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People v. Trezza

128 N.Y. 529 Court N.Y. Decision date 1891-10-20 English

Delivered by Andrews, J.

Contents

Majority

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The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Nicola Trezza, Appellant. The People ex rel. Nicola Trezza, Appellant, v. A. A. Brush, as Agent, etc., Respondent.

Headnote

The right of appeal in criminal cases is statutory only, and in the absence of a statute authorizing it in a given case, no appeal can be taken.
An order denying a motion for a new trial, made in a criminal case, after final affirmance of a judgment of conviction, upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence, is not reviewablehere, either upon appeal or certiorari.
Such an order is onlyreviewable in connection with, and upon appeal from the judgment, and when it is embodied in the judgment-roll. (Code Crim. Pro. §§ 485, 517.)
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It is not essential to the validity of a sentence in a capital case that it shall state the mode in which the death penalty is to be inflicted; a statement that it shall be in the ‘ ‘ mode by law prescribed and provided ” is sufficient.
An appeal under the provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure (§ 528, as amended by chap. 493, Laws of 1887), to this court from a conviction in a capital case, stays the judgment of death, hut not that part providing for the custody of the defendant between his removal to the state prison and his execution.
In proceedings by habeas corpus, it appeared that the relator was convicted of the crime of murder and sentenced to death; that he appealed to this court, where the judgment was affirmed; that after the appeal he was taken to state prison and there detained in close confinement. One ground upon which the prisoner’s discharge was asked was that he had been once punished by imprisonment. Held, untenable; also that if the appeal operated to stay the continuance of the close confinement as well as the execution of the death penalty, then his subsequent imprisonment was unlawful, and the convict could not elect to submit to it and then treat it as a satisfaction of the sentence.
(Argued October 5, 1891;
decided October 20, 1891.)
Appeal, in the first above-entitled matter, from order of the General Term of the Supreme Court, in the second judicial department, made August 7, 1891, which affirmed an order of. Special Term denying a motion for a stay of proceedings.
Appeal, in the second above-entitled matter, from an order of the General Term of the Supreme Court in the second judicial department, made August 7, 1891, which affirmed an order of Special Term dismissing a writ of habeas corpus.
The nature of the proceedings and the facts, so far as material, are stated in the opinion.
A. H. Dailey for appellant.
It is the duty of the court in pronouncing a sentence of death, to prescribe the mode and manner in which the person convicted should be executed. (Penal Code, §§ 9, 10, 12, 13; Laws of 1888, chap. 489, §§ 492, 505, 506; Lowenburg v. People, 27 N. Y. 336 ; Laws of 1860, chap. 410; In re Hoffman, 1 N. Y. Cr. Rep. 484 ; People v. Griffin, 27 Hun, 595 .) The. sentence is unlawful in this, that under the two sentences of the court, the carrying into effect of the second subjects the relator to cruel and unusual punish-'
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ment (§ 5, art. 1, State Const.), and is also in violation of section 6, which declares that no person should be subject to be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. The court below takes the ground that the stay referred to in the statute only stayed the execution of the death penalty, but did not stay the rest of the punishment; it cannot thus limit the plain import of the statute. (Code Crim. Pro. § 528.) Defendant is entitled to this form of remedy for relief. (People ex rel. v. Liscomb, 60 N. Y. 559 ; Rex v. Collyer, Sayer, 14; Crepps v. Durden, 2 Cowp. 640; People v. Cassels, 5 Hill, 164 ; Bigelow v. Forest, 9 Wall. 339 .) An appeal from the order denying a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence does necessarily lie to the Supreme Court. (Code Crim. Pro. §§ 485, 515, 517, 519, 520, 527.)
John F. Clark for respondent.
The sheriff’s action was lawful. The statute stays the execution, but does not stay any other part of the judgment. (Code Crim. Pro. § 528.) The warrant under which defendant is held complies with the law. (Code Crim. Pro. §§ 491-509.) The right of appeal in criminal cases is purely statutory, and in the absence of express statutory permission no appeal can be had. (People v. Havens, 3 Crim. Rep. 286; People v. Trumble, 1 id. 443 ; People v. Snyder, 44 Hun, 193 ; People v. Beckwith, 42 id. 366; People v. Nestle, 19 N. Y. 583 ; People v. Dempsey, 31 Hun, 528 ; Code Crim. Pro. §§ 485, 517; People v. Hovey, 30 Hun, 357 ; Sutherland on Stat. Const. §§ 400, 415; People v. Hadden, 3 Den. 220 ; Tyman v. Walker, 35 Cal. 634 .)

The appeal in the case first entitled is from an order of the General Term of the second department affirming an order made by Justice Calvin E. Pbatt denying an application of Trezza for a stay of proceedings pending an appeal by him to the General Term of the Supreme Court, from an order of the Court of Sessions of Kings county denying his motion for a new trial on the ground of newly-dis

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covered evidence. Trezza was tried, convicted and sentenced at the Court of Sessions of Kings county for the crime of murder in the first degree. He appealed from the judgment to the Court of Appeals, under the statute, chapter 493 of the Laws of 1887, where the judgment was affirmed. The motion for a new trial was made after judgment of affirmance had been rendered. The motion to stay proceedings was denied on the ground that there is no statute authorizing an appeal from an order denying a motion for a new trial under the circumstances of this case. The refusal of the stay was plainly correct if no right to appeal from the order refusing a new trial in such case existed.

The right of appeal in criminal cases is statutory only, and in the absence of a statute authorizing an appeal in a given case no appeal can be taken. The court in which the trial of an indictment is had has power to entertain a motion for a new trial on the ground of newly-discovered evidence (Code of Grim. Pro. §§ 463, 465), and may grant or refuse it. The Code of Criminal Procedure (tit. XI) defines and regulates the right of appeal in criminal cases. Section 517, as originally enacted, was as follows: “ Sec. 517. An appeal to the Supreme Court may be taken by the defendant from the judgment on a conviction after indictment, and upon any appeal any actual decision of the court in an intermediate order or proceeding forming a part of the judgment-roll, as prescribed in section 485, may be reviewed.” By section 485 a copy of the minutes of any proceedings upon a motion for a new trial is required to be annexed to and forms a part of the judgment-roll. Section 517 was amended by chapter 493 of the Laws of 1887 by providing that when the judgment is of death the appeal must be taken direct to the Court of Appeals, and that court was authorized to review any intermediate order or proceeding forming part of the judgment-roll, as the Supreme Court was authorized to do by the original section.

It will be observed that the section only authorizes a review of intermediate orders and proceedings in connection with an appeal from the judgment, and when they are embodied in

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the judgment-roll. There is no statute provision authorizing an appeal from an order denying a new trial, except as incident to an appeal from the judgment. It is said that the legislature could not have intended to permit an appeal from such an order in that case, "and to deny it where the application for a new trial is made after final judgment of affirmance and denied when it would be too late to make the proceedings a part of the judgment-roll. The legislature seemed to assume that such proceedings would in all cases be taken before an appeal from the judgment. It may be that the failure to provide for an appeal in such a case as this was casus omissis. But the courts must be guided by the law as it is, and cannot give an appeal where none is given by the statute, and there is no statute authorizing an appeal from an order denying a new trial made after the roll is made up and the final affirmance of the judgment. The contention that the legislature in .abolishing writs of error and certiorari, as was done by section 517, did not intend to take away any remedies formerly obtainable in those proceedings, has no force for the reason that neither a writ of error nor certiorari would bring up for review an order denying a motion for a new trial made on the ground that the verdict was against the weight of evidence, or on the ground of newly-discovered evidence. (Shorter v. People, 2 N. Y. 193 ; Manke v. People, 74 id. 415; People v. Casey, 72 id. 393; Hunt v. People, 76 id. 89; People ex rel. Folk v. Bd. Police, etc., 69 id. 408; People ex rel. S. & U. H. R. R. Co. v. Betts, 55 id. 600.) There was no error in the order of the General Term affirming the order of Justice Peatt, refusing a stay of proceedings, and it should, therefore, be affirmed.

The appeal in the second case above entitled is from an order of the General Term affirming an order of Mr. Justice Cullen, dismissing a writ of habeas corpus granted upon the applies tian of Trezza for his discharge from imprisonment in the state prison at Sing Sing, and remanding him to the custody of the agent and warden.

When the "writ was granted, Trezza was held hy the agent and warden under a warrant issued by the Court of Sessions

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of Bangs county, dated March 6, 1891, reciting his conviction on an indictment charging him with the crime of murder of one Alexander Salvano in that county on the 6th day of April, 1890; his trial, conviction and sentence to the punishment of death, and directing that he be delivered by the sheriff within ten days from the date of his sentence to the said agent and warden of the state prison at Sing Sing, andithat said agent and warden within the week beginning Monday, the 21st of July, 1890, execute him, the said Trezza, “ by putting him to death in the mode, manner and way, and at the place by law prescribed and provided.” The warrant further recited that Trezza, on the 11th of June, 1890, appealed from the judgment to the Court of Appeals, which court affirmed the judgment February 24, 1891; that Trezza was resentenced by the Court of Sessions of Kings county, to be executed during the month beginning Monday, the 20th day of April, 1891. It then proceeds to command the agent and warden to whom it was addressed to cause the said judgment and sentence to be executed within the week last mentioned, “ by putting ■ him, the said Uicola Trezza, to death in the mode, manner and way, and at the- ' place by law prescribed and provided.” It appears that after the appeal taken by Trezza, he was taken to Sing Sing prison and there detained in close confinement, where he remained until he was taken to Kings county for resentence, and was then remanded again to the custody of the agent and warden of the state prison.

There are two grounds urged for the discharge of Trezza; first,. that the sentence did not specify the mode in which the death . should be inflicted, viz.: that provided by the statute of 1888, by causing to pass through the body of the convict a current of electricity of sufficient intensity to cause death, and the application of such current must be continued until such convict be dead.” We think there is no ground for this contention. The agent and warden was commanded to put the convict to death in the mode provided and prescribed by law. The recital in the warrant showed that the convict was convicted for murder committed after the statute of 1888 was.

p. 535
passed and, therefore, was subject to that statute. The sentence was death. This was not left to inference, and the warrant commanded the punishment to be inflicted. The agent and warden was required to inflict it in the mode provided by law, and this law he must be presumed to have known. The court presumably could not prescribe by any measurement the intensity of the current of electricity required to produce death, or specify the exact time the current should be continued. These things must of necessity be left to the judgment of the agent or warden. We think the warrant was sufficiently definite and specific. It undoubtedly was the practice when death by hanging was the mode of punishment prescribed in cases of convictions for capital offenses, to specify this in the sentence and judgment. This practice was derived from the common law, which prescribed different modes of death in different cases and was adopted to distinguish this mode of execution from that in cases of conviction for high treason and other atrocious crimes, where the judgment directed that the condemned person should be drawn to the place of execution, embowelled alive, and then he beheaded and quartered. (2 Black. Com. 376; 2 Hale’s P. C. 412.) But here, where but one mode of execution exists, no greater particularity than that employed in the judgment in question seems to be necessary. (See People v. Bork, 96 N. Y. 188 ; People ex rel. Van Houten v. Sadler, 97 id. 146; Weed v. People, 31 id. 465.) The objection is, we think, untenable.

The second ground upon which the discharge of Trezza is claimed is that he has .been once punished. The argument is that the appeal to the Court of Appeals after the first sentence, stayed both the execution of the direction that Trezza should be kept in solitary confinement until the execution of the death penalty, as well as the part of the sentence that he be put to death, but that as his solitary confinement in the state prison was continued pending the appeal, and that, as was held in the case In re Medley ( 134 U. S. 160 ), the sentence to solitary confinement accompanying the death sentence is a part of the punishment, he has suffered that part once and could not

p. 536
lawfully be resentenced to close confinement, to be followed by death. If the counsel is right in respect to the operation of the appeal, as staying both a continuance of the close confinement and the execution of the death penalty, then it simply follows that Trezza was unlawfully imprisoned, and the usual remedy for the illegal restraint was open to him. The restraint was in this view not the act of the law, but the illegal act of the agent or warden. The convict could not elect to submit to it, and then treat it as a satisfaction of the sentence. But we agree with the learned judge before whom the proceeding was taken, that by the true construction of section 528 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as amended in 1887, an appeal to this court from a conviction in a capital case, stays the judgment of death only, and not that part of the judgment providing for the custody of the defendant, between his removal to the state prison and his execution. This would seem to be all that a convicted criminal could of right demand, and an opposite construction would occasion much inconvenience. Whether an appeal in a criminal case stays the execution of the sentence, depends upon the statute. It not infrequently happens that the execution of a sentence to imprisonment continues, notwithstanding an appeal. The convict, if he obtains a reversal of the judgment, and is again convicted on a second trial, may be sentenced to a new term of imprisonment, and the court is not bound to regulate the second sentence in view of the fact that the convict has already suffered imprisonment under the first sentence. The resentence in the present case was rendered necessary by reason of the fact that Trezza, by his own act in his own interest, had by his appeal prevented the execution of the death penalty at the time fixed by the first sentence.

The construction of section 528 is not entirely clear, but the construction we have given is justified by the language, and it probably accords with the intention of the legislature.

We think the order in this case should be affirmed.

All concur.

Order affirmed.

Cases cited