People v. Smith — 47 N.Y.2d 83

Majority

p. 83

The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v Larry Smith, Also Known as Edward Charles Smith, Appellant.

Argued March 29, 1979;

decided May 8, 1979

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POINTS OF COUNSEL

Abraham Werfel for appellant.

I. The People did not establish by competent evidence that appellant was not suffering from mental disease or defect to excuse criminal responsibility. (People v Kelly, 302 NY 512 ; People v Esposito, 287 NY 389 ; People v Sullivan, 39 NY2d 903 ; Lyles v United States, 254 F2d 725 ; People v Davis, 53 AD2d 870 ; People v Mendes, 3 NY2d 120 ; Matter of William T., 53 AD2d 536 ; Taylor v United States, 222 F2d 398 ; People v Adams, 26 NY2d 129 .) II. The court committed reversible error in refusing to charge robbery in the second degree. (People v Briggs, 52 AD2d 1053 ; People v Tai, 39 NY2d 894 ; People v Shuman, 37 NY2d 302 ; People v Asan, 22 NY2d 526 ; People v Jenkins, 41 NY2d 307 ; People v Henderson, 41 NY2d 233 ; Hanna v Stedman, 230 NY 326 ; People v Walker, 57 AD2d 780 ; People v Felder, 39 AD2d

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373 ; People v Garcia, 46 AD2d 611 .) III. The conviction for manufacturing, etc., a defaced weapon cannot be sustained by mere possession. (People v Lemmons, 40 NY2d 505 , revd sub nom. Allen v County Ct., Ulster County, 568 F2d 998 ; Leary v United States, 395 US 6 ; Mullaney v Wilbur, 421 US 684 ; People v Leyva, 38 NY2d 160 ; People v Couvertier, 52 AD2d 772 ; People v Jones, 57, AD2d 595.) IV. The conviction for unlawful imprisonment cannot be sustained. (People v Lombardi, 20 NY2d 266 ; People v Mabery, 51 AD2d 557 ; People v Cassidy, 40 NY2d 763 .)

John J. Santucci, District Attorney (John T. Wynne, Jr., of counsel), for respondent.

I. Appellant was proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime of robbery in the first degree. (People v Felder, 39 AD2d 373 , 32 NY2d 747 ; People v Garcia, 46 AD2d 611 ; People v McCoy, 50 AD2d 747 ; People v Elfe, 37 AD2d 208 ; People v Atlas, 183 App Div 595 , 230 NY 629 .) II. The evidence at trial was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was criminally responsible for his conduct; the continuance granted during trial for another psychiatric examination was proper; Dr. Schwartz’ testimony was properly admitted. (People v Woods, 12 NY2d 69 ; People v Horton, 308 NY 1 ; People v Buthy, 38 AD2d 10 ; People v Adams, 26 NY2d 129 ; People v Ferrone, 204 NY 551 ; People v Reaves, 30 AD2d 828 , 26 NY2d 921 ; Matter of Lee v County Ct. of Erie County, 27 NY2d 432 ; People v Tutt, 38 NY2d 1011 ; People v Cerami, 33 NY2d 243 .) III. There was no reasonable view of the evidence in this case which would support a finding that defendant committed the crime of robbery in the second degree but did not commit the crime of robbery in the first degree. Hence the court properly denied appellant’s request that the court submit the crime of robbery in the second degree to the jury. (People v King, 13 AD2d 997 ; People v Mussenden, 308 NY 558 ; People v Feldt, 26 AD2d 743 , 22 NY2d 839 ; People v Randolph, 40 AD2d 806 .) IV. Appellant was proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime of defacement of a weapon. (People v Robinson, 36 NY2d 224 ; Allen v County Ct., Ulster County, 568 F2d 998 .) V. Appellant was proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime of unlawful imprisonment in the first degree. This unlawful imprisonment charge did not merge with the robbery charge. (People v Watson, 57 AD2d 143 ; People v Usher, 49 AD2d 499 ; People v Cassidy, 40 NY2d 736 .)

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OPINION OF THE COURT

A jury convicted the defendant, Larry Smith, of robbery in the first degree (Penal Law, § 160.15, subd 2), possession of a weapon as a felony (Penal Law, § 265.05, subd 2), defacement of a weapon (Penal Law, § 265.10, subd 6), and unlawful imprisonment in the first degree (Penal Law, § 135.10). The Appellate Division unanimously modified by reversing the conviction for possession of a weapon, as an inclusory concurrent count as to the robbery, and otherwise affirmed. Leave to appeal was granted the defendant. The principal issue is whether under the facts presented the crime of unlawful imprisonment merged into the robbery offense. We hold that on this record no merger occurred.

In the early morning hours of June 16, 1974 the victim, Bivens, an off duty part-time police officer, was driving from Queens to his home in Freeport. At 1:30 a.m. while stopped at a traffic light his car was approached by Regina Jones^[1] and the defendant, Larry Smith. Smith put a revolver to Bivens’ head and demanded his money. After being handed $22, Smith, who entered the back seat of the car, directed Jones to get into the front seat. Smith then threatened to kill Bivens while Jones reached into Bivens’ pockets removing some change, keys and his driver’s license, and looked through the glove compartment. Then Smith demanded and was given the victim’s wallet. At this point, still brandishing the revolver, Smith ordered Bivens to start driving. After about one hour had passed, Smith told the victim to stop, and fled with his accomplice.

Defendant, arguing that the unlawful imprisonment charge merged into the robbery, notes that the merger doctrine applies to kidnapping in the second degree.^[2] From this point, defendant reasons that as a lesser included offense of second degree kidnapping, unlawful imprisonment must of necessity be subject to the merger principle as well. Finally, defendant asserts that "under the facts in this case a charge of kidnapping would have merged into the robbery”. Hence, according

1 Jones pleaded guilty to robbery in the third degree (Penal Law, § 160.05).

2 By amending the definition of kidnapping in the first degree to include a durational requirement of more than 12 hours, the Legislature has removed this crime from the ambit of the merger doctrine (People v Cassidy, 40 NY2d 763 , 766; Penal Law, § 135.25, subd 2).

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to the defendant, the unlawful imprisonment necessarily merged.

Initially it is noted that we need not decide at this time whether the merger doctrine applies in principle to unlawful imprisonment, for under the facts of this case no merger could be deemed to have occurred.

It is true, as defendant contends, that the merger doctrine was created to avoid prosecutions for kidnapping where the conduct underlying the charge constituted an inseparable part of another crime (People v Levy, 15 NY2d 159 ). As we recently noted, "[t]he merger doctrine is intended to preclude conviction for kidnapping based on acts which are so much the part of another substantive crime that the substantive crime could not have been committed without such acts and that independent criminal responsibility may not fairly be attributed to them” (People v Cassidy, 40 NY2d 763 , 767; People v Lombardi, 20 NY2d 266 ).

In People v Dolan ( 40 NY2d 763 , 768) the defendant forced the victim into an automobile, and drove her around Brooklyn for an hour and a half. Several times during this period the defendant made sexual advances to her. Since "the 'true’ crime was the intermittent continuing sexual assault and the confinement in the car was only the incidental means to the accomplishment of that assault”, the merger doctrine barred prosecution for the kidnapping charge.

But the merger doctrine was not designed to merge true kidnappings into other crimes merely because the kidnappings were used to accomplish ultimate crimes of lesser or equal or greater gravity (People v Miles, 23 NY2d 527 ). Only if the conduct underlying the abduction was incidental to and inseparable from another crime, will the doctrine apply. Hence, in Miles where the defendants first attempted to kill the victim in New Jersey, and afterward drove him into New York to finally do away with him, the merger doctrine did not apply. Because the conduct comprising the kidnapping was separate and discrete from that underlying the attempted murder, both offenses could be prosecuted.

Under the facts of the present case, it is clear that no merger could be deemed to have occurred. The robbery was fully consummated before the victim was forced at gunpoint to embark on the hour-long drive. As in Miles, two separate crimes were therefore committed: first the robbery and then the unlawful imprisonment. Since the criminal conduct at the

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root of the two crimes was different, the merger doctrine, even if available, could have no application.

We have reviewed defendant’s other contentions and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.

Chief Judge Cooke and Judges Jasen, Gabrielli, Jones and Fuchsberg concur with Judge Wachtler.

Order affirmed.

Cases cited

People v. Kelly 302 NY 512 N.Y. 1951-06-01 p. 84
People v. Esposito 287 NY 389 N.Y. 1942-01-22 p. 84
People v. Sullivan 39 NY2d 903 N.Y. 1976-06-10 p. 84
People v. Davis 53 AD2d 870 N.Y. App. Div. 1976-07-06 p. 84
People v. Mendes 3 NY2d 120 N.Y. 1957-07-03 p. 84
People v. Adams 26 NY2d 129 N.Y. 1970-01-22 p. 84, p. 85
People v. Tai 39 NY2d 894 N.Y. 1976-06-08 p. 84
People v. Shuman 37 NY2d 302 N.Y. 1975-07-08 p. 84
People v. Asan 22 NY2d 526 N.Y. 1968-07-02 p. 84
Hanna v. Stedman 230 NY 326 N.Y. 1921-03-01 p. 84
People v. Walker 57 AD2d 780 N.Y. App. Div. 1977-05-17 p. 84
People v. Lemmons 40 NY2d 505 N.Y. 1976-07-15 p. 85
Leary v. United States 395 US 6 SCOTUS 1969-05-19 p. 85
Mullaney v. Wilbur 421 US 684 SCOTUS 1975-06-09 p. 85
People v. Leyva 38 NY2d 160 N.Y. 1975-12-04 p. 85
People v. Lombardi 20 NY2d 266 N.Y. 1967-07-07 p. 85, p. 87
People v. Cassidy 40 NY2d 763 N.Y. 1976-11-30 at 767, at 768 p. 85, p. 87
People v. Felder 39 AD2d 373 N.Y. App. Div. 1972-07-13 p. 85
People v. Felder 32 NY2d 747 N.Y. 1973-04-26 p. 85
People v. Elfe 37 AD2d 208 N.Y. App. Div. 1971-07-13 p. 85
People v. Atlas 183 App Div 595 N.Y. App. Div. 1918-05-31 p. 85
Tri-Bullion Smelting & Development Co. v. Corliss 230 NY 629 N.Y. 1921-03-01 p. 85
People v. Wood 12 NY2d 69 N.Y. 1962-12-06 p. 85
People v. Horton 308 NY 1 N.Y. 1954-12-02 p. 85
People v. Buthy 38 AD2d 10 N.Y. App. Div. 1971-12-09 p. 85
People v. Reaves 26 NY2d 921 N.Y. 1970-04-09 p. 85
Lee v. County Court of Erie 27 NY2d 432 N.Y. 1971-01-14 p. 85
People v. Tutt 38 NY2d 1011 N.Y. 1976-04-01 p. 85
People v. Cerami 33 NY2d 243 N.Y. 1973-12-27 p. 85
People v. Mussenden 308 NY 558 N.Y. 1955-06-02 p. 85
People v. Feldt 26 AD2d 743 N.Y. App. Div. 1966-07-20 p. 85
People v. Feldt 22 NY2d 839 N.Y. 1968-07-01 p. 85
People v. Randolph 40 AD2d 806 N.Y. App. Div. 1972-11-28 p. 85
People v. Robinson 36 NY2d 224 N.Y. 1975-02-20 p. 85
People v. Watson 57 AD2d 143 N.Y. App. Div. 1977-04-18 p. 85
People v. Usher 49 AD2d 499 N.Y. App. Div. 1975-12-01 p. 85
People v. Levy 15 NY2d 159 N.Y. 1965-02-04 p. 87
People v. Miles 23 NY2d 527 N.Y. 1969-01-16 p. 87