p. 460not in force. This, because the punishment is not imposed upon the earlier offense, hut upon the subsequent repetition of such offense after the enactment of the statute.
The constitutionality of statutes providing for indeterminate sentences is no longer open to question in this State.
Appeal by the relator, Emma Berger, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the ISTew York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of ISTew York on the 5th day of January, 1917, dismissing a writ of habeas corpus and remanding the relator to custody.
J. G. Lazarus, for the appellant.
Robert S. Johnstone (John G. Dyer with him on the brief), for the respondent.
Terence Farley (Arthur L. Goodhart with him on the brief), for the corporation counsel, as amicus curiœ.
The relator was convicted by a city magistrate on September 14, 1916, upon her plea of guilty, of the offense- of disorderly conduct, to wit, of soliciting for the purpose of prostitution. The magistrate ordered' her finger prints to be taken, and it thereby appeared that she had previously been convicted three times of the same offense, two of said convictions having been had within twenty-four months. The magistrate informed her of what appeared to be shown by the finger print record, and postponed her sentence for two days in order to give her an opportunity to be heard upon the question and to controvert the apparent fact. She made no attempt to do this, but on the contrary frankly admitted that she had been previously convicted as appeared from the finger print record. She was thereupon sentenced to be confined in the workhouse for an indeterminate period not to exceed two years.
p. 462offender to a workhouse of the said department of correction in said city for an indeterminate period. The term of imprisonment of any person convicted and sentenced to any such workhouse for an indeterminate period shall not exceed two years and shall he terminated by the parole commission in the manner prescribed in section five of this, act and not otherwise.”
The objections raised by the relator are: (1) That the act does not- accord due process of law to a person accused, and (2) that- the provision for an increased sentence to one found to be an habitual criminal, the four offenses having been committed prior to the enactment of the present statute, is ex post facto.
We regard both of these objections as untenable. They have been completely and satisfactorily answered by Judge Mott of the Court of General Sessions (People v. Dean, 94 Misc. Rep. 502 ), and by Mr. Justice Philbix (Matter of Morris, N. Y. L. J., Dec. 28, 1916, not yet officially reported). We should be content to rest our decision of this appeal upon these cases, but for the fact that Judge Delehaxty, also of the Court of General Sessions, has strongly expressed a contrary view in an unreported opinion. In view of this difference of opinion in the courts of first instance, it seems proper that the questions involved should be considered de novo by an appellate court.
The first question, as to the due process of law accorded to the accused, is to be considered in this proceeding only with regard to the requirements and provisions of the statute, and not with reference to the conduct of the proceeding by the magistrate. If there was error in the proceeding the relator’s remedy would be by appeal.
The statute as quoted provides specifically that the inquiry, and determination as to whether a convicted person has been previously convicted shall be “ after due notice and opportunity to the defendant to be heard in opposition to such accusation of prior convictions,” these words having been added to the
p. 463section by the amendment of 1916. The relator criticises this amendment as being merely a paraphrase of the Constitution, and, therefore, adding nothing to the law as it formerly stood. The contention appears to be that the statute should define with precision the manner and method of affording a convicted person notice and an opportunity to be heard. This contention is unsound. It is doubtless true, as held by Judge Hott in a case arising before the amendment of 1916, that even without the words inserted by that amendment, the statute would not be unconstitutional because the right to due notice and an opportunity to defend must be read into every statute providing for a criminal prosecution. (People v. Bean,
supra.) In that sense, perhaps, the amendment may be said to add nothing vital to the statute. But it is not open to the charge of insufficiency from a constitutional standpoint because it does not define with precision just how the notice is to be given and the opportunity to be heard afforded. On the contrary, it has been frequently held by the Supreme Court of the United States, the final authority on questions of constitutional law, that the “ due process of law ” guaranteed by the Constitution is a matter of substance, not of form, and does not require the State to adopt a particular form of procedure so long as the accused has had a sufficient notice of the accusation and an adequate opportunity to be heard in his own defense. (U. S. Const. 14th Amendt., § 1; State Const., art. 1, § 6;
Simon v. Craft, 182 U. S. 427 ; Rogers v. Peck, 199 id. 425; Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Schmidt, 177 id. 230; Holmes v. Conway, 241 id. 624; Frank v. Mangum, 237 id. 326.) It is said that the constitutionality of an act of the Legislature is to be determined, not by what has been done under it, but by what may be done under it. (
Stuart v. Palmer, 74 N. Y. 183 .) This test is an accurate one provided it be limited to what may be rightfully done under the provisions of the statute, but does not extend to that which is wrongfully done in violation of the statute. (Montana
p. 464Company v. St. Louis Mining, etc., Co., 152 U. S. 170 .) If, for instance, the statute under which the relator was sentenced had provided that the two-year indeterminate sentence might he inflicted if the magistrate believed from information received by him in the absence of the accused and without an opportunity to her to be heard upon the subject, that she was an habitual offender, the statute would be unconstitutional as violating the due process of law clause of the Constitution. But the statute under review does nothing of the sort. It expressly provides that the accused shall have due notice and an opportunity to be heard. If the accused be denied this it is because the magistrate has acted, not under the statute, but in defiance of it, and the fault will lie with the magistrate and not with the' statute. In such a case the remedy would be by appeal. People ex rel. Barone v. Fox (
144 App. Div. 611 ,
202 N. Y. 616 ) and Matter of Kenny ( 23 Misc. Rep. 9 ; affd.,
sub nom. People ex rel. Kenny v. Creamer, 30 App. Div. 624 ) will illustrate the distinction we have attempted to make. In both of these cases the term of commitment to be inflicted in certain contingencies was to be determined by an extrajudicial inquiry to be conducted in the one case by a physician and in the other by the superintendent of the workhouse. In neither case was there provided a judicial inquiry into the grounds for the increased term of confinement, nor a notice or opportunity to be heard to the person to be confined. It is evidence that these cases afford no argument against the constitutional validity of the act now under consideration. In the present case the fact of the relator’s previous conviction was not found upon the evidence of her finger prints. She was informed that the appearance of the prints indicated that she had been formerly convicted and was given time and opportunity to be heard. The evidence of her former convictions was furnished by her own admissions. It is unnecessary and would be irrelevant to consider what evidence
p. 465on the point would have been sufficient if she had denied that she had been previously convicted.
The contention that the statute is ex post facto is based upon a misconception of its scope. The increased term of imprisonment imposed upon conviction of a repeated offense is not so imposed for the earlier offenses, but for the repeated one. As was recently said by the Supreme Court of the United States: “ The propriety of inflicting severe punishment upon old offenders, has long been recognized in this country and in England. They are not punished the second time for the earlier offense, but the repetition of criminal conduct aggravates their guilt and justifies heavier penalties when they are again convicted.” (Graham v. West Virginia, 224 U. S. 616 , 623; People v. Sickles, 156 N. Y. 541 ; People ex rel. Cosgriff v. Craig, 195 id. 190.) And for this reason it is immaterial that when the prior convictions were had the statute providing increased punishment for old offenders had not yet been enacted. (People v. Dean, supra; McDonald v. Massachusetts, 180 U. S. 311 .) ¡No other question is raised by the appeal which requires extended discussion. The validity of indeterminate sentences when properly safeguarded against violations of .the Constitution is so thoroughly established in this State as to be no longer open to question. (People v. Adams, 176 N. Y. 351 .)
The order appealed from is affirmed.
Clabke, P. J., Smith, Page and Davis, JJ., concurred.
Order affirmed.