Gillet v. Moody

The bank was in a sickly condition early in the year 1841, and was only kept up by pledges of the individual credit of the directors to raise funds. In March of that year, the agents of the bank in Albany ceased for several weeks to redeem its circulating notes; and on the third day of December following, the bank formally suspended specie payments, and never afterwards transacted any regular banking business. On the same day all the funds of the. bank were assigned to Egbert N. Fairchild, the cashier, to secure and indemnify the directors against the personal liability which they had previously incurred in raising money to carry on' the business of the bank. At this time some of the directors hoped, and probably believed, that the bank was not irretrievably insolvent, and that they should be able to make such arrangements as would set the institution again in motion. But they were mistaken. Stopping payment is of itself sufficient evidence of the insolvency of a bank, within the principle of the cases cited at the bar; and when, as in this case, there is nothing to rebut the presumption, the evidence of insolvency is conclusive. There is, however, other proof beyond that of stopping, payment; and clearly this must be regarded as a broken bank on the third of December, 1841.

The defendant was an original stockholder.to the amount of five thousand dollars, and was one of the directors of the bank from the time it commenced business in 1839, until after the transaction of which the receiver complains. He gave the bank his bond and mortgage for the amount of his stock, payable in October, 1843, with semi-annual interest. On the 23d of December, 1841, he made an agreement with the directors to take up his bond and mortgage by paying the amount, at the end of

On the 24th of February, 1842, the board of directors—the defendant being present and acting as one of the number— agreed to purchase the defendant’s stock in the bank, amounting to five thousand dollars, and pay him for the same an equal amount in Arkansas bonds, which were then worth about eighteen cents on the dollar of their par value. The bill was filed to set aside this transaction; and I do not see how it can be supported. Creditors are entitled to a preference over stockholders in distributing the effects of an insolvent corporation. The principle is so obviously just, that I shall spend no time in attempting to prove it.

But it is said that the agreement to purchase the defendants stock was part of the arrangement made in December for paying the bond and mortgage—the entire contract being, that if the defendant would pay the mortgage, which was not then due, and surrender his stock, the bank would give him five thousand dollars in Arkansas bonds. Although there is some evidence going to support this view of the case, it does not, in my judgment, establish the fact that the agreement for the payment of the mortgage, and that for the purchase of the defendant’s stock, were both made at the same time. So far as the written evidence goes, they were separate and distinct transactions, with a period of two months between them. It is true that the resolution of the 24th of February speaks of purchasing the stock as agreed by the board of directors with Mr. Moody on the 23d of December, 1841but this is not very high evidence that there was such an agreement at that time. There may have been some conversation on the subject prior to the resolution of the 23d of December; but if the parties had come to an agreement—if there was one entire contract, as is now alledged, for the payment of the mortgage and the purchase of the stock, it is strange that half, and only half of the agreement, should have been reduced to writing ?.l the time, while there was no

Some of the witnesses speak of a general understanding or agreement among the directors of the bank, that any stockholder who would pay up his bond and mortgage and surrender his stock should receive from the bank state stocks to the amount of the stock surrendered; but they leave it doubtful when the directors came to this conclusion; and their resolution to that effect was not passed until the 4th of March, 1842, eight days after the arrangement with the defendant, in both its branches, had been completed.

I am not satisfied that the fact on which the main argument for the defence is founded has been made out by the proofs; but as there is some evidence tending to the conclusion that the defendant paid the mortgage in the expectation of receiving the Arkansas bonds on surrendering his stock, I will now assume that such was the agreement of the parties. How does the case then stand ? The defendant paid the mortgage before it became due; but for anticipating the day of payment, he had what must be deemed a full legal equivalent in stopping the interest, which was payable semi-annually. But he saved, moreover, from a quarter to one half the amount of the debt by paying in the bills of the bank at their par value, when they were at a discount at from twenty-five to fifty per centum in the market. It is impossible, therefore, to regard the payment of the mortgage as a valuable consideration to the bank for the other branch of the agreement. The stock which the defend ant surrendered was worthless, so that he neither lost, nor did the bank gain any thing by the surrender. It follows that the Arkansas bonds which the defendant got from the bank, and which were then worth about nine hundred dollars, were, in effect, a mere gift of so much money to the defendant; and that too, when he was one of the directors, and bound as a faithful trustee to protect the property for the creditors of the corporation. It would be difficult to defend such a transaction.

The only possible answer to this view of the matter is, that the directors thought the bank was not so utterly ruined but

.But if the purchase of the defendant’s stock with the funds of the bank could be justified at the common law, the act was, I think, expressly forbidden by .the statute “ to prevent the insolvency of moneyed corporations, and to secure the rights of their creditors and stockholders.” The words are—“ it shall not be lawful for the directors of any moneyed corporation—-to divide, withdraw, or in any manner pay to the stockholders, or any of them, any part of the capital stock of the corporation ; or to reduce such capital stock, without the consent of the legislature or “ to apply any portion of the funds of their corporation, except surplus profits, directly or indirectly, to the purchase of shares of its own stock.” (1 R. S. 589, § 1.) The case falls so plainly within these prohibitions that no question is made on the subject, if the statute applies to associations under the general banking law—the St. Lawrence bank having been organized under that law. That these associations are corporations, and “ moneyed corporations,” has been directly and expressly adjudged by the highest courts in the state. They are not corporations in a qualified sense, as within the intent and meaning of some particular statute ; but are corporations to all intents and purposes. If any thing can be settled by judicial decisions, this is settled. (The People v. Assessors of Watertown, 1 Hill, 616 ; Willoughby v. Comstock, 3 id. 389 ; The People v. Supervisors of Niagara, 4 id. 20, and S. C. in error, 7 id. 504 ; Leavitt v. Tylee, 1 Sandf. Ch. 209 ; Boisgerard v. New York Banking Co., 2 id. 23; Sagory v. Dubois, 3 id. 466, 485 And see Gifford v. Livingston, 2 Denio, 380 ; DeBow v. The People, 1 id. 9.) There was a difference of opinion between the supreme court and the court of errors on the question whether the constitution applied to the free banks—the supreme court holding that it was applicable alike to all corporations, while the court of errors thought it applied only to corporations created by special charter, and not to those formed under gene

But as the statute makes it unlawful for “ the directors of any moneyed corporation” to divide capital, purchase stock, &c. and the free banks are not required by law to have directors, it is insisted that those banks are not within the prohibition, although, as in this case, they may in fact have a board of directors. It was held in the Matter of the Bank of Dansville, ( 6 Hill, 370 ,) that the statute giving the supreme court summary jurisdiction over the election of directors of moneyed corporations did not apply to the free banks. But the decision went upon special grounds, which are not applicable to the case under consideration. Gillet v. Campbell, ( 1 Denio, 520 ,) is more like this case. It was there held, that an assignment by the president and cashier of a part of the effects of a free bank, exceeding one thousand dollars in value; to secure a debt due from the bank, did not come within the eighth section of the statute to prevent the insolvency of moneyed corporations; and that the assignment was valid, although it had not been authorized by a previous resolution of the board of directors. Although I delivered the opinion of the court in that case, I do not feel entirely certain that the decision stands on a firm foundation.

The case is not only within the letter, but it is, if possible, still more plainly within the policy of the statute. The object of the legislature, as appears from the title of the act, was “ to prevent the insolvency of moneyed corporations, and to secure the rights of their creditors and stockholders.” The section in question was made for the special purpose of securing the capital stock to the creditors of the company, instead of allowing it so be divided among the stockholders; and no reason can be assigned why the prohibition should not extend to the free banks, as well as to all other moneyed corporations.

This is a beneficial statute, and it should not be defeated by a narrow construction. Although this case falls within the letter, as the illegal act was done by the directors, I do not doubt that the act would have been equally void if there had been no directors, and the purchase of the defendant’s stock had been made by any other otficer or agent of the bank, having control of its funds. The legislature has declared, that the term “directors,” as used in this statute, “ shall be construed to embrace all persons having by law the direction or management of the affairs of any such corporation, byr whatever name they may be described in its charter, or known in law.” (§ 53.) The evident intention was, to prohibit a division of the capital, or any portion of it, among the stockholders, by whatever instrumentality the powers of the corporation in doing the act might be exerted.

Every director who violates any provision of this statute is

But if the receiver has not taken the most appropriate remedy in reference to the 10th section of the statute; and should it also be conceded that the act would not have been void if the funds of the bank had been improperly used in purchasing the stock of one who was not a director, still as the defendant was a director, and one of the board which ordered this illegal transaction, I can not think that he got a good title to the bonds as against the creditors and stockholders of the bank, who are represented in this action by the receiver; and if the 10th section "does not help, it does not stand, in the way of the remedy which the receiver has taken.

I am of opinion that the decrees of the courts below are erroneous and should be reversed, and that a decree should be entered in accordance with the prayer of the bill, with costs to the complainant in the courts below.

Decree accordingly.