Kavanaugh v. McIntyre

Section 17 of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended in 1903, provides that a discharge in bankruptcy shall release a bankrupt from all his provable debts, except, among others, such debts as “ are liabilities -x- -x- # for willful and malicious injuries to the * * * property of another.”

The question in this case, of course, is whether the liability of the defendants asserted by the plaintiff is for willful and malicious injuries to the plaintiff’s property.

In Northern Railway of France v. Chas. Carpentier, Felicite Dubud et al. ( 13 How. Pr. 222 [1856]) an order of arrest was issued against the defendant Felicite Dubud, a woman. In her behalf it was claimed she was not liable to arrest under a section of the Code which provided that no female shall he arrested in a civil action except for willful injury to person, character or property. The facts of the case were that the plaintiff owned certain railway shares with coupons attached, and that the defendants Carpentier and G-rellet, officers of the company, with the assistance of the defendant Felicite Dubud and others, abstracted the shares and coupons, converted the same into money, and escaped with the money to this country. The court held, in the first place, that these acts on the part of the defendants constituted an injury to property, and, in the second place, that such injury was willful, and Felicite Dubud was, therefore, liable to arrest. The court said: “The stock and coupons have been destroyed as such; they have been converted into money, and that is, beyond all question, an injury to the plaintiffs’ property.”

This case was followed in Duncan v. Katen ( 6 Hun, 1 [1875]), where it appeared that the defendant, a woman, had induced a clerk in the employ of the plaintiffs to wrongfully take from them gold certificates to the amount of $20,000, and give the same to her, and that she had converted and concealed the certificates. It was held

The Bankruptcy Act, in defining the liabilities for injuries to property not released by the discharge, describes them not only as willful but as malicious injuries. There can be no doubt hut that if our Code had forbidden the arrest of a woman in any action except for willful and malicious injuries to person, character or property, the court in each of the cases cited would have found that the acts charged constituted malicious as well as willful injuries.

Tinker v. Colwell ( 193 U. S. 473 , 487) was a proceeding under the Code of Civil Procedure to cancel a judgment obtained against the plaintiff in error for criminal conversation on the ground that the petitioner had been discharged from his debts under the Bankruptcy Act. It was argued on behalf of the petitioner that criminal conversation did not constitute a malicious injury to the husband’s rights and property. The court considered at length the meaning of the word “malicious” as used in the Bankruptcy Act and said in denying the application to discharge the judgment: “We think a willful disregard of what one knows to be his duty, an act which is against good morals and wrongful in and of itself, and which necessarily causes injury and is done intentionally, may be said to be done willfully and maliciously, so as to come within the exception ” of section 17.

The firm of T.

Counsel for the defendants argue that the construction here given renders section 17 tautological, and that is true to some extent. Prior to the amendment of 1903, subdivision 2 of section 17 excepted in general terms from the effect of a discharge in bankruptcy judgments in actions for willful and malicious injuries to the property of another, while subdivision 4 excepted specifically debts created by the bankrupt’s frauds while acting in a trust capacity. The difference in the main between these subdivisions was that number 2 applied only to debts reduced to judgment, while number 4 applied to the debts particularly enumerated, whether reduced to judgment or not. This distinction was struck out by the amendment of 1903, and some overlapping must occur. Some cases will fall within both subdivisions. But that is not a reason for limiting the words “wilful and malicious injury to property” contained in subdivision 2. The classification made originally by section 17 has been somewhat disarranged but the meaning of the section is plain enough.

It is also argued on behalf of the defendants that they

In Crawford v. Burke ( 195 U. S. 176 ), a case upon which the defendants rely, it was held that a broker carrying stocks on margin who sells the same and does not pay over the proceeds to his principal, is not indebted in a fiduciary capacity within the Bankruptcy Act, and consequently the defendant was relieved from liability by his discharge. To the same effect is Tindle v. Birkett ( 183 N. Y. 267 ; 205 U. S. 183 ).

These decisions were based on subdivision 4 of section 17 and had reference to discharges granted prior to the amendment of 1903. They have no application to the case at bar which falls within the provisions of subdivision 2 of section 17, as amended in that year, and does not involve the question whether the defendants were acting as officers or in a fiduciary capacity. There has

My conclusion is that the determination of the Appellate Division was correct, and that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

Willard Bartlett, Oh. J., Werner, Chase, Collin, Hogan and Miller, JJ., concur.

Judgment affirmed.