Trustees of Sailors' Snug Harbor v. Carmody

The plaintiffs invoke the equitable jurisdiction of the court to the end that the laudable purposes of the testator may be perpetuated in as generous a measure as a wise and practical ad

The position taken by the learned Attorney General, and in which he has so far been successful, is that neither the corporate nor the individual plaintiffs hold the property subject to any trust, under the Randall will or otherwise, but that it is held by the corporation absolutely, for the purposes expressed in the act of incorporation; that the powers of the corporation are to be foupd in the said act and those supplemental thereto, and in the general statutes of the state, so far as the same are applicable; and that, if the corporation lacks power to do the things it seeks by this action authority to do, it must secure such authority from the Legislature, this court being without

[1] Before examining the questions thus presented, it is proper to say that I see no reason for the individual trustees being made parties hereto. Concededly, the whole legal title to the property is in the corporation, and the trustees, as such, have no interest therein, or at least no interest which attaches to the title.

[2] It will facilitate the task before us if we keep in mind the fact that, whether we assume the will to be valid within the doctrine of Burrill v. Boardman, 43 N. Y. 254 , 3 Am. Rep. 694 , and kindred cases, or to have been validated by the act of 1806, the situation presented is one of a definite use, capable of being specifically executed, with trustees competent to take. It accordingly presents none of the difficulties associated with that branch of the law of charities, or of the cy pres doctrine, which necessarily was invoked whenever it was sought to establish a charitable use, void at law, and which gave rise to the series of cases finally resulting in the overthrow of the entire law of charities in this state. See Holland v. Alcock, 108 N. Y. 312 , 319, et seq., 16 N. E. 305 , 2 Am. St. Rep. 420 .

[3] Manifestly, the primary question is the nature and quality of the title thus held by the corporation. This question has been simplified, if not authoritatively settled, by the decision in Inglis v. Trustees of Sailors’ Snug Harbor, 3 Pet. 99 , 7 L. Ed. 617 , in which the demandant, Inglis, claiming as heir of Capt. Randall, sought to recover all or certain of the premises in question, and in which case the validity of the will was determined. The opinion of the court was by Mr. Justice Thompson; Mr. Justice Story and Chief Justice Marshall dissenting. The decision sustaining the will went upon the ground that the residuary clause created a charitable use and vested the title in the trustees, subject, however, to an executory devise by which the title thus primarily vested in the trustees was subject to divestiture in favor of the corporation thereafter formed. See 3 Pet. pages 113-119, 7 L. Ed. 617 ; also, per Gray, J., Russell v. Allen, 107 U. S. 168 , 169, 2 Sup. Ct. 327 , 27 L. Ed. 397 . In the course of its opinion and in support of the proposition that, even if the devise to the trustees, or the executory devise, were bad, the heir would take the estate charged with the charitable use, the court said ( 3 Pet. 118 -120, 7 L. Ed. 617 ):

“The general intent of the testator, that this fund should be applied to the maintenance and support of aged, decrepit, and worn out sailors, cannot be mistaken. And he seems to have anticipated that some difficulty might arise, about its being legally done in the particular mode pointed out by him. And to guard against a failure of his purpose on that account, he directs application to be made to the Legislature for an incorporation, to take and execute the trust according to his will; declaring his will and intention to be that his estate should at all events be applied to the uses and purposes aforesaid; and desiring all courts of law and equity so to construe his will as to have his estate applied to such uses. And to make it still more secure, if possible, he finally directs that his will should in no case, for want of legal form or

otherwise, he so construed as that his relations, or any other persons, should heir, possess, or enjoy his property, except in the manner and for the uses specified in his will. The will looks therefore to three alternatives: (1) .That the officers named in the will as trustees should take the estate and execute the trust. (2) If that could not legally be done, then he directs his trustees to procure an act of incorporation, and vests the estate in it for the purpose of executing the trust (3) If both these should fail, his heirs, or whosoever should possess and enjoy the property, are charged with the trust • That this trust is fastened upon the land cannot admit of a doubt. Whenever a person by will gives property, and points out the object, the property, and the way in which it shall go, a trust is created, unless he shows clearly that his desire expressed is to be controlled by the trustee, and that he shall have an option to defeat it 2 Ves. Jr. 335. * * * Whoever, therefore, takes the land, takes it charged with the uses, or trusts which are to be executed in the manner above mentioned. And, if so, there can be no objection to the act of incorporation, and the vesting the title therein declared. It does not interfere with any vested rights of the. heir. He has no beneficial interest in the land. And the law only transfers the execution of the trust from him to the corporation, and thereby carrying into effect the clear and manifest intention of the testator.”

Nor do I find anything in the dissenting opinion to lessen the force of the argument that, if the will was valid, the trust attached to the land in the hands of the devisee.

The argument of the dissentient justices was that the devise was not to a corporation to be created in futuro, but was a devise in prassenti to the trustees, and, if they could not execute their powers in the manner prescribed by the testator, they were to apply to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, a situation which, it was argued, could not give rise to an executory devise. In concluding his opinion on this branch of the case, Mr. Justice Story said:

“That the devise, if a valid devise, is not a devise valid so as to divest the heir at law of his legal estate; but that the devise can have effect, if at all, only as a trust for a charity fastened on the legal estate in his hands.” 3 Pet. 154 , 7 L. Ed. 617 .

That the trust originating in the will continued to be attached to the estate in the hands of the corporation when it became clothed with power to take and execute the trust is sustained by abundant authority other than the Inglis Case. In McCartee v. Orphan Asylum Society, 9 Cow. 437 , 18 Am. Dec. 516 , there was a devise for charitable uses to the asylum, an incorporated body, subject to a prior estate given in trust to certain trustees, which prior estate had terminated. The chancellor had held that the estate passed to the trustee to the use of the corporation, and that the devise was good at law, but, if not, the testator’s intention to devise for a charitable use could be effectuated in equity by virtue of the general powers of the Court of Chancery in cases of trust. Necessarily this involved no exercise of cy pres powers, which are entirely distinct ( 9 Cow. 442 -444, 469, 470, et seq., 18 Am. Dec. 516 ). This decision was reversed by the Court of Errors ( 9 Cow. 504 , 525, 18 Am. Dec. 516 ), where it was held that the devise was direct to the corporation, and therefore, as to the real estate, was void under the statute of wills. With the point on which the reversal turnéd we have nothing to do, but in the course of that part of the chancellor’s opinion which covers the question whether, if the devise

“Equity will regard the substance of the trust; and if the estate devised be described with sufficient certainty, and the objects of the testator’s bounty designated or defined, the death, disability, or refusal to act, or other failure of the trustees, will not be suffered to disappoint the intention of the testator ; but the trustees themselves, if the estate is vested in them, or the heir, or the executor, where the title devolves upon him, shall be charged with the trust, and the performance of them enforced by the court, for the benefit of those to whom the beneficial interest is given by the will.” 9 Cow. 486 , 18 Am. Dec. 516 .

The conclusion of the learned chancellor was that if the court had jurisdiction to establish and enforce such a trust against the heir or devisee, in favor of the cestui que trust, “these complainants (the society) must surely be entitled to the benefit and application of the principle, in sustaining the trust in their favor for the charitable purposes of the institutions they represent.” Id. In other words, a lawful devise of land for a charitable use creates a trust which is not to be regarded differently, so far as the jurisdictional status of the estate devised is concerned, from the ordinary private trust, and in every such case the trust attaches to the land in the hands of the donee. 9 Cow. 484 , 18 Am. Dec. 516 ; Inglis v. Trustees, etc., supra, 3 Pet. 119 , 7 L. Ed. 617 .

In Owens v. Missionary Society, etc., supra, 14 N. Y. 385 , 67 Am. Dec. 160 , Judge Sel den dwells upon the distinction between an absolute gift and one upon trust for a charitable use, saying:

“There can be no charitable use without a trust. To deny that this bequest was accompanied by a trust, therefore, is to deny that the law of charitable uses applies to the case.”

The same learned judge went so far as to say that a bequest to a distinctly charitable corporation, although unaccompanied by any description of the purposes of the bequest, would afford “some basis” for the implication of a trust, “because the objects, purposes, and powers of the corporation being in all cases more or less clearly defined by its charter, the bequest may fairly be presumed to have been intended for those specific objects.” 14 N. Y. 385 , 386, 67 Am. Dec. 160 . Tudor is to the same effect. Tudor, Char. & Mort. (4th Ed.) 175.

In the Court of Errors, one of the minority opinions in the McCartee Case was delivered by Stebbins, S., whose argument, although it did not prevail as applying to that case, seems to me to express most cogently a line of practical reasoning applicable to the case before us. Speaking of the testator, the learned Senator says ( 9 Cow. 524 , 18 Am. Dec. 516 ):

“His object was not to benefit the society, but, through it, to apply the estate to the charitable purposes for which the society was organized. The society itself is a trustee, and has a trust to perform, which a court of equity would undoubtedly enforce.”

The Senator then puts these questions; Suppose the corporation were dissolved, or should otherwise become incapable of executing

[4] That the incorporation of the trustees did not divest or change the nature of the trust seems clear. The language of the minority of the court in the Inglis Case is in accord with this view. On this point Mr. Justice Story said (3 Pet. pages 153, 154, 7 L. Ed. 617 ):

“It is said that if the trust be valid the Legislature had a perfect right to enforce it, and their act of incorporation amounts to a legal execution of the trust, and vests the estate in the corporation. * * * But I cannot admit that the act of incorporation was intended to have such an effect. It has no terms which divest the legal title of the heir. It merely incorporates the trustees and their successors, and clothes them with the usual powers to carry the trust into effect. It presupposes that the estate was already vested in them by the will. They are made ‘capable in law of holding and disposing of the estate’ devised by the will. It is true that the uses are added: ‘And the same (estate) is hereby declared to be vested in them and their successors in office, for the purposes therein (in the will) expressed.’ But this was not, as I think, intended to vest the estate in them as a legislative investiture, hut to declare that the estate ivas vested in them for the purposes of the charity, and, not otherwise. The preamble of the act, too, shows that the trustees did not ask to have the estate vested in them, but that inconveniences had arisen in the management of the estate from the changes of office. This is very strong to show that the Legislature acted solely for the purpose of avoiding such inconveniences, and not to give them an estate to which they then had no title, and which they then professed to have in their management.”

In Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518 , 4 L. Ed. 629 , the court, referring particularly to the original private foundation of Dartmouth College, which was succeeded by an incorporated body, said:

“From the fact, then, that a charter of incorporation has been granted, nothing can be inferred which changes the character of the institution. * # The character of civil institutions does not grow out of their incorporation, but out of the manner in which they are formed, and the objects for which they are created.” 4 Wheat. 554 , 555, 4 L. Ed. 629 .

Of a charter granted subsequent to a foundation established by a deed or will, Tudor says (Tudor, Char. & Mort. [4th Ed.] 185):

“Here the charter is merely machinery for providing an incorporated trustee armed with appropriate powers to carry into effect a pre-existing trust,

and the grant of snch a charter does not in any way affect the powers of the court to establish and regulate the charity.”

See, also, 2 Perry on Trusts (5th Ed.) § 743; Atty. Gen. v. Free Grammar School, 23 Beavan, 350; In re Manchester Royal Infirmary, L. R. 43 Chan. Div. 420, 428. And this coincides with such late expressions as to be found on the subject in this state. In Dammert v. Osborn, 140 N. Y. 30 -42, 35 N. E. 407 , 410, the court said of an act somewhat similar to the one in question:

“It is an expression of the will of the supreme legislative power that the gift in question should be received and administered in the manner and for the objects designated in the will. * * * The Legislature in effect said that * * * this gift shall take effect according to the intention of the donor and be administered by a corporate body of its own creation.”

In none of the very numerous cases in England and in this country, where the courts have exercised jurisdiction to establish direct or administer charitable trusts, of which corporations were the donees, have I found one where, in the absence of some statutory provision affecting its jurisdiction, it has been suggested that the mere fact that the trust was to be executed by a corporation deprived the court of its power to exercise its usual jurisdiction in similar matters. In fact, there is no authority to be found for such a proposition. I am satisfied that, as the result of the will and the act of 1806, there was established, as between the corporation and the state (representing the ultimate and undefined beneficiaries), a trust relation of such a character as commonly exists in the case of a valid devise for a charitable use.

“In England and In this country, where a court of chancery exists, a charity of the description in question is a peculiar subject of the jurisdiction of that court.” Per Nelson, J., Stanley v. Colt, 5 Wall. 119 , 169 ( 18 L. Ed. 502 ).

Whether jurisdiction to enforce or to administer, as distinguished from the power to establish, such a trust rests in the court’s ordinary jurisdiction as a court of equity, or attaches only as an incident to its inherent jurisdiction over charities (Story’s Eq. Juris. [3d Ed.] 1161, 1162, 1187-1192; Tudor, Char. & Mort. [4th Ed.] 181), presents, so far as this case is concerned, an academic question of interest to the student, but one which we need not determine. It will satisfy our purpose to find that in either aspect plenary jurisdiction exists. Assuming that jurisdiction rests in virtue of the charitable character of the trust, it will be instructive to ascertain the exact legal nature of the relief sought by this action. At the risk of extending this opinion beyond reasonable limits, because of its peculiar pertinency, I am led to quote from the decision in Lackland v. Walker, 151 Mo. 210 -247, et seq., 52 S. W. 414 , 424, a case of an estate affected by conditions similar to those alleged in the complaint to exist with respect to the Snug Harbor estate, but where the will expressly prohibited any alienation of the property:

“The concrete question, therefore, is whether, upon a proper showing therefor, a court of chancery has the jurisdiction to authorize an out and out alienation of the property affected by the provisions of the will in question. Primarily, it is clear that this involves no phase of what is known as the pre

rogative power of cy pres; for here there are a defined charity, a clear trust, and competent trustees to hold the property to the end (citing cases). Nor is it an instance which calls for the exercise of the usual judicial power of cy pres, * * * for here the mode of accomplishing the charity, properly speaking, to wit, the provisions for the maintenance and extension of the Missouri Botannical Garden under the supervision of the trustees named, and for the accomplishment, in other respects, of the charitable ends mentioned in the will, are complete and not sought to be departed from (citing cases). The petition invokes the exercise of the court’s power of administration in respect of the forms to be observed in accomplishing and furthering both the object and mode prescribed by the testator. Broadly speaking, the expression ‘cy pres power’ defines a limitation as well as an affirmative authority. Where the case is one in which the chancellor can act in his judicial capacity, as distinguished from the power exercised in the English system by the Lord Chancellor as representative of the Crown’s sign-manual, the jurisdiction over charities is an inherent one; i. e., while courts of equity, as such, possess no power to create a charitable trust, they liberally exercise a jurisdiction to enforce and preserve such a trust when it is valid in its creation. In exercising this jurisdiction, the courts proceed cy pres; they give effect to the express charitable purpose of the donor as near as may be, and in supplying or remedying the defects disclosed in practice they act in effectuation of the controlling purpose disclosed by the instrument presented for construction, so as to preserve and make useful ‘what may be called the spirit of the charity’ (citing cases). It is a natural and necessary branch of the jurisdiction over charitable trusts that the means or details prescribed for their administration should be subject to be moulded so as to meet any exigency which may be disclosed by a change of circumstances, and to relieve the trust from a condition which imperils or endangers the charity itself or the funds provided for its endowment and maintenance. * * * But, in the very nature of things the jurisdiction merely ‘to vary the details of administration’ is more liberally exercised, * * * and indeed is perhaps more firmly "established and more widely recognized, than is that which is usually called the cy pres power of the court.”

[5,6] In this situation, what jurisdiction has our Supreme Court in the premises? If the relief sought is within its ordinary jurisdiction to direct trustees and administer trusts, nothing further need be said in its support. If it is a part of the jurisdiction peculiar to charities, I think it equally clear that the court possesses it. Conceding the law of charities to exist in this state, that the original jurisdiction .of our former Court of Chancery extended to them is, of course, not questioned. Williams v. Williams, 8 N. Y. 525 , 558. Although the doctrine of the Williams Case was subsequently repudiated, this was only so far as it attempted to apply the law of charitable uses. Owens v. Missionary Soc., supra, 14 N. Y. 380 , 408, 67 Am. Dec. 160 ; Holland v. Alcock, supra, 108 N. Y. 312 , 16 N. E. 305 , 2 Am. St. Rep. 420 .

The practical effect of the act of 1806, incorporating the plaintiffs herein, "was to legalize this particular trust, if it was illegal (Inglis v. Trustees, etc., supra, 3 Pet. page 119, 7 L. Ed. 617 ), or at least to afford statutory means for its execution, if it was otherwise valid (per Rapallo, J., Holland v. Alcock, supra, 108 N. Y. page 336, 16 N. E. 305 , 2 Am. St. Rep. 420 ). But in whichever way one views it, whether as the removal of an inhibition against jurisdiction, or the reinvesting of powers theretofore taken away, upon the passage of the act of 1806, the jurisdiction of chancery attached (see per Cullen, C. J., People v. Luce, 204 N. Y. 488 , 489, 97 N.

[7] But notwithstanding I deem it clear that jurisdiction to grant the relief prayed for herein is inherently vested in this court, it is unnecessary to stand on this inherent jurisdiction alone. The Court of Appeals has several times said that, by the Tilden Act, the Legislature intended to restore to courts of equity that power to administer charitable trusts which they were declared to have in the AYilliams Case, supra. Allen v. Stevens, 161 N. Y. 122 , 141, 55 N. E. 568 ; Matter of Griffin, 167 N. Y. 71 -80, 60 N. E. 284 ; Matter of Cunningham, 206 N. Y. 601 , 607, 100 N. E. 437 .

The first paragraph of this act as amended (now Personal Property Law, par. 12; Real Property Law, par. 113) is granting, enabling, and legalizing in its nature; the second relates wholly to administration and expressly gives to this court “control” over all gifts of the character described in paragraph 1, and in terms gives it authority, under proper circumstances, to “make ah order directing that such gift * * * shall be administered or expended in such manner as in the judgment of the court will most effectually accomplish the general purpose” of the instrument of donation. It is true that the first paragraph of the statute has been held not to apply to trusts created prior to its enactment. People v. Powers, 147 N. Y. 104 , 109, 41 N. E. 432 , 35 L. R. A. 502 ; Murray v. Miller, 178 N. Y. 316 , 70 N. E. 870 ; Mount v. Tuttle, 183 N. Y. 358 , 76 N. E. 873 , 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 428 . This was because the Legislature was without power to alter the directions of a testator or to divert vested rights. People v. Powers, supra, 147 N. Y. 109 , 41 N. E. 432 , 35 L. R. A. 502 . No such reason, however, prevents the application of section 2 to any and all trusts, whether theretofore or thereafter created, provided only they are within the class described in paragraph 1. That the trust in question is so included cannot be doubted. I conclude, therefore, that the Tilden Act is cumulative and supplementary to the inherent jurisdiction of the court, affording an additional and concurrent source of jurisdiction in proper cases.

[8] Nor do I find that any limitation of this jurisdiction is to be inferred from the terms of the act of 1828, amending the act of 1806. The act of 1828 was clearly permissive. It allowed certain things to be done without' commanding them. In the absence of unequivocal terms negativing the powers of such a court as was our Court of Chancery when this act was passed, a statute of this character is presumed not to have intended to impair its jurisdiction. The fact, therefore, that section 4 of the act of 1828 authorizes the trustees to lease its property, affords no ground for inferring either an intention to restrain the corporation from selling, or a purpose to restrict the court from exercising its jurisdiction in the premises, when properly invoked.

[9] As -to the right of the plaintiffs, to institute this action, making the Attorney General the sole party defendant, I have no doubt. The

True, the reported cases are largely ones where the Attorney General has, by bill or information, proceeded against the trustee; but it is not essential that the trustee should rest inert until the apprehended loss or danger has become so imminent as to bring the situation of the estate to the attention of the Attorney General, or that the trustee should proceed at its peril upon some questionable course until that official invokes the jurisdiction of the court to restrain it. Many cases support the right of the trustee to assume the initiative and to come into court for instructions or other proper relief. The following are illustrative of a long line of authorities: McCartee v. Orphan Asylum Society, supra (per Jones, Ch., 9 Cow. 437 , 482, 18 Am. Dec. 516 ); Governers of Christ Hospital v. Atty. General, 5 Hare, 257; Wardens, etc., of Glum Hospital, v. Powys et al., 6 Jurist. 252; Weeks v. Hobson, 150 Mass. 377 , 23 N. E. 215 , 6 L. R. A. 147 ; Lackland v. Walker, supra; Academy of the Visitation v. Clemens, 50 Mo. 167 .

[10] Under the Tilden Act, the proceeding contemplated seems to be by summary petition. But for many reasons, this should not be construed as ousting the court of its ordinary jurisdiction by action. A somewhat similar situation seems to have arisen in England both under the 43d Elizabeth and 52d George III, c. 101; but the courts of that country held that the statute did not exclude their customary jurisdiction by bill. See Tudor, Char. & Mort. (4th Ed.) 379, 382; Story, Eq. Juris. 1147.

[11] The objection that to grant the relief prayed for would in effect destroy a vested estate is without weight. The title is vested in the corporation, charged with the trust under the will. The heirs

[12] Having thus disposed of all the objections to jurisdiction, the final question remains: Are the facts alleged prima facie sufficient to justify its exercise? The situation disclosed is not one of mere expediency, but of an existing exigency. A long continued and progressive deterioration imperils the estate; and while the situation may not justify the fear that, if left to itself, the estate will either be annihilated or its net income be so reduced as to leave insufficient to care for a number of beneficiaries equal to the original 50 named in the will, it is manifestly one which justifies the trustees in seeking an opporunity to make proof of the facts and to secure the authority and instructions of the court. See Lackland v. Walker, supra, 151 Mo. 265 et seq., 52 S. W. 414 , where the authorities are collated.

The judgment should be reversed, with costs, and the demurrer overruled, with costs, with leave to the defendant to withdraw demurrer and to answer on payment of costs in this court and in the court below. All concur.

I concur with my Brother HOTCHKISS in _ his opinion and merely wish to state what I consider to be the real question that is now before us.

What the plaintiff asks for is a construction of the trust under which it holds the real property which was devised by Capt. Randall’s will and which from the probate of that will in 1801 has been administered by the trustees named in the will or by the corporation created by the act of 1806, i. e., one of the plaintiffs in this action. As to whether the court will construe this will or give the trustees instruction is not now before us; the sole question being whether upon the facts stated the plaintiffs or either of them have a right to apply to a court of equity for a construction of the will and an adjudication as to the powers of the trustees. I think it clear that the testator intended to convey this real property described in the complaint to the persons that he named in his will as trustees to carry out the trust outlined in the will. If the trust was a valid trust, the title to the property vested in the trustees; if it was not a valid trust, the trustees took no title, and the title vested in the testator’s heirs at law, or, if there were no heirs at law competent to take the real property, then the property escheated to the state.

Of course, the question as to whether this was a valid trust is not before us. Certain persons claiming to be heirs at law' attacked the validity of this trust, and their claim to the property was defeated in

I think it clear that by this act a corporation was created and vested with the title to the property held by the trustees to carry out the purposes of the will. Thus, so far as the state was concerned, it seems to me it released any title that it could have had by way of escheat or otherwise in the property in question to the corporation thereby created, and validated the trust if its legality was doubtful, and the corporation thereby became the owner of the property, in trust, however, for the purposes expressed in the will of the testator. Of course, as the testator had heirs at law capable of taking the property, this act of the Legislature could not have affected their interest; and, if the testator had no heirs at law capable of taking and holding real property, the property escheated to the state, which had released its interest to the corporation as trustee for the purposes of the will. Therefore, so far as appears, title to the whole property had vested in the corporation in trust for those to be benefited as expressed by the testator, and since that time they have exercised that trust and applied the income of the property to the purposes expressed in the will The trustee (the corporation) now applies to this court for a construction of the terms of the trust and by this action has asked the court to instruct it as to the power that it has in dealing with the trust estate.

I think, therefore, that the corporation is a trustee holding the real property in trust for the benefit of a certain class; that there are questions which require the construction of the terms of the trust by the court for the advantageous execution of the trust; that the trustee has the right to apply to the court for the purpose of obtaining such instruction ; that there are no parties in existence interested in the maintenance of the trust, except the Attorney General of the state, who can be made parties to the action; and the only serious question, as I view it, is whether the Attorney General is a proper party to be made a defendant. That the Attorney General is a proper party defendant is, I think, put at rest by the provisions of the Real Property Law (chapter 52 of the Laws of 1909 [Consol. Laws 1909, c. 50] § 113), and I agree with what my Brother HOTCHKISS says upon that point.

It is quite probable that in view of the very satisfactory opinion of my Brother HOTCHKISS this concurring memorandum is unnecessary; but the question presented is both unusual and interesting, and I have thought it not amiss that I indicate the process by which I have arrived at the same result. All concur.