Majority
Headnote
I. Carriers (§ 315[2] )—Passengers—Injuries—Actions—Variance.The defendant is the appellant in an action against it by its passenger for negligence. The court instructed the jury that, if they find “that this car did not stop until after the lady had fallen, they must find a verdict for the defendant.” The defendant was entitled to this instruction for the reason that the cause of action alleged and sought to be proved was negligence in stopping the car and starting it “while the plaintiff was in the act of alighting therefrom”; i. e., the sole negligence assigned and litigated was the omission to afford to the passenger reasonable opportunity to leave the car.
As I read our own judgments, we are committed to this proposition, which, moreover, seems to me to be sound. Patterson v. Westchester Electric R. R. Co., 26 App. Div. 336 , 49 N. Y. Supp. 796 ; Anderson v. Third Avenue R. R. Co., 36 App. Div. 309 , 55 N. Y. Supp. 290 ; Coleman v. Metropolitan St. Railway Co., 82 App. Div. 435 , 81 N. Y. Supp. 836 . In Anderson’s Case, supra, this court, per Willard Bartlett, J., say:
“In behalf of the defendant the evidence tended to show that the car did not stop at all until after the accident, but that the plaintiff was hurt in consequence of trying to board it while it was moving. Indeed, one of the plaintiff’s own witnesses swore that the car did not come to a full stop, but that, when it slackened up. the plaintiff made a grab for the car, whereupon ‘the car made a kind of a jerk, and threw him off and dragged him,’ until he hit an elevated post, and his left hand went under the car. The counsel for the defendant asked the court to charge the jury that if they found the car did not stop, but that while moving the plaintiff attempted to board the same and was injured while attempting to do so, .their verdict must be for the defendant. The learned trial judge refused to charge this request save as he had already expressed himself, and the counsel for the defendant excepted. There is nothing in the charge itself which covers the point presented by this request; and the ruling left the jury at liberty to find a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, even though they were satisfied that' the car did not stop at all. I see no escape from the conclusion that this ruling was erroneous. If we were right in our decision in Patterson v. Westchester Electric Railway Co., 26 App. Div. 336 , 49 N. Y. Supp. 796 , the only substantial difference between that case and this is that here the plaintiff alleged that a car stopped which he was endeavoring to board, while there the plaintiff alleged that a car stopped from which he was endeavoring to alight. There we held that it was fatal error to refuse to charge that, if the jury believed the plaintiff stepped
rrom the car while the same was in motion, their verdict must be for the defendant. It is true here that it is not necessarily an act of negligence to attempt to board a moving.car, just as it was true in the Patterson Oase that it was not necessarily an act of negligence to alight from a moving car; but here, as there, I think ‘that the whole claim of the plaintiff must stand, if it stand at all, upon the fact that the car was stationary’ when the attempt was-made.”
In Coleman v. Metropolitan Street R. Co., supra, this court, per Woodward, J., say:
“This was the issue of negligence tendered, and the testimony of the plaintiff’s witnesses was directed to the establishing of these facts. The defendant introduced evidence tending to show that the car did not come to a full standstill; that it merely slowed down. There was thus, under the pleadings, a distinct question of the defendant’s negligence, and the only negligence alleged was in starting the car without giving the plaintiff an opportunity to alight after the car had come to a full stop. It was necessary for the plaintiff to prove these facts to establish negligence on the part of the defendant Therefore, when defendant’s counsel requested the court to charge the jury ‘that, if They find that this plaintiff stepped off the platform of this car while it was in motion at all, they must find a verdict for the defendant,’- he was-entitled to the instruction. This, not because it is negligent as a matter of law to step from a moving car under any and all circumstances, but because,, if the car was moving when the plaintiff stepped from it, she had not established the negligence alleged in her complaint. While this distinction might very properly have been pointed out to the court, the fact that the defendant made a proper request, and that the court declined to grant it, giving to the jury an erroneous statement of the law of this case, entitles the defendant to a reversal of the judgment and order appealed from. This case cannot, we think, be distinguished from Patterson v. Westchester Electric R. Co., 26 App. Div. 336 , 49 N. Y. Supp. 796 ; or in principle from that of Anderson v. Third Avenue R. R. Co., 36 App. Div. 309 , 55 N. Y. Supp. 290 . See, also, Rosenberg v. Third Avenue R. R. Co., 47 App. Div. 323 , 326, 61 N. Y. Supp. 1052 , where these cases are distinguished.”
See, too, Savage v. Third Avenue R. R. Co., 29 App. Div. 556 , 51 N. Y. Supp. 1066 , decided by the First department. But the court immediately upon request of the plaintiff charged under exception as follows:
“If the jury find that, in obedience to the signal of the conductor, the motorman had slackened the speed of the car preparatory to stopping it, and that while the plaintiff was preparing to get off the speed of the car, without notice to the plaintiff, was greatly increased, and that by reason thereof she was thrown to the street and injured, they might find that the defendant had not done its full duty to the plaintiff.”
This instruction nullified or destroyed the previous instruction which I have just noted. It also permitted the jury to find negligence in the increased speed of the moving car, which was not within the issue and which was opposed to the theory of the plaintiff.
For these reasons, I think the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.
Judgment of the municipal court reversed and new trial ordered, costs to abide the event. Ail concur, except HIRSOHBERG, P. J., who dissents.