Woodward v. James

This action was brought to obtain a construction of the will of Frederick P. James, and for a partition of the real estate which he left, upon the theory that the remainder-men took vested legal estates under that will. The right of the plaintiff to a partition has thus far been denied upon the ground that the executrix took the whole estate in trust to invest and manage and control the same, to pay taxes, expenses and interest, and, after reserving to herself, annually, one-half of the gross income, to pay the balance remaining from the other half to the remaindermen; such trusts continuing during her life.

The testator left no children, and no father or mother, his wife alone surviving him. His relatives were collaterals to whom he owed no duty, and who had no rights in his property, moral or legal, as against his own choice and preference in its disposition. He made his wife executrix, and for her support and future welfare he carefully provided. He gave her for her life the use of his city and country residences, and absolutely the furniture therein and pertaining thereto, and one-half the income of all his property of every kind of which he should die possessed, also for and during her life, “ without restraint, deduction or interference of any kind.” The

Two things are made manifest by these testamentary provisions. The burden of all taxes and charges, and of all interest and obligations, was thrown upon the moiety of the income given to the heirs, and the half bequeathed to the wife was relieved from that deduction, and she, as executrix, was to have the management, direction and disposition of the property and income “as devised.” She was to have its management and direction. That involved the collection and receipt of the income and rents and profits of the estate, the investment of its funds and the leasing of its lands. It involved also the payment by her, out of the income, of the charges existing and thereafter to accrue during her life. She was to have the disposition of the property “ as devised,”

We are of the opinion that the authority and duty thus conferred and imposed upon the widow respects the whole estate and requires that the legal title should be vested in her, as trustee, for the term of her life. It is true that the testator does not, in direct words, devise to her such an estate, or use the expression “trusts” or “trustee.” That fact is one to be noted and weighed, but does not prevent the creation of a. trust by implication where the exigencies of the situation require it, and such an intention is indicated. Here the duties especially imposed upon the widow belong to one of the authorized trusts permitted and defined by the statute ; that is, to receive the rents and profits of lands and apply them to the use of the persons described, and under the power of sale given it is to sell lands for the purpose of satisfying a charge thereon. The objection taken to the implication of a trust is. of a two-fold character. It is argued that the testator does, not direct the executrix to collect and receive the rents, or to pay them over to the use of the parties entitled. We think that he does. The management and direction of the estate on the one hand and its disposition on the other “ as devised,” or in accordance with the terms of the will, are especially confided to the executrix, and the purpose" to exclude all interference with or restraint upon her control and administration of the property is emphasized by the provision for the forfeiture of the share of any one of the devisees of the remainder who should in any manner interfere with her management and disposition. It is to be remembered, also, that the widow is given one-half of the income of the whole estate, and not the income of one-half of the property. The two things are very different; and so, to reach the testator’s results and accomplish his purposes, it was necessary that somebody should lease and invest the whole estate, collect and receive the income and profits, pay taxes, debts and annual charges,

But the objection is further pressed that the law will not imply a trust where, in the moment of its creation, it will be invalid, and that, as the same person cannot be both trustee and beneficiary, the trust to Mrs. J ames must fail. It is undoubtedly true that the same person cannot be at the same time trustee and "beneficiary of the sameTid eiiticaTInterest ’To'^y that he could would be a contradiction in terms, as complete and violent asto~declare that two solid~bodies~^m^ccu^y the same space at the same instant. Where/howeverTthe trustee is made beneficiary of the same- estate, both in respect to its quality and quantity, the inevitable result is that the equitable is merged in the legal estate, and the latter alone remains. If, then, it be granted that, as to her half of the income, the widow was not trustee, and took what was given to her by a direct legal right, it does not follow that her trust estate in the corpus of the property is in any manner destroyed, or that there is any the less a necessity for its existence. She can be trustee for the heirs, and that trust ranges over the whole estate for the purpose of its management and disposition. If there be other difficulties as to the trust implied, it is sufficient to say that they have not been raised or argued. It follows, therefore, that the remedy of a partition was properly denied.

But the question of the construction of the will in some other respects remains. At the date of his death the testator left his brother, Edward D. James, his two half-sisters, Cornelia James and Judith Prescott, nine nephews and nieces, who were the children of a brother, a half-brother and half-sister, who were, respectively, deceased, and the plaintiff, who is a grandchild of a deceased brother. Whether these persons take their share of the remainder per stirpes or per capita,

We are thus required to determine whom the testator meant by “ legal heirs,” and whether he intended to designate by that phrase the individuals merely who should take, or to fix also the quantity of interest which should devolve upon each. If he used the words “legal heirs” solely to identify the individuals who were to take as devisees, they would be deemed, in general, to take as purchasers, as if all had been named, and, in the absence of any modifying language of the will, would take as tenants in common and per. cepita. That, of course, assumes that the interest devised is in some way different from that which would have descended had no will been made. But the testator, I think, himself indicated the sense in which he used the phrase and what he meant by it. Where he declares the consequences of the forfeiture of any share he uses this language: “ The share that would otherwise have gone to him or her shall be divided among the remaining heirs according to law.” This, undoubtedly, means according tó the law which governs in a case of intestacy. It evidently. respects the quantity of interest as well as the persons who are to take, for the division, that is, the proportion, is to be according to law. This language tends to explain the meaning of the testator in the use of the word “ heirs ” m the devise of the remainder. It is qualified by the word “ legal,” which seems to have been used in the same sense and to express the same idea as the phrase “ according to law ” in the provision carrying a share over in case of forfeiture. In Luce v. Dunham ( 69 N. Y. 42 ), it was said, that where a will gives real and personal estate to heirs without mentioning next of kin the question of the testator’s intention may arise. That is so for the reason that the one word is appiopriate to the descent of real estate, but inappropriate to the disposition of personal property, and the sense in which the word was used may become open to inquiry. This testator knew that there was a wide difference in the relationship to him of his heirs. He had a brother living. His brother, Beuben, who was dead,

I think it follows necessarily that the plaintiff takes no interest in the personal property as the General Term decided. "Under the statute of distribution representation goes no further than brothers’ and sisters’ children, and the rule of intestacy applying as to the quantity of interest to be taken, it results that the statute deprives the plaintiff, who is a grandchild of a brother, of all interest in the personal estate.

It remains to consider the conclusion of the General Term in another respect wherein it agreed with the trial court and affirmed its judgment. An emergency was suggested as likely, or at least possible, to arise, in which some source of payment should be designated for an excess of current charges beyond the half of the income upon which that burden was imposed.

We do not think the question of forfeiture is properly in the case, and, therefore, express no opinion upon the subject.

The judgment of the General Term should be modified in respect to current charges remaining unpaid after the moiety given to the heirs is exhausted in accordance with this opinion, and, as modified, should be affirmed with costs, payable out of the estate.

All concur, except Huger,-Oh. J., not voting.

Judgment accordingly.