ejectment after being ousted by a writ of habere facias possessionem) must produce additional evidence of title, and not rest upon his possession alone.
THIS was an action of ejectment, which was corn menced in October term, 1808, in the court below, and was brought to recover the possession of an undivided share of ]0t No. 4, in the sixth allotment of a tract of land, situate on 7 the Mohawk river, in the town of Minden, in the county of , v Montgomery, (now the town of Danube, m the county of Herkimer,) granted to Abraham Van Horne and others. The cause was tried in August, 1814, when a verdict was taken, subject to the opinion of the Supreme Court, on a case to be made, which either party had leave fo.turn into a special verdict. The case was argued in the Supreme Court, and jn j\jay term, 1816, judgment was rendered for the defendant below. The case having been turned into a special verdict, the plaintiff below brought a writ of error. The facts which appeared in evidence, on the trial, have already been fully stated in the report of this case in the Supreme Court; an<^ as far as they relate to the points here discussed, are stated with sufficient minuteness, in the opinion delivered by the Chancellor, in this Court. For the facts of the case. J ' and the opinion of the Court below, see 13 Johns* Rep. A 367*—-377»
Woodworth. for the plaintiff in error, contended,
1. Thatthe partition in 1764 was inoperative and void, as far as *
p. 315respected the sixth allotment; of their interest in which, several of the parties to that partition had previously devested themselves. There seems, on the first view, to be some inconsistency and contradiction in the finding of the jury in relation to the lands which were the subject of the partition. In the first place, they say “ that when the aforesaid partition was made, George Klock was seised in his demesne as of fee, of three undivided sixteenth parts ; Jellis Fonda was seised in like manner of one undivided sixteenth part; Philip Livingston the younger, was seised in like manner of three undivided thirty second parts; John Duncan was seised in like manner of five undivided thirty second parts; Walter Rutherford was seised in like manner of five undivided thirty second parts, and William Burnet Brown of one undivided fourth part of the lands included in the said patent, as tenants in common.” And, a few sentences after, they find, “ that on the 22d day of November, 1763, the said Philip Livingston, William Livingston, Walter Rutherford, John Duncan, and William Burnet Brown, stiling themselves part owners of the land in the said patent, released all the lands included in the sixth allotment of said patent, to three Indians, and their heirs, in trust for themselves, and all the rest of the native Indians belonging to the Canajoharie castle, and their heirs forever ; so that neither the grantors, nor their heirs, nor any other person for them, or in the names, right, or stead of any of them, should, or would, by any means or ways, thereafter have, claim, challenge or demand, any estate, right, title, or interest, in or to the said premises, or any part thereof; but from all and every action, right, estate, title, interest or demand, of, in, or to the said premises, or any part thereof, should be utterly excluded and debarred.” How then could the proprietors, who in 1763, in such a solemn manner, released all their title in a part of the patent, no reconveyance, no grant from the releasees appearing, become seised, in the very next year, of undivided in-, terests in the entire patent ? It is impossible ; and unless some rule of construction can be discovered, by which the two clauses may be reconciled, one of them must be rejected; for, unexplained, they are too palpably incongruous to subsist together. We are to look to the intent; the different
p. 316parts of the special verdict must be compared together, and taken in such connexion that each may have meaning and efl"ecb and none be insensible or void. “ The intent,” says the Chief Justice, in delivering the opinion of the Court, in Jackson, ex dem. Ludlow and others, v. Myers, (3 Johns. g. 33s. 395.) “ when apparent, and not repugnant to any rule of law, will control technical terms, for the intent, and not the words, is the essence of every agreement. In the exposition of deeds, the construction must be upon the view and comparison of the whole instrument, and with an endeavour to give every part of it meaning and effect.” To apply the principle to the present case : Philip Livingston, and the other part owners who joined in the release of the sixth allotment, still continued seised, as tenants in common with Klock and Fonda, of the residue of the patent, and might lawfully partition it among themselves. It is not to be presumed, that they undertook to appropriate to themselves the property of others. The intent of the special verdict, collected from a “ view and comparison of the whole,” and necessary “ to give every part of it meaning and effect,” is that the releasors were seised of all the lands in the patent, excepting such as they had previously granted; that is, of all except the sixth allotment. To render the partition valid, the Indian grantees should have been parties to it. As they were not parties, it could not affect their rights, and, consequently, the partition deed could vest no estate, in severalty7, in Klock, and the plaintiff is not estopped from setting up the present claim. (Jackson, ex dem. Ostrander, v. Hasbrouck, 3 Johns. Rep. 331 . Jackson, ex dem. Antcll, v. Brown, 3 Johns. Rep. 459 . Jackson, ex dem. Smith, v. Vrooman, 13 Johns. Rep. 488 .) Livingston, and the other releasors, were not tenants in common with Klock of the sixth allotment, and thus being tenants in common of only part of the land intended to be divided, the partition was void. (Jackson, ex dem. Wynkoop, v. Myers, 14 Johns. Rep. 854 .) It has been decided, that the title of these very Indians, was to be presumed to have become extinct; it is not a subsisting title which can be set up in bar of the plaintiff’s action. (Jackson, ex dem. Klock and others, v. Hudson, 3 Johns. Rep. 375 .)
p. 3172. The lessors of the plaintiff have shown a prior possession in their ancestor, George Klock, who, in 1783, demised different parts of the sixth allotment, for terms of three years, reserving a yearly rent, to tenants who continued in possession until 1790, when they were ousted by writs of habere facias possessionem issued on the judgments by default, which are the foundation of the defendant’s title. If the persons who instituted, and recovered in those suits, or those from whom they derived their title, claimed as tenants in common with Klock, their possession has not been adverse to his. (Jackson, ex dem. Teller and others, v. • Bur Us and Woodward, 9 Johns. Rep. 174 .) An adverse possession must commence under a claim and colour, at least, of title. ( 13 Johns. Rep. 120 .) It does not appear under what title those plaintiffs claimed : non constat, that they had any: their judgments were obtained by default, and the rights of the parties never came into discussion. The whole question, in effect, resolves itself into this : shall a prior prevail over a subsequent possession, and entitle the plaintiff to a recovery, where no additional circumstances of right are shown on either side, to fortify that possession ? The affirmative has been so solemnly decided, that the point cannot now admit of debate. A prior possession is prima facie evidence of right, as was held in the case of Smith v. Lorillard, ( 10 Johns. Rep. 338 . See also, Jackson, ex dem. Murray and Bowne, v. Hazen, 2 Johns. Rep. 22 . Jackson, ex. dem, Duncan and others, v. Harder, 4 Johns. Rep. 202 . Calteris v. Cowper, 4 Taunt. 547.) provided the prior possession was not voluntarily abandoned, and the subsequent possession of the defendant was acquired by mere entry, without any lawful right. The present case precisely agrees with that. Here the prior possession was not voluntarily abandoned ; it was relinquished under the compulsion of legal process, and the entry, under that process, was without lawful right; for no right was established by the judgments in ejectment. Notwithstanding the expiration of the leases, the possession must still be deemed to have continued in the lessor. The holding over of a tenant, after the expiration of the term, is not evidence of an adverse possession. (Brandt, ex dem. Fitch and others, v.
p. 318Marshall, 1 Caines’ Rep. 394 .) Although the lease be expired, the lessee will be regarded as holding by consent of or'g¡nal landlord, and as his tenant at will; unless he can show, that since the expiration of it, he has acquired a new title, either from, or paramount to, that of the party under whom possession was taken. (Rid. 401.) The utmost effect of the judgment and execution under which the defendant entered, was to prevent his entry from being regarded as a trespass. A person who is turned out of possession under a judgment by default, may bring a new action of ejectment, and recover, on showing his prior possession. (Jackson, ex dem. Wright and others, v. Dieffendorfi and Zoller, 3 Johns. Rep. 269 .) And in the words of Lord ■Mansfield, there cited, a recovery in ejectment “is a recovery of the possession, (not of the seisin or freehold,) without prejudice to the right, as it may afterwards appear, even between the same parties. He who enters under it, in truth and substance, can only be possessed according to right* If he has a freehold, he is in as a freeholder. If he has a chattel interest, he is in as a termor. If he has no title, he is in as a trespasser. If he had no right to the possession, then he takes only a naked possession.” So, it is said by Mr. J. Platt, ( 13 Johns. Rep. 234 ,) that “ the action of ■ejectment is only a possessory remedy in favour of a person 'having a right of entry; it does not establish and conclude the question of title, as in real actions.” Again; the entry •of the defendant, although it may not be punishable as such, was in fact a trespass, a mere intrusion upon the land; and a person entering under these circumstances, cannot protect himself by an outstanding title. (Jacksonv. Harder, 4 Johns. Rep. 202 .) It was a forcible trespass or intrusion, made under process of law, which would admit of no opposition or resistance; and, as was observed by the Chief Justice, in The People v. Leonard, ( 11 Johns. Rep. 509 .) if the lessor shows himself in the peaceable possession of land, and that he was forcibly dispossessed, it will be sufficient to ■entitle him to recover possession, and the defendant will ■ not be permitted to set up title to defeat it. If a defendant sets up an outstanding title existing in a stranger, it must be a present subsisting title; it must be one that is living and.
p. 319operative, otherwise the presumption will be that it has Become extinguished. ( 3 Johns. Rep. 386 . Bull. N. P. 110.) The plaintiff claims to recover the possession of the entire premises, and not merely of an undivided part.Henry and Van Vechten, contra.
1. In answer to the first point, the counsel relied on the facts, that Klock knew of the release in 1763, though he refused to execute it, and that in 1764, a partition was made in the names of the original patentees, being the mode required by law, (Laze$ JY. Y., Van Schaiclc’s Ed. 412.) which afterwards, in 1767, Klock confirmed by his partition with Fonda. The construction which it has been attempted to give to the special verdict is unfounded. It rests upon an analogy which has no existence. A contract (and the case referred to is the case of a contract) is entire, and the different parts must be taken in connection ; but in a special verdict the jury find separate and distinct facts. They have found that in 1763, a deed was executed to the Indians, but that, notwithstanding that deed, the parties, in 1764, were seized of the lands; not of a part of the lands, but of the whole. How they became so seised is not found. It may be that the Indian title was deemed inoperative; or, perhaps, it was released by the Indians before the partition, and, in that case, the sanction of the government to the reconveyance may be presumed. This is a reasonable intendment, which ought to be supported. The object of a verdict is, that it be decisive between the parties ; and to give it that effect, it shall be favourably construed. Verdicts are not to be taken strictly like pleadings; on the contrary, the Court will collect the meaning of the jury, if they give such a verdict that it can understand them. (Runnington on Eject. 247.) Here the fact of seisin is expressly stated, and unless a reconveyance be presumed, the finding of the jury was false. The Indians were capable of receiving a title, which was a subsisting title until released. All the parties being seised of the whole of the land, the partition was valid, and operated as an estoppel on the parties, and all persons claiming under them. (Jackson, ex dem. Ostrander, v. Hasbrouck, 3 Johns. Rep. 331 . Jackson, ex dem. Antill and wife, v. Brawn,.
p. 3203 Johns. Rep, 459 . Jackson, ex dem. Wynkoop, v. Myers, 14 Johns. Rep. 354 .)* Here tile defendant entered peaceably, by colour of title, and under judgment of law, and, therefore, mere priority 0f p0ssess’lon js not sufficient to entitle a party to a recovery against him. Every plaintiff in ejectment must show a right of possession ; (Burr. Rep. 119. Runnington on Eject, 58.) and he must recover upon the strength of his own, not the weakness of the defendant’s title. (Burr. Rep. 2487.) A possession taken by the plaintiff without claim of title, is of no avail. ( 1 Caines' Rep. 190 . n. a.) It is further requisite that such prior possession should be clearly and unequivocally proved; but there is nothing in this case from which the possession of Klock can be inferred, except the simple circumstance of the execution of leases in 1783. And it has been held, that the payment of taxes, and the execution of partition deeds, were not evidence of an actual possession, though they might show a claim of title. (Jackson, ex dem. Ludlow and others, v. Myers, 3 Johns. Rep. 388 .) It is only against a mere intruder or trespasser, that a prior possession under colour of title, is sufficient ground for a recovery in ejectment. (Jackson, ex dem. Duncan and others, v. Harder, 4 Johns. Rep. 202 .) The recovery in ejectment must be regarded as presumptive evidence of right, and by it the lawful possession is transferred ; otherwise an action of ejectment would be a nugatory ceremony, an absurd and idle farce. It is true, that the right of possession may be litigated again ; but still the judgment is an estoppel on the defendant to deny the plaintiff’s title in an action for the mesne profits. Hence, it must be inferred, that after a recovery in ejectment, a mere naked prior possession, uncoupled with any evidence of a right of possession, is not sufficient to entitle to a recovery against one who has entered under the judgment. Possession is evidence of title,; for it is to be presumed, that the party who has possession has it rightfully; but that presumption ceases when title appears on the other side. For eighteen years from the time when they were ousted by writ of habere facias possessionem, the plaintiff’s lessors have acquiesced in their own eviction, and suffered the defendant quietly to
p. 321hold the land. They have permitted a period to elapse almost long enough to constitute a conclusive bar to their right of entry: and shall they now, after lying by, almost to the moment when nothing could avail them short of a perfect right of property, come in and rest upon a possession, stripped and devested of all right, against a possession uninterrupted for years, and commenced under the high presumption of title which the judgment of law affords?The plaintiff now sets up a claim to the whole of lot No. 4. in the sixth allotment; and yet, according to the special verdict, the action was commenced to recover the possession of an undivided share of that lot. The jury, too, has found, “ that the lessors of the plaintiff and their ancestors claimed title to the premises in question under the letters patent therein before mentioned, and until the trial of this cause asserted their right to recover the same by virtue of such title and not otherwise.” Under the patent they could only claim an undivided part. On what pretence, then, can they extend their demand to the entirety ? Klock himself, in 1783, asserted a right to no more than part: he never committed or pretended to commit a disseisin: and so far from there being a disseisin, with five years possession and a descent cast to toll the defendant’s entry, Klock was never in actual possession. All the possession which he ever had, consisted merely in the giving of leases, for three years, to persons already in the occupation of the land.T. A. Emmet, in reply, denied that it was to be inferred from the special verdict, that Klock claimed title only as tenant in common. The words must be intended to mean a claim of title co-extensive with his possession, which was of the entire sixth allotment in severalty. His leases were in severalty, and not of an undivided right: and though at first he may have claimed as tenant in common, yet it is to be inferred from his possession in 1783, that he had in the interval obtained an exclusive right The partition could not operate on the Indian title, and therefore, as the sixth allotment could not be the subject of partition, Klock was not bound by it.
p. 322The prior possession of the lessors is the best evidence of title between the parties to this suit, unless it be repelled by-the recovery in ejectment against the lessors. But that recovery arose through the neglect of their attorney : and it is insisted, that possession under a judgment by default can g-ye no and does not affect the right. The defendant, standing as he does, in the light of a mere intruder, cannot protect himself under a title in a third person; besides, there is no subsisting title of which he can take advantage, if it were competent for him to make the defence. (Jackson, ex dem. Duncan and others, v. Harder, 4 Johns. Rep. 202 ; 211.)The lessors of the plaintiff" are the heirs at law of George Klock. In the year 1764, he was seised ih fee of three undivided sixteenth parts of the Van Horne patent, which covers the premises ; and in the year 1783, he demised parts of the 6th allotment of the patent, to different persons, for a term of years, reserving rent, and which leases, or some of them, also covered the premises* There is no colour of title shown on the part of the plaintiff, but what is founded upon that seisin, or upon that possession of the ancestor.
I shall examine the claim as founded upon each of those pretensions.
1. The seisin of Klock, the ancestor, is found to have been at the time of the partition in 1764, and to have been of an undivided part of the patent, as a tenant in common. A partition was then duly made of the patent, under an act of the colonial legislature, and lot No. 1. of the 6th allotment, was drawn to the share of Klock Fonda. The verdict says, that the patent was “ duly divided’’ by Commissioners appointed underthe colony act; and the act declared, that the partitions under it should be as valid and effectual, as if made on writ according to the course of the common law. Klock Fonda, by means of the partition, became seised in severalty, of lot No. 1. in the 6th allotment, instead of being seised, as before, of an undivided right in the whole patent. And in pursuance of this partition, and se- ■ parate seisin, it is found that Klock fy Fonda, in 1767, sub
p. 323divided lot No. 1. according to their respective interests therein, and that the lot No. 1. has since been held in severalty by
Klock Fonda, and their assigns, pursuant to such subdivision.
The present ejectment is for lot No. 4, in the 6th allotment, which, on the partition, was drawn to different persons, and it is evident, therefore, that the plaintiffs, as heirs of George Klock, can lay no claim to it under the seisin and the partition of 1764.
But it is said, that the partition as to the 6th allotment, was null and void, because the other proprietor (Klock Sr Fonda excepted) had, in the year preceding, released all the lands included in the 6th allotment to three Indians in fee, in trust for all the Indians of the Canajoharie castle, and that, therefore, they had no right or interest in that 6th allotment.
One answer to this objection is, that though it be found that those proprietors made that release in 1763, yet it is further found, that in 1764, when the partition was made, they were all seised of undivided parts of the patent, and the parts of which they are so found to have been seised,- when united with the parts of Klock <£- Fonda, included the whole patent. The intendment necessarily is, that theseisin in 1764 was a legal seisin, though it is not explaimd in what manner the proprietors became reseised subsequent to the release to the Indians in 1763. The jury have foind the fact of a seisin in 1764, and that is sufficient for the purpose. The mode by which that reseisin was lawful^ effected, must be left to intendment, and we are at libertyto adopt any intendment that the fact may require.
Ancher answer to the objection is, that George Klock was apprised of the release, for his name was in it, as one of th( grantors, but he refused to execute it. And yet with this laowledge of the previous release of the lands included in th 6th allotment, he becomes a party to the partition with hose other proprietors, and he recognizes the validity of th- partition, even in respect to the lands in the 6(h allotmat. He carries the partition into effect on his part, and acepts of lot No. 1. which he and Fonda drew in the 6th abtment; and in 1767, he and Fonda subdivide that lot
p. 324according to their respective interests, and it has been since held by
Klock Fonda, and their assigns, pursuant to such subdivision. After this, it cannot be permitted to the representatives of
Klock to disturb the partition, or to question ps validity. They are bound by the act of their ancestor, who, with full knowledge of the release to the
Indians, solemnly ratified the partition, and carried it into execution, by taking to himself his allotted portion of the patent, and which has been enjoyed by him, and by those holding under him, unmolested, down to this day.
The claim, therefore, of the lessors of the plaintiff to any part of lot No. 4. under the seisin of their ancestor in 1764, totally fails.
2. The remaining ground of right, set up on the part of the plaintiffs, is the possession of George Klock in 1783, and which possession consisted in his executing leases for the term of three years, with the reservation of rent, to divers persons, for divers parcels of land in 6th allotment. The verdict states, that those lessees were severally in possession of lands within lots No. 2, 3, and 4. of the 6th allotment, about the time the leases were dated, and that thest leases, or some of them, included the premises, and that tie lands were held and occupied by the lessees under tin leases, until they were dispossessed in 1790, by execution h ejectment. The actions of ejectment were brought ii 1789, against the possessore of these lots, and the heirs oiGeorge Klock, (who had died in 1787,) had notice of the siits, and employed an attorney to appear for them, and deind the actions. This he neglected, or omitted to do, and,consequently, judgments were obtained against the possesars by default, and they were dispossessed ; and the lessors of the plaintiff, in those ejectment suits, and their assig.s, (of whom the defendant in this suit is one,) have hadictual possession of the three lots ever since.
It thus appears, that George Klock had possession f the premises, by his lessees, from 1783 to 1787, whenhtdied, and that the lessors of the plaintiff, who are his heirs s law, continued, in that manner, in possession until 1790, an that the possession was lost by means of executions founed on judgments by default in ejectment. The plaintiffs anitheiy
p. 325ancestor have a prior possession of seven years, from 1783 to 1790, to set up against the subsequent possession of the defendant, or those under whom he holds, of eighteen years, from 1790 to 1808, when the present suit was commenced. Here is no possession on either side which has been long enough to have ripened into a right of possession, or sufficient to toll the right of entry. The short and simple question then is, can the lessors of the plaintiff, by reason of their prior possession of seven years, recover against the defendant, who has nothing to set up but a subsequent possession of eighteen years, acquired by process of laxv under a judgment by default in ejectment ? „
It was held in Smith v. Lorillard, ( 10 Johns. Rep. 338 .) that a prior possession under a claim of right, and not voluntarily abandoned, would prevail over a subsequent possession of less than twenty years. But the rule was laid down with the qualification, that no other evidence of title appeared on either side, and that the subsequent possession of the defendant was acquired by mere entry without any lawful right. But in the case before us, the possession set up by the defendant was acquired under the authority of a judgment at law, and was consequently a lawful entry. A possession with such a circumstance attached to it, affords a better presumption of right than the preceding possession, which had been overcome and lost by the action at law, and, consequently, the presumption which would naturally attach to the prior possession is here shifted from the prior to the subsequent possession. We are not now to inquire how the judgment at law happened to be obtained. The intendment is, that it was regularly and lawfully obtained, either from the want of title or want of attention in the opposite party, and if he had any equitable grounds for relief against the judgment, the Supreme Court would have afforded him that relief, if he had applied in due season. But it seems the judgment in the ejectment suit was acquiesced in for eighteen years, and it is perfectly right and reasonable, that the party who now seeks to regain his possession, should be put to show something more than a mere naked possession existing prior to such judgment. The presumption founded on that possession perished with the
p. 326loss of that possession by the judgment and execution at law.
We have frequently; been reminded of the language of' Lord Mansfield in Atkyns v. Horde, (1 Burr, p. 114.) that (t a judgment in ejectment was a recovery of the possession, ^noj. 0f j.jle sejs;n or freehold,) without prejudice to the right, as it might afterwards appear, even between the same p'arties.” I understand from the observation, that a judgment in ejectment does not conclude the losing party, and cannot be pleaded in bar of a fresh action between the same persons. It is certainly now understood to be an action for ■the trial of title, and it is universally used for that purpose. But to assert that a recovery in ejectment was of no manner of efficacy, except to change possession for a moment, and that the losing party might instantly turn round and attack the victor by the mere' force and presumption of the prior possession, is to pervert the observation of Lord Mansfield, and to render the action of ejectment perfectly absurd. The judgment in ejectment necessarily implies an existing possession in the defendant. The action cannot be brought against any other person than the tenant in possession, and there never could be a recovery that did not absolutely ■and irresistibly admit, that the lessor of the plaintiff had a ■better right than the tenant to that existing possession.
A recovery in ejectment does not injure the right of the parties, as it may be made to appear afterwards", but it certainly does change the presumption of right founded on the mere prior possession, short of twenty years. In Fenwick v. Grovener, (1 Salk, 258.) it was held by Lord Ch. Justice Holt, that no new ejectment could be brought by a defendant after a recovery against him, until he had quitted the possession, or the tenant had attorned to the plaintiff, for otherwise the judgment in the second ejectment might render the judgment in the first suit ineffectual. If there be any sense in this opinion of Lord Holt, it must be in allowing to a recovery in ejectment the force of shifting the presumption of right arising from the mere fact of possession.
: There is no case that will not allow so much effect to the recovery.1 In Jackson v. Dieffendorf, ( 3 Johns. Rep. 269 .) a judgment by default in ejectment was not allowed to be a
p. 327bar to a new ejectment and recovery by the tenant. But what did the tenant show in that case
1 A previous possession of 38 years under a claim of right, and that was showing an absolute right of possession sufficient to toll an entry.
I am, accordingly, of opinion, that the lessors of the plaintiff did not prove enough in this case, by showing only a possession of seven years immediately antecedent to the recovery on the part of the defendant; and, consequently, their claim, on this ground also, fails. And this being the only pretence of right that was exhibited, I am of opinion, that the judgment of the Supreme Court ought to be affirmed.
This being the unanimous opinion of the Court, it was, thereupon, ordered and adjudged, that the judgment of the Supreme Court be affirmed, and that the defendant in error recover, against the plaintiff in error, his costs in defending the writ of error, to be taxed, &c. and that the record he remitted, &c.
Judgment of affirmance.