Bell v. Leggett

All contracts or agreements which have for their object anything which is repugnant to justice, or against the general policy of the common law, or contrary to the provisions of any statute, are void; and whenever a contract or agreement is entered into with a view to contravene any of these general principles, there is no form of words, however artfully introduced or omitted, which can prevent courts of law and equity from investigating the truth of the transaction; for ex turpi contract'd actio non oritur — is a rule both in law and equity. (1 Com. on Cont. 30; 1 Story Eq. 296; Nellis v. Clark, 4 Hill 424 .) This principle is universally recognised and has often been applied in our own courts, to contracts which had for their object the perversions of the ordinary operations of the government; such as contracts to prevent a fair competition at legal sales by auction, contracts to prevent the administration of the insolvent laws, and contracts by which one person engages to pay another for his aid or influence in procuring an appointment to office. (Gray v. Hook, 4 N. Y. 449 .)

It was correctly said by the learned judge in the court below, in delivering the judgment of that court, in this case, that the principle had long been established in this

The judge then charged the jury, that the defendants defended on the ground that the consideration of the notes was, in whole or in part, an agreement that the opposing creditors, to whom the notes were given, would withdraw all opposition to the discharge of Corse, but that such facts formed no bar in law to the plaintiff’s recovery on the notes; to which there was also an exception.

It was remarked by the court below, that all the cases to which it had been referred, arose under the statute for discharging an insolvent from his debt, upon the application of two-thirds of his creditors; and in all, the arrangement was made by the insolvent himself, or through his intervention; that our decisions were founded upon those made in England, under the bankrupt act, 5 Geo. II., by which the debtor was prevented from obtaining his certificate, unless four-fifths of his creditors united in a petition that it should be granted;. that the act,- also, made it unlawful for the bankrupt, or any person, to give any money or property to a creditor

The policy of the English bankrupt act, as well as our insolvent laws, and our late bankrupt act is, that a full and fair disclosure and surrender of the property of the debtor should be obtained; and that, on such disclosure and surrender, he should be discharged from his debts, * 181 "1 an^ crec^ors *placed upon an equal foot- -* ing, without preference, except where liens existed, in respect to his property thus subjected to the control and disposition of the law. Any transaction or arrangement which tends to defeat either of these objects, is inconsistent with the policy of the law, illegal and void. The giving of the note, as was offered to be proved in this case, and the agreement made, was inconsistent with the policy of the late bankrupt act. In the first place, it might, and probably did, place these creditors on more favorable grounds than the rest, in regard to the amount which they would obtain of their demands. In the second place, which is of greater importance, it was well calculated to suppress inquiry and to protect fraud and concealment from successful disclosure and development. The just presumption is, that the giving of the notes and making the arrangement were induced from apprehension that the investigation which these creditors were prepared and intended to make of the bankrupt’s affairs, would result in defeating his discharge;

To the remark, made by the court below, that all our cases to which it had been referred, arose under the statute for discharging an insolvent from his debts, upon the application of two-thirds of his creditors, and in all the arrangements were made by the insolvent, or through his intervention; and that all the authorities were founded upon one or other of the grounds; that the payment or security made to the favored creditor was contrary to the provisions of the statute, detrimental to the rights or interests of third persons, oppressive upon the insolvent, or a fraud upon his other creditors; and that the late bankrupt act had no provision analogous to those upon which the learned judge had commented, contained in our insolvent law and the English bankrupt acts — it is a sufficient reply, that the observation of Lord Mansfield, in Smith v. Bromley (Doug. 696), shows that these principles are not the result of statute law. “ It was a wrong, in itself, before any provision was made against it by statute.”

The substance of the consideration for giving the notes, was *the withdrawal of the opposition of _ ... . qo these creditors to the discharge of Corse, their *- debtor, and depending upon its being granted him under the bankrupt act. In other words, this arrangement was to be carried out, if, by the withdrawal of their opposition, a discharge should be granted, and not otherwise. This, in my judgment, was an arrangement clearly against the policy of the act. It was a wrong in itself, and so, it seems, that the court below looked upon it; but on the ground that there was no provision against it contained in the act, upon the authority of Birch v. Jervis, supra, it was held, not to make the notes void. Some stress was laid upon the fact, that no one, under the bankrupt act, was dependent on another, as each creditor might, on proving his debt, oppose the dis

That principle governed in the case of Payne v. Eden ( 3 Caines 212 .) The note on which the suit was brought, and declared to be void, was given to the last of the petitioning creditors, and who signed the insolvent’s petition after there was a sufficiency in number and value to exonerate the debtor. In the case of Waite v. Harper, 2 Johns. 386 , the promise was, to pay the cost of an action, in consideration of the plaintiff’s not opposing the defendant’s discharge under the insolvent law— it was held void. So, a bond given to procure, upon the like consideration, certain notes for. the plaintiff, it was held, could not be enforced. (Bruce v. Lee, 4 Johns. 410 .) In Yeomans v. Chatterton, 9 Johns. 295 , a note of a third person, given to a creditor to induce him to subscribe a petition for an insolvent’s discharge, it was held, • „ could not be recovered. In *all these cases, the -I instrument on which the action was brought was held void in its creation. Therefore, a transfer to an innocent indorsee of such paper, would not defeat the policy of the law; it would be deemed void, even in such hands. The same principle was sustainéd in Wiggins v. Bush ( 12 Johns. 306 ), and in Tuxbury v. Miller (19 Id. 311 .) In the latter case, a bond had been given as a reward to the plaintiff for not opposing the discharge of the insolvent. The court said, the transaction implies

In my judgment, it is of no consequence that the arrangement was made between the creditors of this bankrupt and a third person, without the intervention or knowledge of the bankrupt. The consideration of the notes was illegal, it was the price of an act, wrong in itself, an inducement to contravene a great principle of public policy. (Nerot v. Wallace, 3 T. R. 17; Holland, v. Palmer, 1 Bos. & Pul. 95.)

Lord Tenterden, in Birch v. Jervis (3 Car. & Payne 380), referred to by the court below, it is true, at nisi prius, did hold, that a bill given, not to induce the party to whom given to sign the certificate, but merely to keep him from taking any step to oppose the defendant, the drawee, from getting his certificate, was good in the hands of the plaintiff a bond fide holder. It is not, however, necessary to inquire, whether that decision is not in opposition to a series of adjudged cases in the courts of England. It is enough, that it is in conflict with many adjudged cases in our own courts, where it has been uniformly held, that negotiable paper given upon such a consideration was illegal and void, and being so, could not be enforced by a bond fide holder.

I will, however, refer to the case of Jackson v. Dawson, 4 Barn. & Ald. 692, which, I think, stands opposed to the principle as held in Birch v. Jervis; there, an insolvent debtor having *petitioned the insolvent court to be discharged under the act, a creditor 184 gave notice of his intention to oppose him, on the ground, that the debt was fraudulently contracted. To induce the latter to withdraw his opposition, the insolvent agreed to execute, within three days after his

Corse, the son-in-law of the testator, was an applicant for a discharge from his debts, under the provisions of the bankrupt law. The notes in question were made by the defendant’s testator, in pursuance of an agreement with the plaintiffs, who were creditors of Corse, that they should withdraw all opposition to the proceeding. If the bankrupt were entitled to his discharge, the maintenance of such a contract by the court would have a direct tendency to encourage a factious opposition, which the creditor knew to be groundless, with a view to coerce a composition; this would operate oppressively upon the debtor. Opposition, under such circumstances, and with such motives, would he dishonorable, and no man should be permitted to exact a bribe for being honest. We must assume in this case, that the bankrupt was ignorant of the bargain made for his benefit; but by upholding the agreement, we establish a principle which invites collusion between the bankrupt and opposing creditors, through the instrumentality of friends, to the prejudice of others having claims upon his estate.

If the bankrupt were not entitled to his discharge, in consequence of fraud or the commission of any other act which the law prohibits, the result upon the contract

I think, that the agreement in which these notes originated is opposed to the whole policy of the bankrupt act, and is, consequently, illegal and void.

Judgment reversed, and new trial awarded.

Johnson, J., dissented.